This paper presents summation of twenty-one years investigation of the unique gold and diamondbearing
Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal astropipes of Mongolia. These astropipe geostructures are as
selective examples amongst for four impact meteorite craters of Mongolia (Figure 1): Agit Khangay (10 km in
diameter, 470
38' N; 960
05' E), Khuree Mandal (D=11 km; 460
28' N; 980
25' E), Bayan Khuree (D=1 km; 440
06' N; 1090
36' E), and Tsenkher (D=7 km; 980
21' N; 430
36' E). The term “astropipes” [1] is a neologism and
new scientific discovery in Earth science and these geostructures are outlandish in certain aspects. Particularly
the Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal astropipes are genuine “meteorite crater” geostructures but they also
contain kimberlite diamonds and gold. Suevite-like (agizite) rocks from the astropipes contain such minerals, as
coesite, stishovite, moissanite (0.6 mm), kamacite, tektite, khamravaevite (mineral of meteorite-titanic carbon),
graphite-2H, chondrite, picroilmenite, pyrope, phlogopite, khangaites (tektites, 1.0-3.0 mm in size), olivine, etc
[2]-[3]. Most panned samples and hand specimens contain fine diamonds with octahedral habit (0.2-0.5 mm,
6.4 mg or 0.034-0.1 carat) and gold (from 0.13 to 6.33-32.0 g/t). Of special interest is the larger number of the
black magnetic balls (0.05-5.0 mm) are characterized by high content of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cd, Ga,
Cl, Al, Si, K. These described meteorite craters possess reliable topographic, geological, mineralogical,
geochemical, and aerospace mapping data, also some geophysical and petrological features (especially shock
metamorphism) have been found, all of which indicate that these geostructures are a proven new type of gold
and diamond-bearing impact geostructure, termed here “astropipes”. The essence of the phenomenon is
mantle-crust mix and fluidization of the combined nucleosynthesis-magmatic evolution-palingenesis interaction.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
PRIMARY GEOCHEMICAL HALOES IN PROSPECTING FOR GOLD DEPOSITS, UMM RUS MINE, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz veins which are commonly detected in some parts of level-279/ and level-487/. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to reduce a number of potential pathfinder variables to an optimum group of pathfinder variables that differentiate between mineralized and unmineralized quartz vein samples.
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz vein
GOLD CONTENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC
FEATURES OF QUARTZ VEINS
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
The southern Indian granulite terrane is known for granulite - facies rocks which is formed during the ‘Pan-African orogeny.
The region is composed of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian crustal blocks, dissected by large-scale shear zones (Palghat-Cauvery and Achankovil).
The Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone System (PCSZ), separates the terrane into two parts, Archean Dharwar Craton in the north and the Neoproterozoic Madurai Block in the south.
The southern margin of this block is defined by the Achankovil Shear Zone.
Geology of the study area
The Achankovil Shear Zone (ACSZ) is major lineament of 8-10 km width and >100 km length.
The rocks in the zone display a prominent NW-SE trending foliation with steep dips to southwest.
Estimation of pressure and temperature (P-T) of this lithology was first carried out by Santosh (1987) based on conventional geothermometers and mineral equilibrium, that gave 700-800◦ C at 5.5-7.0 kbar.
Later study done by Nandakumar and Harley (2000) which is slightly higher 925 ± 20◦ C at 6.5-7.0 kbar .
3.1. Grt- Opx- Crd Gneiss
The Grt-Opx-Crd gneiss is a coarse-grained, granulite-facies rock with a probable pelitic protolith.
The mineralogy of a representative sample (KR19-5G1) is plagioclase (30-40%), ortho-pyroxene (20-30%), garnet (10-20%), K-feldspar (10-20%), quartz (5-10%), and cordierite (2-5%) with accessory of biotite, spinel, and sillimanite (Fig. 2a).
Garnet is very coarse-grained (3-6 mm) ,subidioblastic, and contains numerous fine-grained inclusions of sillimanite (0.05-0.2 mm), biotite (0.05-0.4 mm), spinel (0.05-0.1 mm), and quartz (0.05-0.1 mm).
The most significant feature of this rock is the direct contact relation of fine grained spinel and quartz (Spl + Qtz), which occur only as inclusions in garnet.
Spl + Qtz association has been regarded as one of the indicators for decompression at UHT conditions. This is the first finding of such an assemblage from the ACSZ.
GRAPHIC QUARTZ-FELDSPAR INTERGROWTHS IN PEGMATITES: DIFFUSION AND GROWTH KINETICS MIGIF-HAFAFIT AREA, SOUTH EASTERN DESERT EGYPT
During the formation of pegmatites in the Migif-Hafafit area, conditions of crystallization were such that widespread graphic quartz-feldspar intergrowths were formed. The quartz is interpreted to have nucleated epinastically on rough edges and corners of alkali feldspar crystals. The existence of rugose inner feldspar-quartz boundaries and euhedral outer boundaries evidence that the graphic texture is a primary magmatic feature. Rapid growth, at or near volatile-saturated conditions, resulted in quartz saturation along the irregular melt-feldspar inner interface. Slow diffusion of Si and Al species (network formers) in the boundary-layer melt was likely the rate-controlling step for quartz saturation, which occurred along corners and edges, where the feldspar grew most rapidly. Diffusion-limited growth resulted in SiO2 buildup at the interface, producing oscillations from quartz-oversaturated to quartz-undersaturated conditions and thus the rhythmic quartz-feldspar intergrowths. The transition from planar, to edge, to cellular growth, and changes in the lobate inner feldspar-quartz boundary occurred in response to changes caused by crystallization that affect rates of Si-Al diffusion. Evidence of saturation in a volatile phase in these pegmatites indicates that water was a catalyst for feldspar growth and that lower activities of H2O in the melt decrease Si diffusivity at the crystal interface.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
PRIMARY GEOCHEMICAL HALOES IN PROSPECTING FOR GOLD DEPOSITS, UMM RUS MINE, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz veins which are commonly detected in some parts of level-279/ and level-487/. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to reduce a number of potential pathfinder variables to an optimum group of pathfinder variables that differentiate between mineralized and unmineralized quartz vein samples.
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz vein
GOLD CONTENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC
FEATURES OF QUARTZ VEINS
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
The southern Indian granulite terrane is known for granulite - facies rocks which is formed during the ‘Pan-African orogeny.
The region is composed of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian crustal blocks, dissected by large-scale shear zones (Palghat-Cauvery and Achankovil).
The Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone System (PCSZ), separates the terrane into two parts, Archean Dharwar Craton in the north and the Neoproterozoic Madurai Block in the south.
The southern margin of this block is defined by the Achankovil Shear Zone.
Geology of the study area
The Achankovil Shear Zone (ACSZ) is major lineament of 8-10 km width and >100 km length.
The rocks in the zone display a prominent NW-SE trending foliation with steep dips to southwest.
Estimation of pressure and temperature (P-T) of this lithology was first carried out by Santosh (1987) based on conventional geothermometers and mineral equilibrium, that gave 700-800◦ C at 5.5-7.0 kbar.
Later study done by Nandakumar and Harley (2000) which is slightly higher 925 ± 20◦ C at 6.5-7.0 kbar .
