Geological Survey of South Australia -Industry presentation delivered at the 4th annual Resources Investment Symposium held in Broken Hill NSW Australia, 26-28 May 2014.
Geologic time primer & carbon dating reviewMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Lone Mountain is a property that has a history of mining and mineral exploration - this presentation covers the geology, history, and potential of one of Nevadas many mines
Geologic time primer & carbon dating reviewMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Lone Mountain is a property that has a history of mining and mineral exploration - this presentation covers the geology, history, and potential of one of Nevadas many mines
Geological Time & Age Dating
Relative Time & Uniformitarianism
James Hutton & Kelvin
Law of Superposition
Lateral Continuity
Cross-Cutting Relationships
Fossil Succession
Law of Inclusions
Relative Age Dating
Absolute Age Dating
Fission-Track Dating
Carbon-14 dating
Tree-Ring dating
The Geologic Time Scale عمود الزمن الجيولوجى
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
"Uncovering the Curnamona and Surround: A New South Wales Perspective."
Phil Gilmore, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
Geological Time & Age Dating
Relative Time & Uniformitarianism
James Hutton & Kelvin
Law of Superposition
Lateral Continuity
Cross-Cutting Relationships
Fossil Succession
Law of Inclusions
Relative Age Dating
Absolute Age Dating
Fission-Track Dating
Carbon-14 dating
Tree-Ring dating
The Geologic Time Scale عمود الزمن الجيولوجى
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
"Uncovering the Curnamona and Surround: A New South Wales Perspective."
Phil Gilmore, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geology Survey of South Aus...Symposium
"Using the cover to uncover the Curnamona".
Dr Steve Hill, Director, Geological Survey of South Australia.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
TABLE OF CONTENT
>Introduction
>General Morphology of Subduction Zone
>Ocean Trenches
>Back Arc Basins
>Accretionary Prism
>Variation in Zones Characteristics
>Structure of Zones from Earthquakes
>Thermal Structure of Down-going Slab
>Gravity Anomalies
>Volcanic and Plutonic Activity
>Metamorphism at convergent boundaries
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Depositsiosrjce
Seismic reflection method can delineate very complex geological structures hence it might be very
effective for detecting the presence of Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits. Despite this superior
attributes, there exist a real problem for exploration beyond the immediate vicinity of a known deposit. All
previous studies have focused upon high resolution detection of mineralization and the hosting structures at
mine scale. No argument for “regional” exploration have been proposed probably because a cost benefit
analysis has never be conducted at such scale to proceed with such exploration venture. In this study, we
analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by modelling a Vulcan IOCGU deposit scenario were a 2D
seismic survey with relatively sparse source-receiver geometry was used to detect the presence of a possible
intrusive package within 2km depth range. The modelling results demonstrates that seismic reflection method
using 10m geophones and 20m shot spacing can be used to image deposit within the depth of 2km. The
presence of reflections was visibly observed especially at the edges of intrusive packages hence it is suggested
that application of seismic reflection methods perhaps will remains the best alternative and most viable method
for exploring deep seated IOCG
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
Dr Glen Phillips, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
"The Delamerian Orogenic Cycle in Western NSW Inferences from the provenance record of the Koonenberry Belt."
Dr Glen Phillips, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of South ...Symposium
"New mineral provinces and mineral systems in South Australia’s exploration prospectus".
Dr Steve Hill, Director and Chief Government Geologist, Geological Survey of South Australia.
Investor presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
Central petroleum investor presentation July 2015Symposium
Central Petroleum's Managing Director, Richard Cottee, told investors in Sydney and Melbourne that CTP have laid the groundwork and are now ready to create shareholder value
New Zulu (ASX: NZW) presentation to investors in Sydney and Melbourne July 2015Symposium
New Zulu founder and Managing Director, Alex Hartman, presented to investors in Sydney and Melbourne on the 14th and 15th July and there was a great deal of excitement about the latest news and developments
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
"Broken Hill 1:250000 metallogenic special and revised metamorphic facies-isograd maps".
Dr Joel Fitzherbert, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - South Australian Departmen...Symposium
South Australian Department for State Development , Ted Tyne, Executive Director.
Investor presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
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@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
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Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Geological Survey of South Australia | RIS2014 Broken Hill Industry Presentation
1. From paddling in the bathtub to
swimming the deep ocean:
the reality of this exploration metaphor in
the Curnamona Province and adjacent
regions
Steve Hill
Director
Geological Survey of South Australia
OPEN THE DOOR TO SOUTH
AUSTRALIA
3. Moon Plain, Stuart Shelf, SA (Photo S.Hill)
Deep Cover Exploration Impediment…
4. Love thy Enemy
• Lots of cruel things said about the cover….
• “Impediment”
• “punch through” it!
