The document discusses selecting the appropriate blender for mixing materials based on understanding the mechanisms of segregation. It identifies three main segregation mechanisms - angle of repose, sifting, and air entrainment - and describes how different types of blenders induce velocity profiles that can either enhance or mitigate these mechanisms. The document provides an example comparing a rotary shell blender, ribbon blender, and double paddle blender based on their rankings for each segregation mechanism. It recommends measuring the active segregation mechanisms for a given material and using that information to calculate overall blender rankings to scientifically select the optimal blender instead of trial and error.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses - vegetables or chemical substances into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
The double cone blender is used to homogenously mix dry powders and granules. It has a conical shape at both ends which enables uniform mixing and easy discharge of materials. The blender is made of stainless steel and has safety features like guards and limit switches. It is used in industries like pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and cosmetics to mix products.
The document is a lab report submitted by Rida Aqsa to Sir Irfan at the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore. It describes 3 experiments conducted regarding particle technology: 1) measuring the angle of balls carried against the wall of a ball mill, 2) measuring the angle of repose for rice and wheat using a rotary cylinder, and 3) describing the operation of an ultrafine grinder which uses a vertical shaft and multi-chambered rotor units to grind materials at high speed. The ball mill and ultrafine grinder experiments aimed to optimize grinding efficiency while the angle of repose experiment analyzed how solids flow out of containers.
Size reduction, or comminution, is the process of reducing substances into smaller pieces or fine powder. It increases the surface area, allowing for faster dissolution and extraction of active constituents. The degree of size reduction depends on factors like the drug's hardness, solvent used, and extraction process. Various size reduction methods include cutting, compression, impact, and attrition. Common mills are the cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, and fluid energy mill. Levigation involves wet grinding while elutriation separates fine and coarse particles.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses - vegetables or chemical substances into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
The double cone blender is used to homogenously mix dry powders and granules. It has a conical shape at both ends which enables uniform mixing and easy discharge of materials. The blender is made of stainless steel and has safety features like guards and limit switches. It is used in industries like pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and cosmetics to mix products.
The document is a lab report submitted by Rida Aqsa to Sir Irfan at the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore. It describes 3 experiments conducted regarding particle technology: 1) measuring the angle of balls carried against the wall of a ball mill, 2) measuring the angle of repose for rice and wheat using a rotary cylinder, and 3) describing the operation of an ultrafine grinder which uses a vertical shaft and multi-chambered rotor units to grind materials at high speed. The ball mill and ultrafine grinder experiments aimed to optimize grinding efficiency while the angle of repose experiment analyzed how solids flow out of containers.
Size reduction, or comminution, is the process of reducing substances into smaller pieces or fine powder. It increases the surface area, allowing for faster dissolution and extraction of active constituents. The degree of size reduction depends on factors like the drug's hardness, solvent used, and extraction process. Various size reduction methods include cutting, compression, impact, and attrition. Common mills are the cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, and fluid energy mill. Levigation involves wet grinding while elutriation separates fine and coarse particles.
The document discusses continuous horizontal centrifuges. It defines centrifugation as using centrifugal force to separate constituents in a dispersion. Continuous horizontal centrifuges separate solids and liquids in a slurry without barriers. They consist of a cylindrical or conical bowl that rotates, containing a screw conveyor. As the bowl and screw rotate, centrifugal force causes solids to sediment while liquid is drained off, and the screw conveys solids to the outlet. Continuous centrifuges can handle a wide range of slurry compositions and particle sizes flexibly and continuously.
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmac...RajkumarKumawat11
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmaceutics, cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill, the disintegrator, mills used in pharmaceutical process
Jas Enterprises is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company located in Ahmedabad, India that manufactures hammer mills for grinding spices. The document provides information on the operating principles, construction, and features of hammer mills. It describes the grinding chamber, blower, cyclone, and dust collection system. Specifications and models of hammer mills are listed along with their capacities and required horsepower. Standard and optional accessories are also outlined. Hammer mills are suitable for grinding spices like chilies, coriander, ginger, pepper, and turmeric on a large scale.
This document discusses different techniques for separating particles by size, including sieving, cyclone separation, air separation, and elutriation. It defines various powder sizes according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia standards. Sieving is described as the primary method, where powders are separated based on which sieves they pass through. Cyclone separation and air separation use centrifugal forces to separate particles based on size and density. Elutriation suspends particles in a moving fluid to separate fractions based on particle density and size.
The document summarizes the ball mill, which is a grinder used to grind and blend materials. It discusses the basic parts of a ball mill including the hollow cylinder and balls. It then explains the principle of operation through impact and attrition. The document also covers the theory behind maintaining critical speed for optimum efficiency. Additionally, it describes the working process, how to improve efficiency, merits and demerits, applications, and concludes that ball mills are widely used in pharmaceutical industries for grinding processes.