3.1. Grt- Opx- Crd Gneiss
The Grt-Opx-Crd gneiss is a coarse-grained, granulite-facies rock with a probable pelitic protolith.
The mineralogy of a representative sample (KR19-5G1) is plagioclase (30-40%), ortho-pyroxene (20-30%), garnet (10-20%), K-feldspar (10-20%), quartz (5-10%), and cordierite (2-5%) with accessory of biotite, spinel, and sillimanite (Fig. 2a).
Garnet is very coarse-grained (3-6 mm) ,subidioblastic, and contains numerous fine-grained inclusions of sillimanite (0.05-0.2 mm), biotite (0.05-0.4 mm), spinel (0.05-0.1 mm), and quartz (0.05-0.1 mm).
The most significant feature of this rock is the direct contact relation of fine grained spinel and quartz (Spl + Qtz), which occur only as inclusions in garnet.
Spl + Qtz association has been regarded as one of the indicators for decompression at UHT conditions. This is the first finding of such an assemblage from the ACSZ.
GRAPHIC QUARTZ-FELDSPAR INTERGROWTHS IN PEGMATITES: DIFFUSION AND GROWTH KINETICS MIGIF-HAFAFIT AREA, SOUTH EASTERN DESERT EGYPT
During the formation of pegmatites in the Migif-Hafafit area, conditions of crystallization were such that widespread graphic quartz-feldspar intergrowths were formed. The quartz is interpreted to have nucleated epinastically on rough edges and corners of alkali feldspar crystals. The existence of rugose inner feldspar-quartz boundaries and euhedral outer boundaries evidence that the graphic texture is a primary magmatic feature. Rapid growth, at or near volatile-saturated conditions, resulted in quartz saturation along the irregular melt-feldspar inner interface. Slow diffusion of Si and Al species (network formers) in the boundary-layer melt was likely the rate-controlling step for quartz saturation, which occurred along corners and edges, where the feldspar grew most rapidly. Diffusion-limited growth resulted in SiO2 buildup at the interface, producing oscillations from quartz-oversaturated to quartz-undersaturated conditions and thus the rhythmic quartz-feldspar intergrowths. The transition from planar, to edge, to cellular growth, and changes in the lobate inner feldspar-quartz boundary occurred in response to changes caused by crystallization that affect rates of Si-Al diffusion. Evidence of saturation in a volatile phase in these pegmatites indicates that water was a catalyst for feldspar growth and that lower activities of H2O in the melt decrease Si diffusivity at the crystal interface.
Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Depositsiosrjce
Seismic reflection method can delineate very complex geological structures hence it might be very
effective for detecting the presence of Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits. Despite this superior
attributes, there exist a real problem for exploration beyond the immediate vicinity of a known deposit. All
previous studies have focused upon high resolution detection of mineralization and the hosting structures at
mine scale. No argument for “regional” exploration have been proposed probably because a cost benefit
analysis has never be conducted at such scale to proceed with such exploration venture. In this study, we
analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by modelling a Vulcan IOCGU deposit scenario were a 2D
seismic survey with relatively sparse source-receiver geometry was used to detect the presence of a possible
intrusive package within 2km depth range. The modelling results demonstrates that seismic reflection method
using 10m geophones and 20m shot spacing can be used to image deposit within the depth of 2km. The
presence of reflections was visibly observed especially at the edges of intrusive packages hence it is suggested
that application of seismic reflection methods perhaps will remains the best alternative and most viable method
for exploring deep seated IOCG
First record of bedded limestone inside Upper BakhtiariFormation, Sulaimani G...iosrjce
Thick beds of detrital and stromatoliticlimestones are found for the firsttime inside Upper Bakhtiari
Formation in two different localities in the Sulaimani Governorate, NE-Iraq. The first locality is Dokan area at the
northwestern limb of Kosrat anticline while the second one is located in the Garmianarea betweenChamchamaland
QadirKaram towns.The limestones change laterally and vertically to conglomerate of the latter formation.The beds
are located on or inside the conglomerateof latter formation and only in one place it changes laterally to green marl.
Petrographically the limestones consistof alternation of limestone layers of intraclastic, oolitic and pisoidal
andoncoidallithology.The lithology indicates relatively sudden environment changes and unstable energy regime
which most possibly indicated deposition in freshwater lakes. The lakes are formed due fluvial activities such as river
cutoff (oxbow lake)and river damming by rock slides or river plugging. The paleogeography of the Upper Miocene
and Pliocene had assistedthe deposition of the limestone in the lakes due to compartment of source areas. In many
areas, the source area was consisted of limestone terrains during latter two ages and from these terrains the
carbonate rich solution and clasticsare supplied to the rivers and the lakes in which carbonates had deposited
A Petrographical Approach to Study Mineral Phases Paragenesis of Gold Bearing...Premier Publishers
India hosts several world class gold prospects like Kolar Gold Fields (KGF), Hutti Gold Fields (HGF) and Gadag Gold Fields (GGF). Karnataka is the prime state for gold production since all of these gold deposits are located within. Apart from these world class gold deposits, several other gold prospects in India were identified and exploration activities are under progress. The present study aims to characterize the mineral assemblage and paragenetic phases of gold bearing Precambrian rocks around Hosur village in Gadag Schist Belt through detailed examination by Ore Microscopy. Gadag Schist Belt (GSB) is known by its significance of gold deposits for centuries. Gold mineralization in GSB is associated with tholeiitic meta-andesite, quartz porphyries and argillite greywacke assemblage. The Gadag Gold Field (GGF) constitutes one of the most important auriferous zones of the Archaean Greenstone terrains in Southern India. All known mineralization is in the form of structurally controlled vein systems. The occurrence of the gold is intimately associated with arsenopyrite. Representative samples were studied under polarizing reflected-light microscope to identify and to characterize the mineral phases of gold occurrences and its textural relationships. It has been observed that there are five phases of mineralization only in the third phase gold has formed along with arsenopyrite. Surface morphology of gold and sulphide mineralization was examined under SEM; whereas the elemental analysis of selected sample was carried out using EDS.The present work reveals the clear perception of gold occurrence and mineral phases paragenesis using ore microscopic approach.
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON TEXTURES AND INTERGROWTHS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS, WHICH YOU SHOULD KNOW AS A PETROLOGIST.
ALSO, YOU WILL FIND PICTURES OF THE DESCRIBED CONTENT BOTH PETRO SECTION ALONG WITH THIN SECTION.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
Myanmar known until recently as Burma, is slowly but steadily starting to attract foreign investment, driven mainly by international resource firms eager to tap into the mineral-rich South East Asia's country. After more than half a century of military ruling, Burma has started benefitting from the recent suspension of sanctions by Canada, the United States and the European Union. Myanmar's gold production is increasing and could prove a key factor for the country's economic growth, but many gold miners are suffering from lung diseases due to inadequate equipment and antiquated practices. In mineral-rich areas of Kachin State, taxes from Burmese and Chinese gold mining provides an important income stream to the Kachin Independence Organization. However, these mining companies use mercury in an environmentally hazardous extraction process, which can lead to long-lasting damage for the area's forests and river ways.
Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Depositsiosrjce
Seismic reflection method can delineate very complex geological structures hence it might be very
effective for detecting the presence of Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits. Despite this superior
attributes, there exist a real problem for exploration beyond the immediate vicinity of a known deposit. All
previous studies have focused upon high resolution detection of mineralization and the hosting structures at
mine scale. No argument for “regional” exploration have been proposed probably because a cost benefit
analysis has never be conducted at such scale to proceed with such exploration venture. In this study, we
analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by modelling a Vulcan IOCGU deposit scenario were a 2D
seismic survey with relatively sparse source-receiver geometry was used to detect the presence of a possible
intrusive package within 2km depth range. The modelling results demonstrates that seismic reflection method
using 10m geophones and 20m shot spacing can be used to image deposit within the depth of 2km. The
presence of reflections was visibly observed especially at the edges of intrusive packages hence it is suggested
that application of seismic reflection methods perhaps will remains the best alternative and most viable method
for exploring deep seated IOCG
First record of bedded limestone inside Upper BakhtiariFormation, Sulaimani G...iosrjce
Thick beds of detrital and stromatoliticlimestones are found for the firsttime inside Upper Bakhtiari
Formation in two different localities in the Sulaimani Governorate, NE-Iraq. The first locality is Dokan area at the
northwestern limb of Kosrat anticline while the second one is located in the Garmianarea betweenChamchamaland
QadirKaram towns.The limestones change laterally and vertically to conglomerate of the latter formation.The beds
are located on or inside the conglomerateof latter formation and only in one place it changes laterally to green marl.
Petrographically the limestones consistof alternation of limestone layers of intraclastic, oolitic and pisoidal
andoncoidallithology.The lithology indicates relatively sudden environment changes and unstable energy regime
which most possibly indicated deposition in freshwater lakes. The lakes are formed due fluvial activities such as river
cutoff (oxbow lake)and river damming by rock slides or river plugging. The paleogeography of the Upper Miocene
and Pliocene had assistedthe deposition of the limestone in the lakes due to compartment of source areas. In many
areas, the source area was consisted of limestone terrains during latter two ages and from these terrains the
carbonate rich solution and clasticsare supplied to the rivers and the lakes in which carbonates had deposited
A Petrographical Approach to Study Mineral Phases Paragenesis of Gold Bearing...Premier Publishers
India hosts several world class gold prospects like Kolar Gold Fields (KGF), Hutti Gold Fields (HGF) and Gadag Gold Fields (GGF). Karnataka is the prime state for gold production since all of these gold deposits are located within. Apart from these world class gold deposits, several other gold prospects in India were identified and exploration activities are under progress. The present study aims to characterize the mineral assemblage and paragenetic phases of gold bearing Precambrian rocks around Hosur village in Gadag Schist Belt through detailed examination by Ore Microscopy. Gadag Schist Belt (GSB) is known by its significance of gold deposits for centuries. Gold mineralization in GSB is associated with tholeiitic meta-andesite, quartz porphyries and argillite greywacke assemblage. The Gadag Gold Field (GGF) constitutes one of the most important auriferous zones of the Archaean Greenstone terrains in Southern India. All known mineralization is in the form of structurally controlled vein systems. The occurrence of the gold is intimately associated with arsenopyrite. Representative samples were studied under polarizing reflected-light microscope to identify and to characterize the mineral phases of gold occurrences and its textural relationships. It has been observed that there are five phases of mineralization only in the third phase gold has formed along with arsenopyrite. Surface morphology of gold and sulphide mineralization was examined under SEM; whereas the elemental analysis of selected sample was carried out using EDS.The present work reveals the clear perception of gold occurrence and mineral phases paragenesis using ore microscopic approach.
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON TEXTURES AND INTERGROWTHS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS, WHICH YOU SHOULD KNOW AS A PETROLOGIST.
ALSO, YOU WILL FIND PICTURES OF THE DESCRIBED CONTENT BOTH PETRO SECTION ALONG WITH THIN SECTION.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
Myanmar known until recently as Burma, is slowly but steadily starting to attract foreign investment, driven mainly by international resource firms eager to tap into the mineral-rich South East Asia's country. After more than half a century of military ruling, Burma has started benefitting from the recent suspension of sanctions by Canada, the United States and the European Union. Myanmar's gold production is increasing and could prove a key factor for the country's economic growth, but many gold miners are suffering from lung diseases due to inadequate equipment and antiquated practices. In mineral-rich areas of Kachin State, taxes from Burmese and Chinese gold mining provides an important income stream to the Kachin Independence Organization. However, these mining companies use mercury in an environmentally hazardous extraction process, which can lead to long-lasting damage for the area's forests and river ways.
A detailed geological history of quartz and industrial minerals present in different localities of
Eritrea is given. Well-grown transparent quartz crystals reflecting the hexagonal crystallographic features and
isolated, irregular shaped small milky quartz stones are found in western suburb of Asmara and the area
between Molebso and Zara in central northern Eritrea. Mechanism of formation of growth features observed on
the habit faces of transparent quartz crystals is briefly explained. Micro-topographical studies carried out on
these crystals indicate that to begin with, they grow and develop under high supersaturating conditions.
Most of the milky quartz stones are observed to be generally randomly scattered and devoid of gold. However,
few such specimens having yellow colored dots on their surfaces contain gold particles. Energy dispersion of Xray
analysis (EDAX) indicates high content of gold to the tune of 48% present in such samples. Commercial
implications related to quartz bearing gold are discussed. It is proposed that gold exists in large quantity in
quartz veins deep beneath the surface of earth in this region.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A CASE STUDY OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND ROCK FORMATIONS IN BASTAR REGION OF CHH...Editor IJMTER
The state to setup small, medium and heavy scale Mineral based Industries without importing
any major raw minerals from other state. The workable economic deposits of almost all minor and major
minerals located and also the state is reach in Power, Water and Human resources. Adequate quantity of
different kinds raw minerals are available for sustaining the conventional Industries like Thermal Power
Generation, Extraction, Cutting and Polishing units for Gem and Dimension Stones, Ancillary unit for
derived from the Cement and Iron Industries.
Kelud volcano is located in East Java Province, Indonesia. According to Geochemical study of
Kelud Volcano, it could be divided into 3 periods which are Kelud I (older than 100 ky BP), Kelud II (40 – 100
ky BP), and Kelud III (younger than 40 ky BP). A specific petrogenesis of Kelud are dominatad by magma
mixing and fractional crystalization. New petrological data from Kelud volcano was taken through products of
the eruption in 1990 (Vulkanian type), 2007 (Lava plug forming) and 2014 (Plinian type). Petrographic study
on these rocks showed that reverse and oscilatory zoning on plagioclases, Shieve-like and corroded textures on
plagioclases and pyroxenes are common. However, normal zoning textures were also found on plagioclases and
pyroxenes. Whole rock study on these rocks showed all rocks were classified into Basalt to Andesite in
composition with calc-alkaline group. The study indicated that their magma origin derrived from slab with
fractional crystallization during in the magma reservoir, and magma mixing processes are dominant expecially
in magma pockets. Concequently, the magma origin and petrogenesis of Kelud magma after the 1966 eruption
are still the same as those of old magma of Kelud.