• The rocks “suffered” weathering
• Ignore it
• “Stuff”
• “Overburden”
• “Crud”
• “Dirt”
• “*^#>” !!!
4
Why are people so unkind?
Fear and loathing. Where does it come from?
We don’t know it properly?
We don’t trust it
6. This presentation
1. Geological Processes in the Cover (What are some of the
special things that can happen?)
2. Implications of these processes (How the cover can be our
BFF)
3. Characterising the cover (What do we really know about our
new found love?)
4. How to get to know the cover better into the future (our
enduring love)
5. Cover savvy geoscientists of the future (Who will be part of
this love affair?) 6
7. Geological Processes in the Cover: What are some
of the special things that can happen?
• Weathering / erosion / sediment and element accumulation
• Element mobility – source, transport, accumulation,
preservation
• Supergene enrichments
• Biogeochemical processes
• Placer concentration and recycling
• Geochemical footprint enlargement
• -------------------------------------------
• Dilution
• Barren cover (‘blind” deposits)
• Erosion / poor preservation
7
Weathering
ErosionSedimentation
Preservation
Leaching
Poor Preservation
Physical Dispersion
Burial
Re-accumulation
(“False anomaly”)
Dynamic
Equilibrium
8. Cover Processes and MaterialsWeathering
ErosionSedimentation
Preservation
Leaching
Denudation
Physical Dispersion
Burial
Re-accumulation
(“False anomaly”)
Dynamic
Equilibrium
Weathering
Erosion
Sedimentation
In situ
Deep
Weathering
“Residuum”
Variable profile
Materials exposed
Sediments /
Transported
material
PROCESS
MATERIAL
11. UoA Honours students
Black oak sampling April 2009
Minotaur Exploration
Drilling April 2010
Tunkillia, Gawler Craton
12. Implications of these processes:
How the cover can be our BFF
• Haloes / footprints
• 3D dispersion
• Secondary accumulations
• Other resources
• e.g groundwater, soils …..
12
14. Implications of these processes: How the
cover can be our BFF
14
• Eastern Gawler
Craton –
Curnamona
Province links
• ~1590 Ma
mineralising event
But dominated by different
exploration strategies
Eastern Gawler: IOCG in
basement
Curnamona: sedimentary U
15. IOCG – Porphyry – Epithermal Continuum (Claire Wade, GSSA)
Into the overlying cover???
17. Scale of the distal footprint of the
Broken Hill mineral system
• Lateral dispersion for >100 km
– High grade garnets in beach sands
at Menindee Lakes (>100 km to SE)
– Staurolite and other high grade
metamorphic minerals in
sediments overlying low-grade
metamorphic rocks in the Fowlers
Gap and Bancannia Basin (>100 km
to N)
–Lateral dispersion onto Mundi Mundi
Plains (30-50 km to W and NW)
18. Catchment headwaters within
Barrier Ranges
Mundi Mundi Plains
Umberumberka
Reservoir
Umberumberka Creek - Broken
Hill (Charlotte Mitchell, DET CRC)
19. Catchment headwaters within
Barrier Ranges
Mundi Mundi Plains
Umberumberka
Reservoir
Umberumberka Creek - Broken
Hill (Charlotte Mitchell, DET CRC)
20. Mundi Mundi Plain
• Lateral dispersion
and reaccumulation
• Important balance
between processes of
erosion, sedimentation
and weathering / soil
formation
21. Characterising the cover: What do we
really know about our new found love?
• Characterising the cover – a big opportunity!
• Greater amount of surficial data but really decreases
with depth
• Key attributes:
• Detailed lithological logging
• Whole-rock geochemistry (chemical context?)
• Mineralogy (XRD and spectral)
• Physical properties
21
22. Deep Cover Reference Sections
• Geological type sections and their associated data have received
diminished attention, particularly since the GSSA work in basin
areas in 1970s and 1980s
• These are important reference sections, particularly as exploration
moves into surrounding covered areas.
• Modern data for these sections can include:
• GPS coordinates
• Lithological logging
• Biostratigraphy
• HyLogger mineralogy
• Lithogeochemistry
• Detrital zircon dating
• et al……
22
26. Exploration Sampling Media within
the Cover (DET CRC)
• An ideal sampling medium needs to be:
• Abundant
• Generic (e.g. not just restricted to a particular stratigraphic
unit)
• Readily identifiable (esp. down-hole)
• Hosts target geochemical suite for mineral system
• Can be linked to dispersion vectors (can be used as
geochemical vector to mineralisation)
• Able to be effectively and efficiently sampled
27. Some examples of efficient and
effective approaches to exploring
in covered terrains?
1. Understanding the geological history of gold
dispersion at Tibooburra
2. Exploring through sediment for Broken Hill
type mineralisation at the Pinnacles
3. Putting it all together for sedimentary
uranium exploration through the cover at
Four Mile
28. CASE STUDY 1: Tibooburra Au
provenance...