The document discusses size reduction techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It describes the hammer mill and ball mill, which use mechanical forces for size reduction. The hammer mill works by impact between rapidly moving hammers and powder materials, while the ball mill uses impact and attrition between rapidly moving balls inside a rotating cylinder. Both provide descriptions of their basic principles, constructions, operating parameters, advantages and disadvantages.
Techno Agencies provides information about their hammer mill models and specifications. They are located in Ahmedabad, India and their hammer mills are used to grind spices, herbs, animal/poultry feed, and other materials on a large scale. The hammer mills work by accelerating materials inside the grinding chamber using beaters/blades to pulverize them against screens. Techno Agencies offers various hammer mill models in different sizes with approximate production capacities ranging from 20-1500 kg per hour depending on the model.
Vortex Industrial Technology Co., Ltd produces conical screw blenders for mixing and blending powders in industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, and plastics. The document describes a 3000L conical screw mixer that features a slow-turning auger screw for gently lifting and mixing powders, granules, pastes, and slurries. The conical screw mixer can also be used for vacuum feeding and drying functions, with vacuum helping to reduce the risk of overheating products during drying.
Size reduction is important in pharmacy for several reasons: it increases uniformity, impalpability, spreading, and stability. However, excessive size reduction can change polymorphic form, cause degradation through heat, and reduce flowability. The main mechanisms of size reduction are compression, impact, shear, and attrition. Common equipment for size reduction include hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, and colloid mills. Hammer mills are suitable for intermediate crushing while ball mills are used for fine crushing. Fluid energy mills can produce ultra-fine particles without heat buildup. Colloid mills apply high shear to reduce particle sizes in suspensions and emulsions.
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
Abrasive jet machining (AJM) is a non-traditional machining process that uses sharp abrasive particles suspended in a high-pressure fluid to erode material from the workpiece. The abrasive particles are mixed with water or gas and accelerated through a nozzle to impact the workpiece surface, removing material. AJM can machine hard and brittle materials and has advantages like machining intricate shapes, requiring no start hole, low heat generation, and being environmentally friendly. However, it also has limitations like low material removal rates, high nozzle wear, inability to reuse abrasives, and requiring dust collection systems.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction may be achieved by two methods:
1] Precipitation
2] Mechanical process
1] Precipitation method: Substance is dissolve in appropriate solvent.
2] Mechanical process: Mechanical force is introduce by using different equipments like ball mill, colloid mill etc.
This document discusses various methods of size reduction used in pharmaceutical engineering. It begins by defining size reduction as reducing the size of larger particles into smaller particles of a desired size and shape using external forces. It then outlines objectives like increasing surface area and achieving intimate mixing. Mechanisms of size reduction discussed include impact, compression, attrition and cutting. Theories on energy requirements for size reduction include Rittinger's, Kick's and Bond's theories. Common size reduction equipment described are hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills and end runner mills. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
The document discusses the principles and operation of a ball mill. It describes how a ball mill works by rotating a hollow cylindrical shell partially filled with balls to grind materials by impact and attrition. The grinding medium is the balls, which can be made of steel, stainless steel, or rubber. The document outlines factors that affect grinding efficiency such as feed rate, ball size and weight, and rotation speed relative to critical speed.
Ultrafine grinders,Hammer Mills,Agitated mills,Fluid energy milsSunny Chauhan
Ultrafine grinders produce particles averaging 1 to 20 μm in size and can use classifying hammer mills, fluid energy mills, or agitated mills. Classifying hammer mills internally separate oversized particles for further grinding using rotor vanes. Fluid energy mills suspend particles in a high velocity gas stream for inter-particle attrition and internal classification. Agitated mills contain a liquid and solid grinding medium that is agitated to produce particles down to 1 μm in size.
The document summarizes various types of machinery used for crushing and grinding materials. It describes jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, hammer mills, roller mills, ball mills, and other equipment. The key components and operating principles of each type are explained, including how they employ compressive, impact, or shear forces to reduce the size of materials.
size reduction,laws involved in size reduction ,application & millsM Swetha
size reduction basic principles,laws&machanism of size reduction with all mills .I gave a note on size separation .it is very useful for the teaching staff &students of B.pharmacy
This document summarizes different types of mixers used for cohesive solids. It describes change-can mixers, kneaders, dispersers, masticators, continuous kneaders, mixer extruders, mixing rolls, muller and pan mixers, and pug mills. It provides details on their applications, components, operation, and advantages for various mixing applications involving viscous liquids, plastic and rubber solids, and other deformable materials.