Within the framework of a new, "substance" (“matter”) paradigm of geophysical research, a "direct" search for a specific physical substance is carried out: gas, oil, gas hydrates, water, ore minerals and rocks (gold, platinum, silver, zinc, uranium, diamonds, kimberlites, etc.). The initial stage in the development of this paradigm can be considered the first research and development on the "direct" methods for oil and gas searching.
Structure failure often occurs in the structure of wall. This failure can adversely affect the comfort level of the structure. Knowing the behavior of structure resulting from the load is important, as it can help to predict the strength of the structure and comfort of the structure being worked on. One way to find out and predict the strength and comfort of the structure as a result of the load received is experimental test and simulation. The simulation VecTor2 used to predict the shear force, crack, and displacement of reinforced concrete wall when applied the load. This simulation considered the effect of bond stress-slip effect of behavior reinforced concrete. Bonds stress-slip gives a great influence on the strength and hysteretic response of the reinforced concrete wall. That is why this study considers the influence of bond stress-slip on reinforced concrete wall. All the result of simulation VecTor2 using bond stress-slip effect would be compared with the result of the experimental test to see the accuracy of the simulation test.
The concept of sustainable construction is increasingly affecting the development of the construction market.The specificity of construction as an economic activity and ofthe construction product (goods and services) determine the existence of a complex vertical chain of links, involving different actors, who tend to work in the short term and are limited to the rational use of knowledge and experience in practice. Moreover, it is characterized by a low level of inter-company relationshipsresulting in a fragmentation of responsibilityand complicates and hinders the realization of projects and sites,which meet the requirements of sustainable construction. Sustainable construction requires a holistic approach and substantial changes in the organization of construction activity, both at the market and firm level, under the active role of the state. The aim of the study is: 1) analysis of problems in the vertical chain of connections in the construction market, 2)an analysis of the possibilities for creating stable long-term relationships and a joint approach of clients, contractors and subcontractors, which can provide economic, social and environmental efficiency of the construction.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
Industrial engineering is founded on the idea that there is always a better way. This mantra rings true in everything an industrial engineer does, from lean manufacturing to six sigma, to quality control and ergonomics. This paper demonstrates the uniqueness of this discipline, the impact its techniques has in sectors outside of manufacturing, and the positive effects it has on businesses.
The study was carried out using the UAV for analyzing the characteristics of debris in order to present the methodology to estimate the quantitative amount of debris caught in small river facilities. A total of six small rivers that maintained the form of a natural river were selected for collecting UAV images, and the grouping of each target in the image was carried out using the object-based classification method, and based on the object-based classification result of the UAV images, the land cover classification for the status of factors causing the generation of debris for six target sections was carried out by applying the screen digitizing method. In addition, in order to verify the accuracy of the classification result, the error matrix was performed, securing the reliability of the result. The accuracy analysis result showed that for all six target sections, the overall accuracy was 93.95% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.93, showing an excellent result.
Multilevel Inverters are getting popular and have become more attractive to researchers in the recent times for high power applications due to their better power quality and higher efficiency as compared to two level inverters. This research work presents a detailed comparative analysis of various multicarrier sinusoidal PWM schemes such as In Phase Disposition, Phase Opposition Disposition and Alternate Phase Opposite Disposition implemented on five level conventional and modified cascaded h-bridge inverters in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Conventional five level topology uses eight switches and suffers from increased switching complexity while modified five level topology uses only five switches and is recommended to reduce switching complexity and switching losses. It also ensures less number of components, reduced size and overall cost of the system. The effect of modulation index (Ma) on the output harmonic contents in various PWM techniques is also analyzed.
Objective: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important element in this disease.The aim of this study is to prepare TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite (NC), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO)nanoparticles (NPs) to determine the anticancer activity on human CC cell line (HeLa) and healthy mouse fibroblast cell line (L-929). Materials&Methods: ZnO, TiO2 NPs and NC were prepared by a solution combustion synthesis method. The samples were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Stability analysis was performed with zeta potential. The synthesized NC and NPs were permormed to the HeLa and L-929 cell lines and anticancer activity of these NC and NPs were determined by using MTT method. The HeLa and L-929 cells were treated with different concentrations of these NC and NPs (0,5-100 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The spectrophotometric readings at 570 nm were recorded and analysed with Graphpad Prism7. Results: NC and NPs were successfully synthesized. The effects of these NC and NPs on the HeLa and L-929 cells were compared with the control group and IC50 values were determined for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Then we compared the effects of these molecules on the L-929 cell line with the HeLa cell line and founded more active is on HeLa cells. Conclusion:There are many drugs used in CC treatment. However, undesirable toxicity and drug resistance of these drugs negatively affect treatment.We have synthesized NC and NPs in order to formulate basis of a new drug in this study and have identified anti-cancer activity.As a result, we found that NC and NPs anti-cancer activity was higher in HeLa cells than in L-929.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
This study was focused on the effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) additive on process parameters and compost quality of Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse. Filter cake and bagasse were mixed and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) from a heating power plant of sugar mill. Three compost mixes (M) were obtained: MA with 0%, MB with 10% and MC with 20 wt % of fuel ash. These three different mixes were composted in an experimental composter as three parallel experiments for 3 weeks each. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitoring during composting. Significantly, ash additives decreased the total organic carbon; measured by mineralization the breaking down of the organic matter was more rapid in the MC than in the MA, as well as increased the pH during composting. Interesting, the pH decreased was most important in MA and attend 5 for the first week of composting, and then it gradually increased to pH around 8 at the end of the process. The results indicated that ash inhibits the pH drop due to production of organic acids during composting. The acidity of the material was reported as affects the process during the initial phase of rising temperature and quality of the final product. The temperature reached up to 50-55oC during thermophilic phase, the greater temperature was obtained for MC. At the end of composting, the electrical conductivity increased in the MC, especially in MC, but don’t exceed limit (4 mS/cm) for prevent phytotoxicity of the compost. The SCBA additive was likely to speed up the composting process of bagasse with filter cake from 44 days to 33 days.
The work presents report on production and analysis of bioresin from epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO). The bioresin (acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil) or AEMKO was produced from epoxidized mango kernel oil via acrylation chemical reaction route. The FTIR spectrum analysis of epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO) and acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil (AEMKO) produced gave the degree of acrylation (DOA) as 46%. The Viscosity of AEMKO (resin) was determined at room temperature (25 °C) to be 387cP while the density at 25oC was 1.2 g/cm3. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the bioresin was determined to be 95oC. Production cost analysis of the bioresin was done and found to be N8, 804.35 per litre. The high cost was due to high costs of the chemicals, labour and overhead charges involved at my local level. At commercial level, those components of the costs would definitely reduce to the level compatible with synthetic (polyester) resin (N2, 500 per litre) currently sold by some markers in Nigeria. However, the overall results of the work demonstrated that bioresin can be successfully synthesized from mango kernel oil with properties compatible with ASTM standards. The commercial production of the bioresin will go a long way in mitigating some of the challenges associated with total use of fossil fuel currently use for production of bulk of synthetic resins for composite manufacturing activities.