Tors of Tibooburra Granodiorite (photo S.Hill)
31. Radial ‘shedding’ model
Tibooburra Inlier
No! This applies to contemporary drainage but not the Mesozoic system
Mesozoic
hinterland-basin
geochemical
reconstruction
needed!
35. Tibooburra: Mesozoic palaeoflow model
in relation to historic Au diggings (Hill et al 2009)
Emergent
.The Granites
.Easter Monday
.Tunnel Hill
.Six Mile
36. Deeply buried Au Provenance? (Hill et al 2009)
Mt Browne Inlier
Au bearing Basal
Mesozoic
flow vectors
Buried Au
source
target areas
Tibooburra Inlier
39. Looking South down Pine Creek from Middle Pinnacle
Pinnacles
Mine
Pine Creek
South
Pinnacle
40. S.Hill Pinnacles pilot study: river red gum leaves (~250
m sample spacing)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Channel Distance (km)
Pb(ppm)
Pinnacles
mineralisation?
Wasn’t sure if this staggering result was current mine or new mineralisation?
What does an academic do when they don’t know something? ……
42. Pine Creek…
Sample spacing
– every collectable RRG
• 215 River Red gums sampled
– Media
• Leaves
• Chest height
• Sample size~300g
Middle Pinnacle
Pinnacles Mine
43. Lead…
•Pb up to 205 times
background levels
•Geochemical footprint
~ 2.5 km
0 – 36 ppm
37 – 99 ppm
100 – 190 ppm
191 – 411 ppm
Hyperspectral Image, courtesy NSW DPI
N
2 km
44. Silver…
• Ag up to 136 times
background value
• Geochemical
footprint 2.2 km
0.005 – 0.100 ppm
0.101 – 0.340 ppm
0.341 – 0.710 ppm
0.711 – 1.360 ppm Hyperspectral Image, courtesy NSW DPI
N
2 km
45. Zinc…
• Zn up to 7 times background
values
• Erratic pattern (repeated)
– mobility
– peaks related to floodouts
17 - 47 ppm
48 - 80 ppm
81 - 141 ppm
141 – 338 ppm Hyperspectral Image, courtesy NSW DPI
N
2 km
46. It was time to dig…
Sarah ‘Gibbo’ Gibbons (earnest,
hard-working CRC LEME Honours
student)
Photos: Karen Hulme
47. Pinnacles - lodes extensions
Photographs: Steve Hill Mineralisation continues near surface but below main road!
48. Kangaroo Prospectors
– Western Grey Kangaroos
• Selective browser
• Well defined home range
• Scat chemistry reflects Broken Hill mineralisation (esp.
Pb, Zn, Cd)
• Implications for exploration and geo-health
50. Broken Hill Roo Poo Pb
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Dist (km)
Pb(ppm)
Broken Hill
West East
Pinnacles
51. Zn and Cd in roo poo
Broken Hill Roo Poo Zn
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Dist (km)
Zn(ppm)
Broken Hill Roo Poo Cd
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Dist (km)
Cd(ppm)
Broken
HillBroken
Hill
West East West East
52. Skippy knows where to find the ore?
• The kangaroos very effectively intake chemical
signatures from buried rocks when they eat
plants.
• They do this over a range of 10s of kilometres
• They redeposit this chemical signature in their
poo
• Mineral explorer samples the poo, prepares it
and gets it analysed to look for its chemical
signatures
53. CASE STUDY 3: Four Mile U
(Steve Hore & Steve Hill, GSSA)
59. Mesozoic Glaciations
• Important context for Four Mile West U
deposit
Palaeoredox interfaces in Mesozoic diamictite at Deadtree section (Hore & Hill, 2009)
76. Four Mile Regolith Carbonates
(Gallasch & Hill, 2007)
Media Comparison of U vs Th (Four Mile Catchment)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
U (ppm)
Th
(ppm)
Carbonate
Bedrock
Th > U
U > Th
77. Radium Ridge
Image: Steve Hill
Eucalyptus gillii
0.12 – 6.59 ppm U
4.79 – 33.42 ppm Cu
0.01 – 0.02 ppm Th
Eucalyptus intertexta
0.06 – 6.49 ppm U
2.74 – 12.21 ppm Cu
0.01 – 0.04 ppm Th
78. FOUR MILE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY: TARGET SPECIES
Allows subsurface access to culturally and environmentally sensitive sites
River Red Gum
Inland tea-tree
79. Neimanis, Hill & Hore, 2007
Inland Tea-tree shows similar results to stream sediments!