The document discusses a hammer mill, which reduces particle size through repeated impacts using rotating hammers. It has various pharmaceutical uses including grinding raw materials and excipients. A hammer mill works by feeding materials into a chamber containing rapid rotating hammers that fracture particles through collisions. Properly sized particles pass through screens while larger ones require further grinding. Key advantages are rapid grinding and easy control of particle size. Disadvantages include potential heat damage and susceptibility to foreign objects in the feed.
Mixing is a general term that includes stirring, beating, blending, binding, creaming, whipping, and folding. In mixing, two or more ingredients are evenly dispersed in one another until they become one product.
Segregation is one of the key issues facing those that handle powders, as it can lead to quality issues and downtime. There are several mechanisms by which segregation can occur, such as fine particles sifting down through coarse particles or being carried by air currents. To address segregation, it is important to understand the magnitude, unique pattern, and root causes for each component on an individual basis. Tests can quantify the segregation pattern, intensity, and mechanisms to identify how much and which components are segregating through which processes. Addressing the particle-level causes of segregation allows for the design of mixtures and processes that minimize segregation.
The document discusses continuous horizontal centrifuges. It defines centrifugation as using centrifugal force to separate constituents in a dispersion. Continuous horizontal centrifuges separate solids and liquids in a slurry without barriers. They consist of a cylindrical or conical bowl that rotates, containing a screw conveyor. As the bowl and screw rotate, centrifugal force causes solids to sediment while liquid is drained off, and the screw conveys solids to the outlet. Continuous centrifuges can handle a wide range of slurry compositions and particle sizes flexibly and continuously.
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmac...RajkumarKumawat11
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmaceutics, cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill, the disintegrator, mills used in pharmaceutical process
Jas Enterprises is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company located in Ahmedabad, India that manufactures hammer mills for grinding spices. The document provides information on the operating principles, construction, and features of hammer mills. It describes the grinding chamber, blower, cyclone, and dust collection system. Specifications and models of hammer mills are listed along with their capacities and required horsepower. Standard and optional accessories are also outlined. Hammer mills are suitable for grinding spices like chilies, coriander, ginger, pepper, and turmeric on a large scale.
This document discusses different techniques for separating particles by size, including sieving, cyclone separation, air separation, and elutriation. It defines various powder sizes according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia standards. Sieving is described as the primary method, where powders are separated based on which sieves they pass through. Cyclone separation and air separation use centrifugal forces to separate particles based on size and density. Elutriation suspends particles in a moving fluid to separate fractions based on particle density and size.
The document summarizes the ball mill, which is a grinder used to grind and blend materials. It discusses the basic parts of a ball mill including the hollow cylinder and balls. It then explains the principle of operation through impact and attrition. The document also covers the theory behind maintaining critical speed for optimum efficiency. Additionally, it describes the working process, how to improve efficiency, merits and demerits, applications, and concludes that ball mills are widely used in pharmaceutical industries for grinding processes.
The document discusses size reduction techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It describes the hammer mill and ball mill, which use mechanical forces for size reduction. The hammer mill works by impact between rapidly moving hammers and powder materials, while the ball mill uses impact and attrition between rapidly moving balls inside a rotating cylinder. Both provide descriptions of their basic principles, constructions, operating parameters, advantages and disadvantages.
Techno Agencies provides information about their hammer mill models and specifications. They are located in Ahmedabad, India and their hammer mills are used to grind spices, herbs, animal/poultry feed, and other materials on a large scale. The hammer mills work by accelerating materials inside the grinding chamber using beaters/blades to pulverize them against screens. Techno Agencies offers various hammer mill models in different sizes with approximate production capacities ranging from 20-1500 kg per hour depending on the model.
Vortex Industrial Technology Co., Ltd produces conical screw blenders for mixing and blending powders in industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, and plastics. The document describes a 3000L conical screw mixer that features a slow-turning auger screw for gently lifting and mixing powders, granules, pastes, and slurries. The conical screw mixer can also be used for vacuum feeding and drying functions, with vacuum helping to reduce the risk of overheating products during drying.
Size reduction is important in pharmacy for several reasons: it increases uniformity, impalpability, spreading, and stability. However, excessive size reduction can change polymorphic form, cause degradation through heat, and reduce flowability. The main mechanisms of size reduction are compression, impact, shear, and attrition. Common equipment for size reduction include hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, and colloid mills. Hammer mills are suitable for intermediate crushing while ball mills are used for fine crushing. Fluid energy mills can produce ultra-fine particles without heat buildup. Colloid mills apply high shear to reduce particle sizes in suspensions and emulsions.