The window functions used for digital filter design are used to eliminate oscillations in
the FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter design. In this work, the use of Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm is proposed in the design of cosh window function, in which has widely used in the
literature and has useful spectral parameters. The cosh window is a window function derived from the
Kaiser window. It is more advantageous than the Kaiser window because there is no power series
expansion in the time domain representation. The designed window function shows better ripple ratio
characteristics than other window functions commonly used in the literature. The results obtained
were presented in tables and figures and successful results were obtained
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between 2D gray scale pixels and 3D gray scale pixels of image reconstructions in computed tomography (CT). The 3D space image reconstruction from data projection was a challenging and difficult research problem. The image was normally reconstructed from the 2D data from CT data projection. In this descriptive study, a synthetics 3D Shepp-Logan phantom was used to simulate the actual data projection from a CT scanner. Real-time data projection of a human abdomen was also included in this study. Additionally, the Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the application was designed using Matlab Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE). The application was able to reconstruct 2D and 3D images in their respective spaces successfully.The image reconstruction for CT in 3D space was analyzedalong with 2D space in order to show their relationships and shared properties for the purpose of constructing these images.
In this work the antimicrobial activity and the economic viability analysis of the essential oil extracted from the hybrid formed by the seeds species of the Murupi (Capsicum chinense), Criollos de Morellos (Capsicum annuum) and Finger of the young (Capsicum baccatum ). The essential oil of the pepper was obtained by the steam drag process and for this extraction, the Soxhlet method was used. For the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the oil the disc diffusion method was used for the strains of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results point out the resistance of the tested strains to the essential oil of the respective pepper and, in terms of financial and economic aspects, this was not feasible on a small scale. It is suggested that other microorganisms be tested and, later, that studies be carried out with the purpose of characterizing the studied oil chemically for proper application in the agroindustry.
Eliminating Gibbs phenomenon, which occurs during design of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter and which is undesirable, is very important in order to provide expected performance from digital filter. Window functions have been developed to eliminate these oscillations and to improve the performance of the filter in this regard. In this work, an application was developed for designing window function using LABVIEW which is a graphical programming environment produced by National Instruments. LABVIEW offers a powerful programming environment away from complexity. In this work, the performances of cosh and exponential window functions, which are designed by using the possibilities of LABVIEW in programming, are examined and the situations that will occur under various conditions are compared.
Better efficiency of the air transport system of a country at the national level, especially in terms of its
capacity to generate value for passenger flow and cargo transport, effectively depends on the identification of
the demand generation potential of each hub for this type of service. This requires the mapping of the passenger
flow and volume of cargo transport of each region served by the system and the number of connections. The
main goal of this study was to identify important factors that account for the great variability (demand) of
regional hubsof the airport modal system in operation in the State of São Paulo, the most populated and
industrialized in the Southeast region in Brazil. For this purpose, datasets for each airport related to passengers
or cargo flow were obtained from time series data in the period ranging from January 01, 2008 to December
31, 2014. Different data analysis approaches could imply in better mapping of the flow of the air modal system
from the evaluation of some factors related to operations/volume. Therefore, different statistical models - such
as multiple linear regression with normal errors and new stochastic volatility (SV) models - are introduced in
this study, to provide a better view of the operation system in the four main regional hubs, within a large group
of 32 airports reported in the dataset.
Linear attenuation coefficient (휇) is a measure of the ability of a medium to diffuse and absorb radiation. In the interaction of radiation with matter, the linear absorption coefficient plays an important role because during the passage of radiation through a medium, its absorption depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the thickness and nature of the medium. Experiments to determine linear absorption coefficient for Lead, Copper and Aluminum were carried out in air. The result showed that linear absorption Coefficient for Lead is 0.545cm – 1, Copper is 0.139cm-1 and Aluminum is 0.271cm-1 using gamma-rays. The results agree with standard values.
This study presents results of Activity Concentrations, Absorbed dose rate and the Annual Effective dose rates of naturally occurring radionuclides (40K, 232Th and 226Ra) absorbed in 8 soil samples collected from different areas within the Ajiwei mining sites in Niger State, North Central Nigeria. A laboratory γ-ray spectrometry NaI (Tl) at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, was used to carry out the analysis of the soil samples. The values of Activity Concentration for 40K ranged from 421.6174 ± 7.9316 to 768.7403 ± 7.9315; for 226Ra it ranged from 20.6257 ± 2.0858 to 44.0324 ± 5.0985 and for 232Th the ranged is from 23.7172 ± 1.3683 to 62.7137 ± 4.1049 Bq.Kg-1. While the Absorbed Dose for 40K ranged from 17.5814 ± 0.3307 to 32.0565 ± 0.3307 ŋGy.h-1, for 226Ra the range is from 9.5291 ± 0.9636 to 20.3430 ± 2.3555 ŋGy.h-1 and for 232Th range from 14.3252 ± 0.4414 to 37.8791 ± 2.4794 ŋGy.h-1. The total average Absorbed Dose rate of the 8 soil samples collected is 63.7877 ŋGy.h-1 and the estimated Annual Effective Dose for the sampled areas range from 0.0636- 0.1028mSvy-1 (i.e 64 – 103 μSv.y-1), with an average Annual Effective Dose of 0.0782 mSv.y-1 (i.e. 78.2 μSv.y-1). These results show’s that the radiation exposure level reaching members of the public in the study areas is lower than the recommended limit value of 1 mSv.y-1 (UNSCEAR, 2000). Also the mean Radium Equivalents obtained ranged from 107.3259 BqKg-1 (AJ1) to 179.4064 BqKg-1 (AJ4). These results show that the recommended Radium Equivalent Concentration is ≤ 370 BqKg-1 which is the requirement for soil materials to be used for dwellings, this implies that the soil from this site is suitable use for residential buildings. The mean External Hazard Index ( Hext ) ranged from 0.1229 Bqkg-1 (AJ3) to 0.4226 Bqkg-1 (AJ7).. While the maximum allowed value of (Hext = 1) corresponds to the upper limit of Raeq (370 BqKg-1) in order to limit the external gamma radiation dose from the soil materials to 1.5 mGy y-1. That is, this Index should be equal to or less than unity (Hext ≤ = 1). Furthermore, the mean Internal Hazard Index (Hext) ranged from 0.3456 Bqkg-1 (AJ1) to 0.6453 Bqkg-1 (AJ2) .Finally, the mean value of the Excess Alpha Radiation (Iα) ranged from 0.1031 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ1) to 0.2202 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ3. All these values for Iα are below the maximum permissible value of Iα= 1 which corresponds to 200 Bq.Kg-1. It can therefore be said that no radiological hazard is envisaged to dwellers of the study areas and the miners working on those sites area.