(shallow alluvial aquifer)
80. Neimanis, Hill & Hore, 2007
River red gum shows deeper mineralisation expression along structures
(deeper fractured aquifer)
86. Four Mile Uranium: summary
• Long history of U dispersion (at least Mesozoic) across
landscape
• Abundant surface anomalism but links to buried
mineralisation challenging
• Vegetation and to some extent carbonates have best links
with buried mineralisation (via groundwater)
86
87. So what have we learnt
• The cover can be our friend and host some
advantages to exploration (e.g. enlarged
“footprints”)
• The cover needs to be dealt with the same
geological rigor as hard rocks (e.g.
palaeodrainage reconstruction)
• A range of sampling media are available within
the cover and be efficiently and effectively
used in different ways (e.g. the provide an
exploration tool kit)
89. →
Cost and Time efficient subsurface chemical information
(help focus and rank drilling targets)
90. Advantages of plant biogeochemical exploration
• Provided sampling procedure is orientated and systematic:
• Time efficient
• Minimal environmental impact
• Minimal cultural impact
• Flexible site access needs
• Cost equivalent to soil geochemistry
91. Cover savvy geoscientists of the future:
Who will be part of this love affair?
• Part of integrated geoscience workflow
• Given the expanse of cover …. Where are our
cover savvy geoscientists coming from?
• Are training institutions engaged and providing
the relevant foundations?
91
102. Disclaimer
The information contained in this presentation has been compiled by the
Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy
(DMITRE) and originates from a variety of sources. Although all reasonable care
has been taken in the preparation and compilation of the information, it has been
provided in good faith for general information only and does not purport to
be professional advice. No warranty, express or implied, is given as to the
completeness, correctness, accuracy, reliability or currency of the materials.
DMITRE and the Crown in the right of the State of South Australia does not accept
responsibility for and will not be held liable to any recipient of the information for
any loss or damage however caused (including negligence) which may be directly
or indirectly suffered as a consequence of use of these materials. DMITRE
reserves the right to update, amend or supplement the information from time to
time at its discretion.
Editor's Notes
This case study is featured in more detail in the CRC LEME regional explorer’s guide for the SW Thomson Orogen. This can be downloaded from http://crcleme.org.au/Pubs/guides.
These tors of weathered Tibooburra Granodiorite occur on the SW margin of the Tibooburra town common (just NE of the Cameron Corner TO frm the Silver City Hwy). Its this irregular landscape that acted as an excellent physical depositional trap for detrital Au that was transported in Mesozoic palaeodrainage systems.
Only known primary Au occurrences are within veins and associated alteration systems of the Warratta Inlier. Other primary sources (eg provenance for Tibooburra and Mount Browne placers) are likely under basin cover to the west
The inliers and their margins in this area provide interesting uplifted ‘windows’ through he surrounding deep cover. Note also that pretty well all of the drill-holes from which this figure is derived are water bores, rather than mineral exploration drill-holes. There have effectively been NO deep cover mineral exploration drill holes in the area of this figure.
This is a photo of Quarry Hill near Tibooburra. It shows weathered Devonian granodiorite in the foreground. The sediment of the hill consists of Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, fluvial Algebuckina Sandstone equivalent gravels and sands (unconformably overlying the weathered granodiorite), which are overlain by Early Cretaceous marginal marine sands equivalent to the Cadna-owie Formation. The basal fluvial gravels host detrital Au grains (shown in inset photo). Lithological log on right is for the section exposed in the quarry excavated into this hill to help build the Family Hotel and other buildings in the nearby Tibooburra ‘CBD’.
A reconstruction of the Late Jurassic palaeolandscape, which is associated with detrital Au dispersion. It was this landscape that interacted with the weathered Au-bearing bedrock in the region, whereas later (Au-poor) basin sediments reworked a landscape where Au-bearing bedrock was buried.
These vectors are from palaeocurrent measurements (mostly cross-bedding) associated with field exposures of basal Mesozoic gravels and sands. Each arrowed site is based on between 30-100 measurements from field sites.
Palaeoflow from W to E and then down to SE in the late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous. The emergent bedrock ridges acted as an impediment to palaeoflow, thereby providing sites for gold lodgement. Previous exploration models searched the bedrock ridges of the Tibooburra Inlier for a primary Au source, however this model supports a provenance to the west of the inlier. Palaeoflow would have continued broadly to the east into the Bulloo Embayment of the Eromanga Basin.
So the obvious question now becomes, ‘what occurs to the west of the Tibooburra Inlier and other major placer Au occurrences in the area?”. The basin cover in these areas approaches and exceeds 100 m and there have been NO exploration drill holes in these areas (typical of the deep basin exploration frontier in many parts of Australia). The base image here is a processed Landsat 7 image provided by the NSW DPI (see Hill et al 2009 for further details)
So lets look at some of the regional geophysical imagery of these deeply buried target areas .... hmmm, interesting....