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
Abrasive jet machining (AJM) is a non-traditional machining process that uses sharp abrasive particles suspended in a high-pressure fluid to erode material from the workpiece. The abrasive particles are mixed with water or gas and accelerated through a nozzle to impact the workpiece surface, removing material. AJM can machine hard and brittle materials and has advantages like machining intricate shapes, requiring no start hole, low heat generation, and being environmentally friendly. However, it also has limitations like low material removal rates, high nozzle wear, inability to reuse abrasives, and requiring dust collection systems.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction may be achieved by two methods:
1] Precipitation
2] Mechanical process
1] Precipitation method: Substance is dissolve in appropriate solvent.
2] Mechanical process: Mechanical force is introduce by using different equipments like ball mill, colloid mill etc.
This document discusses various methods of size reduction used in pharmaceutical engineering. It begins by defining size reduction as reducing the size of larger particles into smaller particles of a desired size and shape using external forces. It then outlines objectives like increasing surface area and achieving intimate mixing. Mechanisms of size reduction discussed include impact, compression, attrition and cutting. Theories on energy requirements for size reduction include Rittinger's, Kick's and Bond's theories. Common size reduction equipment described are hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills and end runner mills. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
The document discusses the principles and operation of a ball mill. It describes how a ball mill works by rotating a hollow cylindrical shell partially filled with balls to grind materials by impact and attrition. The grinding medium is the balls, which can be made of steel, stainless steel, or rubber. The document outlines factors that affect grinding efficiency such as feed rate, ball size and weight, and rotation speed relative to critical speed.
Ultrafine grinders,Hammer Mills,Agitated mills,Fluid energy milsSunny Chauhan
Ultrafine grinders produce particles averaging 1 to 20 μm in size and can use classifying hammer mills, fluid energy mills, or agitated mills. Classifying hammer mills internally separate oversized particles for further grinding using rotor vanes. Fluid energy mills suspend particles in a high velocity gas stream for inter-particle attrition and internal classification. Agitated mills contain a liquid and solid grinding medium that is agitated to produce particles down to 1 μm in size.
The document summarizes various types of machinery used for crushing and grinding materials. It describes jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, hammer mills, roller mills, ball mills, and other equipment. The key components and operating principles of each type are explained, including how they employ compressive, impact, or shear forces to reduce the size of materials.
size reduction,laws involved in size reduction ,application & millsM Swetha
size reduction basic principles,laws&machanism of size reduction with all mills .I gave a note on size separation .it is very useful for the teaching staff &students of B.pharmacy
This document summarizes different types of mixers used for cohesive solids. It describes change-can mixers, kneaders, dispersers, masticators, continuous kneaders, mixer extruders, mixing rolls, muller and pan mixers, and pug mills. It provides details on their applications, components, operation, and advantages for various mixing applications involving viscous liquids, plastic and rubber solids, and other deformable materials.
The document discusses a hammer mill, which reduces particle size through repeated impacts using rotating hammers. It has various pharmaceutical uses including grinding raw materials and excipients. A hammer mill works by feeding materials into a chamber containing rapid rotating hammers that fracture particles through collisions. Properly sized particles pass through screens while larger ones require further grinding. Key advantages are rapid grinding and easy control of particle size. Disadvantages include potential heat damage and susceptibility to foreign objects in the feed.
Mixing is a general term that includes stirring, beating, blending, binding, creaming, whipping, and folding. In mixing, two or more ingredients are evenly dispersed in one another until they become one product.
Segregation is one of the key issues facing those that handle powders, as it can lead to quality issues and downtime. There are several mechanisms by which segregation can occur, such as fine particles sifting down through coarse particles or being carried by air currents. To address segregation, it is important to understand the magnitude, unique pattern, and root causes for each component on an individual basis. Tests can quantify the segregation pattern, intensity, and mechanisms to identify how much and which components are segregating through which processes. Addressing the particle-level causes of segregation allows for the design of mixtures and processes that minimize segregation.
Mixing is a key process in pharmaceutical manufacturing that involves combining ingredients in a uniform manner. There are several types of mixers that employ different mechanisms like shear, convection, and diffusion to achieve mixing. Factors like particle size and shape, proportions, viscosity, and temperature can influence the mixing process. Common applications of mixing in pharmaceuticals include granulation, direct compression tableting, and capsule filling. The selection of an appropriate mixer depends on factors like the materials involved, the scale of production, and desired mixing action.
The document discusses various factors that affect the mixing of particles, including particle size, shape, charge, density, viscosity, surface tension, moisture content, temperature, flow characteristics, liquid quality, speed of the impeller, mixer volume, type of agitator, type of mixer, and mixing time. It also describes different types of mixers used for solid-liquid and solid-solid mixing, including tumbler mixers, vertical screw mixers, and fluidized bed mixers.