Pick and place task is one among the most important tasks in industrial field handled by “Selective
Compliance Assembly Robot Arm” (SCARA). Repeatability with high-speed movement in horizontal plane is
remarkable feature of this type of manipulator. The challenge of design SCARA is the difficulty of achieving
stability of high-speed movement with long length of links. Shorter links arm can move more stable. This
condition made the links should be considered restrict then followed by restriction of operation area
(workspace). In this research, authors demonstrated on expanding SCARA robot’s workspace in horizontal area
via linear sliding actuator that embedded to base link of the robot arm. With one additional prismatic joint the
previous robot manipulator with 3 degree of freedom (3-DOF), 2 revolute joints and 1 prismatic joint is become
4-DOF PRRP manipulator. This designation increased workspace of robot from 0.5698m2 performed by the
previous arm (without linear actuator) to 1.1281m2 by the propose arm (with linear actuator). The increasing
rate was about 97.97% of workspace with the same links length. The result of experimentation also indicated
that the operation time spent to reach object position was also reduced.
The paper contains several technical solutions of air and moisture permeability in textile
layers and theirs combinations. It is useful collection of the author’s knowledge from several last years.
Discussed are also various marketing declarations of miraculous characteristics of individual used materials.
Examples show not only own technical solution, but also the good description of ongoing processes, using the
method of numerical simulation.
Physical and chemical properties of host environment to concrete structures have serious impact on
the performance and durability of constructed concrete facilities. This paper presents a 7-month study that
simulated the influence of soil contamination due to organic abattoir waste and indiscriminate disposal of spent
hydrocarbon on strength and durability of embedded concrete. Concrete mix, 1:1.5:3 was designed for all cube
and beam specimens with water-cement ratio of 0.5 and the compressive and flexural strengths of the specimen
were measured from age 28 days up to 196 days in the host environment. It was found that both host
environments attack the physical and strength of concrete in compression and flexure. However, hydrocarbon
had much greater adverse effect on the load-carrying capacity of concrete structures and hence make
constructed facilities less serviceable and vulnerable to premature failure.
More from International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (20)
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Toward A New Scientific Discovery of the Unique Gold and Diamond-Bearing Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal Astropipes of Mongolia
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
www.ijmret.org Volume 3 Issue 1 ǁ January 2018.
w w w . i j m r e t . o r g I S S N : 2 4 5 6 - 5 6 2 8 Page 62
Toward A New Scientific Discovery of the Unique Gold and
Diamond-Bearing Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal
Astropipes of Mongolia
DORJ DORJNAMJAA, GUNDSAMBUU ALTANSHAGAI
Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
ABSTRACT: This paper presents summation of twenty-one years investigation of the unique gold and diamond-
bearing Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal astropipes of Mongolia. These astropipe geostructures are as
selective examples amongst for four impact meteorite craters of Mongolia (Figure 1): Agit Khangay (10 km in
diameter, 470
38' N; 960
05' E), Khuree Mandal (D=11 km; 460
28' N; 980
25' E), Bayan Khuree (D=1 km; 440
06' N; 1090
36' E), and Tsenkher (D=7 km; 980
21' N; 430
36' E). The term “astropipes” [1] is a neologism and
new scientific discovery in Earth science and these geostructures are outlandish in certain aspects. Particularly
the Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal astropipes are genuine “meteorite crater” geostructures but they also
contain kimberlite diamonds and gold. Suevite-like (agizite) rocks from the astropipes contain such minerals, as
coesite, stishovite, moissanite (0.6 mm), kamacite, tektite, khamravaevite (mineral of meteorite-titanic carbon),
graphite-2H, chondrite, picroilmenite, pyrope, phlogopite, khangaites (tektites, 1.0-3.0 mm in size), olivine, etc
[2]-[3]. Most panned samples and hand specimens contain fine diamonds with octahedral habit (0.2-0.5 mm,
6.4 mg or 0.034-0.1 carat) and gold (from 0.13 to 6.33-32.0 g/t). Of special interest is the larger number of the
black magnetic balls (0.05-5.0 mm) are characterized by high content of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cd, Ga,
Cl, Al, Si, K. These described meteorite craters possess reliable topographic, geological, mineralogical,
geochemical, and aerospace mapping data, also some geophysical and petrological features (especially shock
metamorphism) have been found, all of which indicate that these geostructures are a proven new type of gold
and diamond-bearing impact geostructure, termed here “astropipes”. The essence of the phenomenon is
mantle-crust mix and fluidization of the combined nucleosynthesis-magmatic evolution-palingenesis interaction.
Keywords : Astropipe, Impact crater, Crater rim, Central uplift, Funnel, Shatter cones, Diamond, Moissanite,
Khamravaevite, Gold, Spherules meteoritic iron, Khangaites, Agizites
I. INTRODUCTION
In 1997, D.Dorjnamjaa managed to prove
that the Agit Khangay crater is a meteorite crater
and further reported [1]-[7] the Mongolian
astropipes are genuine „meteorite crater‟
geostructures and best preserved on local relief.
They also contain kimberlite (mantle-derived)
diamonds and gold. According to current research
[4]-[5], this mighty catastrophe took place within
few seconds for example during the Paleogene
(about 66.0 million years ago). Within the terrestrial
planets, this process is considered as a rare
phenomenon that occurs mainly in the evolution of
the atmosphere, lithosphere, and mantle. As
everybody knows [7]-[11] that kimberlites are the
principal source of diamonds. The diamonds are
xenocrysts derived from disaggregation of mantle
material, and the kimberlites are merely the vehicle
that transported them from the upper mantle (>150
km depth below the graphite-diamond phase
boundary) to the crust [8]-[9]. Diamond-bearing
kimberlites are located in Archean cratons such as
the Kaapvaal craton of southern Africa, Siberian
craton and the Kimberley craton in W. Australia.
The main positions of this model are as follows:
a) geochemical composition of impact diamond-
generated rocks a sequence of their bedding within
the astropipes and diamond contents are interrelated
and determined by depths of impact-generated or
kimberlite-like melt formation within mantle; b) an
additional factor of geophysical, petrological and
geochemical diversity of impact-generated
formation is considered to be the compositional
inhomogeneity of magma generation zones of the
mantle at the expense of inclusions of eclogite-like
paragenesis, enhancing the intensity of mica
kimberlite formation comparing with baric standard
and their corresponding diamond contents; c)
evolution of impact diamond-generated magmatism
had been proceeding from more deep-seated (>100
km) levels to less deep-seated (<100 km) ones, and
magma generation zones in the considered astropipe
regions, that was likely to trace a displacement of
lithosphere plate under a hot spot within the Paleo-
Asian ocean structures. We must recognize that the
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mantle substructure is revealed close to terrestrial
surface within the Mongolian astropipe
geostructures. True, the proposed model of impact
diamond-generation composition, although
approximating rather closely to reality, calls in
many respects for refinements according to isotope
geochemical and mineralogical data, also
geophysical log. The pursuance of fundamental
investigations of discovered astropipe geostructures
with the complex mastering of information on
mantle inclusions, mineralogical, structural
petrography, geochemistry and petrochemistry is
quite possible.