This document discusses mixing and different types of mixers. It defines mixing as the random distribution or addition of materials, as opposed to agitation which refers to induced motion without distribution. Mixing can involve solids, liquids, or gases. The key types of mixing discussed are solid mixing, liquid mixing, and gas mixing. For solid mixing, different mixers are used depending on whether the solids are cohesive or non-cohesive. Common mixers mentioned include ribbon mixers, tumbling mixers, pony mixers, and beater mixers. The document also discusses how the degree of mixing is quantified using a mixing index.
1. Mixing is defined as a process that randomizes particles within a system. It can involve solids, liquids, or semi-solids.
2. Common mixing equipment for solids includes tumblers, V-cone blenders, double cone blenders, ribbon blenders, and sigma blenders. Each uses different mechanisms like tumbling or shear to mix materials.
3. Liquids can be mixed using propellers, turbines, or paddles attached to an impeller inside a container. Propellers produce longitudinal movement while turbines and paddles induce turbulent flow for effective mixing.
This document discusses principles and methods for handling solids in pharmaceutical engineering. It begins by describing different types of solids like powders, granules, and how their properties like cohesiveness, moisture content, and particle size affect flow. It then discusses various methods for handling solids including different types of conveyors, bins, vacuum systems. Specific conveyor types covered are belt, screw, bucket, and pneumatic conveyors. Factors affecting powder flow like shape, moisture and methods to improve flow like granulation, vibration are also summarized.
This document discusses mixing of solids in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines mixing as a process that randomizes particles within a system. There are various types of mixing including mixing of solids, liquids, and semisolids. Mixing of solids can occur through mechanisms like convection, shear, and diffusion. Several factors influence solid mixing like particle properties, proportions, and equipment used. Common equipment for small-scale solid mixing includes tumbler blenders, V-cone blenders, ribbon blenders, and sigma blenders which use mechanisms like tumbling and shear to achieve mixing. Larger scale continuous mixers also exist. Statistical parameters can assess the degree and uniformity of mixing.
The document provides guidance on selecting a ribbon blender by addressing key considerations such as duty level, drive type, discharge valve, material addition method, and controls. It explains that ribbon blenders mix materials through a horizontal agitator in a U-shaped trough. Customers should carefully define their mixing needs and verify material properties to select a properly sized blender with appropriate specifications.
This document discusses mixing theory and equipment used for mixing. It begins by defining mixing and classifying mixing into types including mixing of solids, liquids, immiscible liquids, and semisolids. For mixing of solids, it describes factors that influence mixing and mechanisms of mixing including convective, shear, and diffusive mixing. It then discusses various types of mixing equipment for solids including tumblers, V-cone blenders, double cone blenders, ribbon blenders, sigma blenders, and planetary mixers. The document also briefly covers mixing of fluids and equipment used such as propellers and turbines.
1. The document describes the design, analysis, and fabrication of a pneumatic material handling system. It discusses various components of the system including feeders, blowers, conveying pipes, and filtration units.
2. Key factors in designing pneumatic conveying systems are discussed such as material properties, carrier medium properties, pipe material properties, and system geometry. Care must be taken to account for these parameters.
3. The working of pneumatic conveying systems is explained. Air movers supply air to move material through venturi feeders, pipes, and cyclones for filtration before being deposited. Different system types like induction, pressure, closed-loop, and vacuum are described.
1. The document describes the design, analysis, and fabrication of a pneumatic material handling system. It discusses various components of the system including feeders, blowers, conveying pipes, and filtration units.
2. Key factors in designing pneumatic conveying systems are discussed such as material properties, carrier medium properties, pipe material properties, and system geometry. Care must be taken to account for these parameters.
3. The working of pneumatic conveying systems is explained. Air movers supply air to move material through venturi feeders, pipes, and cyclones for filtration before being deposited. Different system types like induction, pressure, closed-loop, and vacuum are described.
1. The document describes the design, analysis, and fabrication of a pneumatic material handling system. It discusses various components of the system including feeders, blowers, conveying pipes, and filtration units.
2. Key factors in designing pneumatic conveying systems are discussed such as material properties, carrier medium properties, pipe material properties, and system geometry. Care must be taken to account for these parameters.
3. The working of pneumatic conveying systems is explained. Air movers supply air to move material through venturi feeders, pipes, and cyclones for filtration before being deposited. Different system types like induction, pressure, closed-loop, and vacuum are described.
This document discusses different methods for particle size analysis including sieve analysis. It describes various types of sieve shakers and their advantages such as digital control and adjustable parameters. It also discusses different sieving methods like dry, wet, and air jet sieving. Sieve analysis is used to characterize particles of various materials including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, minerals and more.
Introduction to Common Powder Mixing Equipmentedit43
Powder mixing is an indispensable production process in modern industry, applied in many fields such as materials, food, medicine, fertilizers, metallurgy, etc. There are four main forms of mixing: convective mixing, diffusion mixing, shear mixing, and seepage mixing.
There are various types of powder mixing equipment, including horizontal ribbon mixer, horizontal plough mixer, horizontal non-gravity mixer, horizontal drying mixer, nuata mixer, etc., which have the characteristics of high efficiency, high uniformity, low energy consumption, and low pollution.
Esteem Engineers is a Mumbai-based firm established in 1996 that deals in chemical processing mixers and blenders. It provides consultancy for turnkey soap and detergent powder production lines. The company serves customers in industries like personal care, chemicals, cement, food, and fertilizers. It manufactures and sells various mixers and blenders like plough shear mixers, sigma mixers, paddle mixers, ribbon blenders, and more that are used for applications like mixing chemicals, foods, and other products. The document provides details on different mixer types as well as advantages of granules over powders and plough shear mixers over ribbon blenders.
This document discusses mixing in the manufacture of cosmetics. It defines mixing and describes factors that influence the mixing process. The objectives and mechanisms of mixing are explained. Positive, negative and neutral mixtures are defined. Methods for mixing solids, fluids and semi-solids are outlined. Common mixing equipment for each type is described, including twin shell blenders, double cone blenders, propellers, turbines, and paddles.
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Vortex Industrial Technology Co., Ltd is a custom contract manufacturer of powder and particle products located in Shanghai, China. They specialize in blending powders in small and large batches using ribbon blenders, which are their main product. Ribbon blenders are well-suited for blending powdered cleaning products, which have bulk densities ranging from 0.48 to 1.2 kg/l and require mixing of materials in proportions as small as 0.05%. The ribbon blenders provide thorough mixing and reduce cleaning time between batches.
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This document discusses using bucket conveyors to convey mixes and blends. It notes that maintaining consistency of mixes is important for quality but can be challenging when conveying. Bucket conveyors are presented as a good solution because the material settles in the bucket but ingredient ratios are preserved, unlike with other conveyor types. Bucket conveyors will also not aerate mixes. The document concludes that bucket conveyors provide a reliable way to convey mixes and blends while maintaining consistency.
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Vortex offers standard and customized ribbon blenders from 50L to 10,000L capacity for mixing dry and wet materials like powders, grains, pellets, flakes, slurries and pastes. The document describes a 1,000L stainless steel ribbon blender with safety features and variable frequency drive. Ribbon blenders use a horizontal agitator with helical ribbons to move materials in an axial and radial flow pattern, ensuring uniform blending in 5-6 minutes. Models up to 600L are made of polished stainless steel meeting sanitary standards for use in pharmaceutical and dairy industries.
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This document discusses ways to improve the efficiency of ribbon blenders. It describes ribbon blenders as versatile mixing equipment used for blending powders in many industries. It then lists four new features that can maximize ribbon blender efficiency: 1) scrapers that reduce material packing, 2) a clear view cover for safe monitoring and additions, 3) air-purged shaft seals that prevent leaks, and 4) a pneumatic discharge valve that minimizes dead space.
This document discusses important factors to consider when choosing a ribbon blender, with a focus on whether a standard duty or heavy-duty model is needed. It notes that bulk density determines the required horsepower and blender size, with standard models typically handling densities of around 0.6kg/L and heavy-duty models required for denser products. Accurately determining the product's bulk density is crucial for identifying if a standard or heavy-duty ribbon blender will best suit the application needs. The document also stresses ensuring the chosen blender model can accommodate the range of minimum and maximum batch quantities required.
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1. VORTEX INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD
E-mail: info@incmachine.com www.incmachine.com
Add: No.128 Huayuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
Selecting the Right Blender for Your Material
Mixing is a critical unit operation in pharmaceutical, food, ceramic, cosmetic, chemical and
other industries. There are dozens of blenders and many vendors that all claim they can
mix powder materials. However, which of all the blenders is the best choice for your
material? Blending powders requires blender action and geometry induced velocity profiles
that cause all the particles to be active in the blending process (no stagnant zones). Each
blender style cause a unique set of blending velocity profiles, some of which rely on
induced velocities from mechanical interactions such as paddle, ribbon, or screw
movement. Other velocities are the natural result of bulk material motion in containers:
flow down piles, flow in hoppers, or particles carried by air currents. In either case, blending
velocity profiles in mixers must generate difference in residence time path at various
location in the blender or residence times measured at the blender exit as material passes
through. Mixing cannot occur if uniform plug flow exists in the blender; blending requires
non-uniform flow. Each blender can be characterized observing the type of motion during
blending.
Sometimes blending velocity profiles cause segregation in a blender. Proper
blender selection depends on the segregation mechanism occurring operation.