Figure 1 Location of the Mongolian
diamond-bearing astropipe geostructures [1]
Type I, studied in 1997–2017: 1, Agit Khangay
(47° 38' N; 96° 05' E); 2, Khuree Mandal (46° 28'
N; 98° 25' E); 3, Bayan Khuree (44° 06' N; 109° 36'
E); 4, Tsenkher. (43° 36' N; 98° 21' E)
Type II, insufficiently studied gold and diamond-
bearing geostructure: 5, possible astropipe
geostructure “Flying Saucer” (49° 25' N; 92° 05' E)
II. MAIN REAL RESULTS
According to D.Dorjnamjaa et al. [1]-[4],
[12]-[15] the Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal
gold and diamond-bearing ring impact astropipe
geostructures are established for the first time in
Mongolia. These astropipes are wonderfully
preserved from erosion and active denudation, and
characterized by both well natural exposures and
diversity of different impact-derived and shocked
magmatic rocks and minerals.
1.The Agit Khangay astropipe geostructure
The Agit Khangay astropipe geostructure
in western Mongolia was revealed at the northern
edge of the Zavkhan tectonic zone, some 60 km
southwest of Uliastay city (Figures 1, 2a, 2b). The
crater is surrounded by a raised rim with a total
diameter of about 10 km. The host rock of the crater
is an Upper Paleozoic magmatic assemblage
overlain in places by Quaternary alluvial deposits.
The crater rim consists of a disrupted ring-like ridge
reaching a height of about 450–500 m, and the
crater itself filled up with shattered and shocked
granite (agizite-new name from this geostructure),
which is characterized by ejecta, cataclasite, and
authigenic breccia, as the impact melt. Agizite is
new Mongolian word of gold and diamond-bearing
rock which was multiple published characteristic for
Agit Khangay astropipe geostructure [1]. Agizite is
atypical (unorthodox) suevite-like metasomatic rock
and shock breccia which contains microdiamond,
moissanite, pyrope, stishovite, coesite, kamacite,
tektite and etc. Term “suevite” was established for
the first time by E. M. Shoemaker and E. T. C. Chao
in German Meteorite crater Ries in 1961 [7].
Figure 2a. Geological map of the Agit Khangay
astropipe geostructure
Figure 2b. Cross-section of the Agit Khangay
geostructure lengthways line II-I
Figures 2a and 2b. 1- Quaternary: coarse-
fragmental alluvial and proluvial loose rocks
(conglomerate, gritstone, channel gem sands, gold-
bearing sands); 2- Mesozoic: central crater
depression filling up with coarse clastic (boulder,
shingle, gravel, explosion breccia ) and variegated
impact ejecta and suevite-like rocks (agizite) with
minerals produced under high pressures and
temperatures (see Figure 2b, 2-4); 3- Mesozoic
minor gabbroid intrusion: sulfide-bearing iron
occurrence (Goat valley); 4- Permian
porphyroclastic potassic rosy granite; 5- Gold-
bearing mattress-like alkaline granite, syenite-aplite
and syenite-pegmatite with skialith (see Figure 2b,
6); 6- Meteorite impactite eruptive or explosive
reject within central crater depression; 7-Gold-
bearing porphyritic whin dike; 8-Gold-bearing aplite
and noble quartz vein; 9- Cusps or sharp boundary
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between an inner central crater depression and
central uplift (see Figure 2b, 7); 10 - Cusps between
a central uplift and outer ring depression; 11- Porch-
like mountain wavy slope ( sculptured relief)
composed of diluvial, diluvial-proluvial and
colluvial loose sediments with gold, diamond,
moissanite, garnet, coesite, tektites (khangaites),
black magnetic balls, scheelite, platinum, etc.; 12-
Prospecting trench (Tr) and pit or shaft (Sh);13-
Diamond-bearing suevite-like (agizite) or fluidizate-
like fine - clastic, shock and pyroclastic breccia (see
Figure 2b, 5); 14- Periclinal mattress-like jointing,
line foliation, horizontal foliated fracture within ring
ironshot granitoid intrusion; 15-17-Gold and
diamond-bearing locality with various precious,
noble, rare metal, minerals and elements:15-
Diamond Cairn (gold, diamond, moissanite,
khamrabaevite, pyrope, chrysoberyl, emerald,
ilmenite, chrom spinel, kamacite, tektites, scheelite,
graphite-2H, etc.), 16- Piebald Goat (gold,
moissanite, pyrope, fayalite, scheelite, black
magnetic balls or iron meteorite, tektites, coesite,
kamacite, stishovite, etc.), 17- Middle Nose (gold,
platinum, rhodium, rhenium, REE (La, Ce, Eu),
chrome-diopside, titanomagnetite, galenite,
scheelite, black magnetic balls, etc.); 18- Arcuate
and distributed fault, cognate fissures and vertical
fissuring; 19- Cross-section lengthways II-I
Most panned samples and hand specimens
contain fine diamonds with octahedral habit (size of
0.2–0.43 to 0,5 mm with a weight of 6.0–6.4 mg or
0.034–0.1 carat); gold (from 0.1 to 3–5 g/t );
platinum; moissanite (mineral of meteorite-siliceous
carbon size of 0.6 mm (Figure 3); pyrope; rhenium;
chrome spinel; kamacite; khangaites (tektites, 1.0–
3.0 mm in size); picroilmenite; stishovite; coesite;
khamrabaevite (mineral of meteorite-titanic carbon);
fayalite; scheelite; graphite-2H, etc. Impact shock
effects include the presence of coesite and
pseudotachylite in samples of granites and abundant
vesicular and flow-structured quartz glass. Our work
on acid-dissolved residues of impact melt rocks
from the crater and panning has revealed the
presence of silicon carbide (moissanite) crystals,
closely associated with impact microdiamonds.
Exceptional interest is the larger number of
magnetic spherules (meteoritic dust or rain)
gathered in the region. These black magnetic balls
are characterized by high content of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni,
Cu, Mn, Mg, Cd, Ca, Cl, Al, Si, K, Au and
represented by oxides of iron (Figure 4; from 0.05–
0.1 to 1.0–5.0 mm). The spherules differ noticeably
from micrometeorites and because of their contents
of iridium, rhenium, tektites, and khamrabaevite.
Tektites are found only in certain, rather limited
areas of the Earth‟s surface. They are named
according to the area in which they are found and
the principal types are: australites, from the southern
part of Australia, Tasmania and coastal islands;
philippinites from the Philippine Islands and
southern China; javaites from Java; malaysianites
from Malaysia; indochinites from Thailand and
Indochina; Ivory Coast tektites from the Ivory
Coast, West Africa; bediasites from Texas, United
States; Georgia tektites from Georgia, United States;
and moldavites from western Czechoslovakia.
According to D. Dorjnamjaa and D. Soyolmaa [6]
Mongolian tektites has been named as khangaites.
They may alien planetary materials, possibly cosmic
relics of the impacting Agit Khangay „body‟. Using
morphostructural, geochemical, as well as by
mineral concentration methods, we have been able
to identify the unique occurrence of gold associated
with diamonds in the Agit Khangay crater. Primary
occurrences of gold with contents 0.1 to 3-5 g/t are
confined to the Central crater up to 2–2.5 km in a
plane.
Figure 3 Trihedral moissanite crystal (SiC) from
agizite of the Agit Khangay astropipe
geostructure [5]
Figure 4 Black magnetic balls or meteoritic (iron)
dust (size of 0.1 to 5.0 mm) from the
Agit Khangay astropipe geostructure
An analogous gold and diamond-bearing
impact crater, „Khuree Mandal‟ has also been
discovered in central Mongolia.