There are many reasons why material mixtures separate(de-mix) during
processing and handling. Here we consider the three most common: angle of
repose, sifting, and air entrainment. Each mechanism is enhanced or mitigated
by different types of blender-induced velocity profiles. Blending mixes the bulk
2. VORTEX INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD
E-mail: info@incmachine.com www.incmachine.com
Add: No.128 Huayuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
solid; since blending and segregation are opposite effects, the ideal blender
would attain blending velocities which do not also cause segregation. Optimal
blender choice depends on which action wins: blending or segregation.
To select the optimal blender we must understand the types of segregation
inherent with the material, rank the material relative to these active segregation
mechanisms, determine what velocity profiles exist in common blenders and
finally rank the blenders relative to their potential to segregate due to these
velocity profiles. Consider the segregation mechanisms that may be acting with
your material.
Angle of repose
Consider the case where two or more components have different inter-particle
friction characteristics caused by differences in particle shape (spheres and
angular materials) or by surface roughness effects. In either case, particles
sliding down a pile travel at different velocities, causing one types or particle to
separate from the other particle as piles are formed and reformed. Generally,
angle of repose segregation produces radial patterns as materials piles in
process equipment. Material with steeper repose angle accumulates near the pile
charge point while the flattest repose angle material concentrate toward the pile
edge.
Some blenders mix by continually forming and reforming piles. If a blender
forms piles during operation with a material sensitive to angle of repose
segregation, it separates the particles during blending. Thus, a blender that
operates the through repeated pile formation is a bad choice with this type of
material.
Sifting
In multiple component mixtures, fines may sift through a matrix of coarse
particles during handling. Sifting segregation requires that void space between
adjacent particles must be large enough to permit fine particles to
pass through (a particle size different of about 3:1). Inter-
particle motion exposes empty void spaces to fine particles, and fines must be
sufficiently free flowing to prevent arching
Between adjacent particles. Generally, sifting segregation also produces a radial
pattern as materials piles in process equipment. Fines accumulate near the pile
3. VORTEX INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD
E-mail: info@incmachine.com www.incmachine.com
Add: No.128 Huayuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
charge point, decreasing in concentration toward the pile edge. Noted that sifting
is separation is induced in the direction of gravity. A blender that wished to undo
this segregation effect must induce velocity profiles against the direction of
gravity.
Air Entrainment
In many systems, fine particles are carried by air currents and deposited in bins
wherever air currents reduce sufficiently for fine particles to drop out of the flow
stream. When the falling stream impacts the material level, entrained air is
pushed out of interstitial pores, carrying the fine particles in the resulting dust
cloud. This segregation typically caused a radial pattern during pile formation,
but fines are at the bottom of the pile and not the top. Mitigating this behavior
requires a blending action against the direction of the pile formation or operation
in such a way as to limit air currents. Since air currents separate the particles, a
blender that operates through repeated piles formation without free-fall may be
a good choice with this type of material.
Example
Let’s consider three blender types and rank each in terms of its ability to blend
via inter-particle motion counter to the direction of gravity, formation of piles
during operation, and formation of air currents during operation. We will consider
a rotary shell blender (v-blender), a ribbon blender, and a double paddle
blender. V-blender work by placing material into one or both legs of the V-
blender until the blender is about half full and rotating the blender. Material in
the blender undergoes ridged body rotation without inter-particle motion until
the material reaches the top of the pile formed during rotation. Material cascades
down the slope, inducing inter-particle motion in a narrow band on top of the
pile. All mixing occurs along the pile top. Piles are formed and reformed during
operation.
Ribbon blender work by placing components in a U-trough with left-handed and
right-handed dual ribbon screw flight connected to a common shaft. Blending
occurs because the ribbons move material in the axial direction. However, during
this process screw flights also lift material up on one side of the U-trough,
forming a pile. In ribbon blenders, mixing due to screw motion is nearly equal to
blending that occurs as material cascades down the pile.
Dual paddle blenders work by attaching paddles to counter-rotating shafts.
Paddles are angled relative to the shaft so that one paddle lifts the material up
and to the right while the next paddle lifts the material up and to the left. These
paddles rotate quickly making pile formation minimal. It should be pointed out
4. VORTEX INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD
E-mail: info@incmachine.com www.incmachine.com
Add: No.128 Huayuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
that, although there is significant inter-particle motion in this blender, that
motion is in the upward direction.
We must determine if the blender of interest can induce velocity profiles that
result in inter-particle motion, pile formation or gas velocities.
All blenders must induce inter-particle motion. However, some inter-particle
motion separates particles and some motions blend mixtures. The worst-case
scenario would be a blending velocity 90 degrees from the direction of gravity.
Material would sift across the flow direction, percolate through the void
structure, and remain in the stagnant layer below. This would cause particle
separation without any possibility of remixing the material. if the direction of flow
is aligned with gravity, then the velocity profiles can overcome sifting
segregation. We can compute a sifting segregation ranking if the angle of flow
relative to the horizontal (flow) is known. When a pile exists in the blender,
sifting segregation velocity relative to the direction of gravity is given by the pile
repose angle.
See Equation 1 (attached)
If the repose angle is 45 degrees, the rank computed from equation 1 is 3.6. In
a ribbon mixer, half the material mixes by cascading down the pile and half
mixes by transportation along the axial length of the screw. Transporting along
the screw results in inter-particle motion, but no slope, so the rank for sifting
due to a condition where inter-particle motion but little slope occurs, results in a
sifting rank of 1.0. The average rank for sifting in a ribbon blender is the average
of the 45 degree and zero slope piles, or 2.3. The rank for sifting in a paddle
mixer involves the deviation off the gravitational direction in which the paddle
throws material. In this case, the paddle action on the material goes against the
sifting direction. We estimated the average trajectory angle due to paddle action
is about 80 degrees, yielding a sifting ranking of 8.4.
The angle of repose ranking depends on how close the dynamic angle of the
slope in the mixing equipment (r) is to the actual static angle of repose (Sr).
We use the ratio in equation 2 as a means of scaling between expected angle of
5. VORTEX INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD
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Add: No.128 Huayuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
repose effects. This equation relates acceleration between the dynamic and static
friction conditions caused by material sliding down piles. The derivation of this
equation will not be included here. There is always a difference between the
dynamic and static repose angle. For the purposes of this paper we assume that
difference is about 5 degrees. Thus, the expected ranking down the pile in both
the rotary shell blender and ribbon blender gives a rank of 3.4. However, in the
ribbon blender, half the material travels down the pile while the other half is
carried by screws with a repose angle of 0 degrees, resulting in a rank of 10 for
that part of the material that is conveyed. The overall rank for the ribbon blender
is the average of these values, or 6.7. We will assume the average repose angle
in the paddle mixer during operation is 6 degrees. This leads to a ranking of 9.9
for angle of repose segregation in a typical paddle mixer.
See Equation 2
(attached)
The ranking for air entrainment are somewhat subjective and depend on
operation speed. Rather than use simple correlations to approximate, these
ranking are based the author’s extensive experience with various blenders and
materials sensitive to air entrainment segregation. All rankings are summarized
in Table I. If a material is sensitive to a particular mechanism, this table
indicates how easily the blend will mix in the chosen blender.
6. VORTEX INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD
E-mail: info@incmachine.com www.incmachine.com
Add: No.128 Huayuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
See Table 1 (attached)
To achieve proper fine powder material blend, one must eliminate segregation
issues. Selection of the proper blender depends on the segregation
mechanism(s) occurring in the material during blender operation: one must
match blender choice to the material properties. Blender selection is often
considered an art rather than a science. However, knowledge of basic material
flow properties and segregation tendencies provides guidance in selecting the
right blender for the task.
Obviously we need a measure of segregation based on mechanism. Ideally we
would like to determine the fraction of each mechanism that might be active with
the particular material. Measuring segregation can be done by forming a pile,
measuring the concentration of key components along the pile and using this
data with particle size and angle of repose information of each component to
identify the active mechanisms Figure 1. This was done for a steak seasoning
mixture (Figure 2).
See Figure 1 (attached)
7. VORTEX INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD
E-mail: info@incmachine.com www.incmachine.com
Add: No.128 Huayuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
See Figure 2 (attached)
The data suggest that 65% of segregation occurring with this material is due to
angle of repose, 35% is due to sifting, and 0% is due to air entrainment
segregation. The question remains: which blender should be used to mix this
particular material? Overall rankings for each blender can be found by summing
the fraction of each mechanism (frmech) times the rank number (Rankmech) for
each mechanism for the blenders of interest (equation 3). For the steak
seasoning, blender ranks are found in Table II. Apparently, a paddle blender
would be the best choice for this material, followed by a ribbon blender.
See Equation 3 (attached)
8. VORTEX INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD
E-mail: info@incmachine.com www.incmachine.com
Add: No.128 Huayuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
See Table 2 (attached)
Conclusions
Blending bring distinct bulk material particles into intimate contact so as to
produce a mixture of consistent quality at a prescribed scale of scrutiny. Each
blender mixes by a particular set of actions (i. e. pile formation, paddle
movement0. Segregation undoes blending by inducing separation of distinct
particles. If material segregation due to a particular blending action, then any
blender causing that action is a poor choice for that material mixture. Thus, we
rank blending effectiveness based on segregation mechanism(s) which may
occur with the mixture. When we measure the segregation mechanisms and
determine the fraction of each active mechanism, we can deduce an overall
blender ranking and select the optimal blender based on science instead of trial
and error.