2. The Khuree Mandal astropipe geostructure
The Khuree Mandal astropipe geostructure
(Figures 1, 5), 220 km N-NW of Bayankhongor city
in central Mongolia is within the Upper Paleozoic
volcanic intermontane Buutsagaan depression with a
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diameter of 11 km and has a similar
geomorphological position as the Agit Khangay
astropipe crater (Figures 2a, 2b). This geostructure
is a beautifully-circular depression in the hilly and
partly filled by the Cenozoic loose rocks. As shown
in Figure 5, the principal morphostructural elements
of the astropipe ring are [1]: Inner diamond and
gold-bearing pediment plain (I); Inner ring-shaped
uplift or Inner tectonomagmatic bar (Central uplift-
II); Central ring depression (III); Outward circular
bar (IV); Intramontane ore-bearing superimposed
trough (V). The Khuree Mandal astropipe
geostructure within the upper Paleozoic volcanic
depression (Central Mongolia) in diameter 11 km
and rim consists of a dissected ring of hills, reaching
a height of about 400-450 m above the
superimposed basin level. The suevite-like rocks or
fluidizate (Figure 6) and volcanic breccia from
various parts of the crater and central uplift are
characterized by the presence of olivine, coesite,
moissanite, khondrite, picroilmenite, pyrope,
phlogopite, orthite, and gold (from 0,13 to 6,33-32
g/t) closely associated with mantle and impact-
derived fine diamonds (Figure 7; 0.1–0.5 to 2.5 mm
in size). Special pressure and temperature conditions
are necessary to account for the coexistence of
phlogopite, pyrope, picroilmenite, gold and other
accompanying accessory minerals with the
diamonds. Rocks and minerals from the crater show
evidence of shock effects, ranging from planar
features in quartz grains to the presence of stishovite
(Figure 8) and coesite. The Khuree Mandal
astropipe geostructure is analogous to the diamond-
bearing lamproites of the „Argail‟ pipe of Australia
[8]-[10]. So-called shatter cones that were produced
when the shock wave traversed the Permian
volcanogenic rocks were first described by us in
connection with the Khuree Mandal (Figure 9) and
Tsenkher astropipe structures [1], [16]. I should be
emphasized that shatter cones are known from many
meteorite craters on the Earth as being typical of
impact craters [5]-[7]. It is very characteristic that
within central uplift palingenetic granitic rocks
including an abundance of the acute angled
xenoliths (Figure 10) are common. In connection
with this phenomenon and other an accomplished
fact the author is introduced the concept of
meteorite impact and nuclear magmatic dissolved
solids. It is possible to assume that the cosmic body
intrudes into the Khuree Mandal basement.
Pressures up to 10 mills. Bar (1012
Pa) and
temperatures up to 30 0000
C prevail on the contact
surface. Consequently, the shock wave passes
through the surface of the crater and is reflected
back through the meteorite, thus meteorite and
melted impactite are vaporized like in an explosion.
Figure 5 Sketch geological map and cross-section
of the Khuree Mandal astropipe geostructure [1]
1-Cenozoic: coarse-fragmental loose rocks
composing terraces (conglomerate, gritstone with
diamonds, tektites, cosmic spherules); 2-Diluvial
and diluvial-proluvial deposits with gold,
moissanite; 3-Allogenic lava breccia boulder,
gravel, sandstone, loamy sand with gold
mineralization, meteoric matter; 4-Mesozoic:
erosion remnants of the mural palingenetic granite
with fluidizate-like loamy sand volcanic breccia and
plural acute angle xenoliths; 5-Carboniferous
(Buutsagaan Formation)–Permian (Khureemaral
Formation): terrestrial terrigenous-volcanic rocks; 6-
Mesozoic intrusive contact with diamond and gold-
bearing coarse-fragmental rocks; 7-Radiating gold-
bearing basic dikes and lithic-crystal tuffite; 8-
Pseudoslate cover, neck, veins, authigenic breccia,
tagamite-like complex forming radiating and ring
structure; 9- Cusps between a central uplift and ring
depression; 10-Cusps between an inner (small)
diamond and gold-bearing pediment plain (I) and
central uplift (II); 11-Arcuate fault and Ring fracture
inside of the central uplift; 12-Suevite or fluidizate-
like granitic breccia; 13-Prospecting trench (Tr) and
pit or shaft (sh;ш).
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Figure 6 Polygenetic shock suevite or fluidizate-like Figure 7 Diamond octahedra from the
impact breccia - conglomerate including tektites and Khuree Mandal astropipe geostructure.
kimberlite-like diamonds from the Khuree Mandal The size of crystals is 0.1–5.0 mm.
astropipe geostructure
Figure 8 Reticulate structure of stishovite, sharp-edged fragment (а) and a small
magnification (б) of one in (а) from the Khuree Mandal astropipe geostructure
Figure 9 Shatter cones (size approx. 2.0 m) Figure 10 The acute angled xenolith-like (nest) melted
in the Khureemaral basaltic lava flow in the impactite resulting from meteorite impact and
Khuree Mandal astropipe geostructure nuclear magmatic dissolution (palingenesis)
GPS: 46˚31′50″N; 98˚20′04″E
III. Conclusions
1.Summing up what we have said it allows
to approve a possible origin of closely associated
with the hypervelocity meteorite impact of surface
of the earth‟s crust. As impact melt the various
rocks (agizite, fluidizate, impact breccia, etc.) of the
astropipes by level of diamond in the Agit Khangay
and Khuree Mandal astropipes which concentration
of a hydrocarbon gas, especially of the adsorbed
form (HCGaf) are close to kimberlite. Consequently,
detailed geological and gas-geochemical
investigations show diamond genesis is the
expression of the collision of the lithospheric mantle
with meteor impact collapse explosion process. The
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main cause and essence of the peculiar sparse
phenomenon is mantle-crust mix and fluidization of
the combined nucleosynthesis- magmatic evolution-
palingenesis interaction.
2. To all this must be added that we have
the top-priority scientific objectives in relation to
unique gold and diamond-bearing astropipes except
an economic potential. It is chronological dating of
the percussive episode of meteorite cratering within
the Mongolian area.
IV. Acknowledgements
This research was supported by science-
technological project of Mongolia “Mongol
Diamond” in 2004-2006, by additional scientific
support from the Moscow State University (MSU)
and the CNIGRI ALROSA Co.Ltd. We are grateful
to Academician D. M. Voinkov (former
VNIIGeosystem, Moscow) for the adsorbed form
gas‟s analyses in impactites, V. K. Garanin
(Problem laboratory of diamond deposits,
Geological department of MSU) and Dr. N. N.
Zinchuk (CNIGRI, ALROSA), Elena L. Zhegallo
(Paleontological Institute, RAS) for their scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) studies of the diamond
microcrystals and tektite. We are also thankful to
Academician R. Barsbold and Dr. Kh. Tsogtbaatar
(Director of Institute of Paleontology and Geology,
MAS) for their constructive assistance cordially and
sincerely.
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