Second stage of Glycolysis
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•898 views
The document summarizes the energy producing stage of glycolysis. It describes the series of reactions that convert glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate into pyruvate or lactate, producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Key enzymes and cofactors involved in each step of the phosphorylation and rearrangement reactions are noted.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 9-step process that breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm without oxygen. It requires 2 ATP molecules at the start but produces 4 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate molecules at the end. Glycolysis involves many enzymes that catalyze reactions to break down glucose and other 6-carbon sugars into smaller 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate or lactate, with a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and can proceed with or without oxygen. The pathway involves 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that phosphorylate and then split glucose into two 3-carbon molecules. This releases energy to produce a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose via substrate-level phosphorylation. With oxygen present, NADH is also produced to fuel the electron transport chain for additional ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation.
glycolisis: fate of pyruvate
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. This is a three step process where pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide and forms a hydroxyethyl group, which is then oxidized to an acetyl group and transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA. Under anaerobic conditions, there are two types of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to either lactic acid via lactate fermentation or ethanol via alcohol fermentation to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
Calvin Cycle
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle, which uses energy from the light-dependent reaction to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma and uses ATP and NADPH produced during the light reaction. The Calvin cycle consists of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration steps to reduce carbon dioxide into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be converted into glucose or other carbohydrates.
Citric acid cycle krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid
Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is the important topic from metabolism of carbohydrate in which we disscuss about cirtic acid cycle introduction, steps, regulation, energetics, important terms and lot more.
Short version glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Key steps include:
1) Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase.
2) Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate via phosphoglucose isomerase.
3) Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate via phosphofructokinase.
4) Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules, one of which continues through glycol
Parcia marjory ppt.. demo..
This document provides an overview of glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to form two pyruvic acid molecules along with ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen. The key products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates. The document then discusses the two phases of glycolysis - the energy investment phase and pay off phase. It concludes with having a student demonstrate the glycolysis process and an evaluation of questions.
Recommended
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 9-step process that breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm without oxygen. It requires 2 ATP molecules at the start but produces 4 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate molecules at the end. Glycolysis involves many enzymes that catalyze reactions to break down glucose and other 6-carbon sugars into smaller 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate or lactate, with a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and can proceed with or without oxygen. The pathway involves 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that phosphorylate and then split glucose into two 3-carbon molecules. This releases energy to produce a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose via substrate-level phosphorylation. With oxygen present, NADH is also produced to fuel the electron transport chain for additional ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation.
glycolisis: fate of pyruvate
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. This is a three step process where pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide and forms a hydroxyethyl group, which is then oxidized to an acetyl group and transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA. Under anaerobic conditions, there are two types of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to either lactic acid via lactate fermentation or ethanol via alcohol fermentation to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
Calvin Cycle
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle, which uses energy from the light-dependent reaction to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma and uses ATP and NADPH produced during the light reaction. The Calvin cycle consists of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration steps to reduce carbon dioxide into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be converted into glucose or other carbohydrates.
Citric acid cycle krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid
Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is the important topic from metabolism of carbohydrate in which we disscuss about cirtic acid cycle introduction, steps, regulation, energetics, important terms and lot more.
Short version glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Key steps include:
1) Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase.
2) Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate via phosphoglucose isomerase.
3) Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate via phosphofructokinase.
4) Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules, one of which continues through glycol
Parcia marjory ppt.. demo..
This document provides an overview of glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to form two pyruvic acid molecules along with ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen. The key products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates. The document then discusses the two phases of glycolysis - the energy investment phase and pay off phase. It concludes with having a student demonstrate the glycolysis process and an evaluation of questions.
Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces ATP, NADH and FADH2 that are used in cellular respiration to produce more ATP for the cell. Acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by entering the cycle in the first step of condensing with oxaloacetate.
The citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of molecules like amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Most of these molecules enter the cycle as acetyl-CoA. The cycle was discovered in 1937 by Hans Krebs and involves 8 steps where acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate and regenerate oxaloacetate. The cycle harvests energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and provides precursors for biosynthesis. Key enzymes in the cycle are regulated by factors like the levels of NADH and ATP.
Group 20 glycolysis and cta22
The document discusses the processes of aerobic respiration in organotrophs including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It provides details on the 10 steps of glycolysis, which can be divided into a preparatory phase and a payoff phase. The preparatory phase activates glucose and splits it into two 3-carbon molecules. The payoff phase oxidizes these molecules to pyruvate with production of ATP. The citric acid cycle is then described, outlining the 8 steps by which pyruvate is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
Krebs cycle
The TCA cycle is an 8-step catabolic process that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. It was discovered in 1937 by Sir Hans Adolf Krebs and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide, producing reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 that generate ATP. The cycle is amphibolic, producing important biological compounds like glutamate and heme while also being regulated by oxygen, ATP, and acetyl-CoA levels to adjust metabolic pathways as needed.
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is the final common pathway for the complete oxidation of acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide. The cycle consists of 8 steps that occur in the mitochondrial matrix and produces reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) that fuel the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle also provides precursors for various biosynthetic pathways. Overall, the oxidation of one acetyl group by the citric acid cycle generates 12 ATP, making it an important source of energy production in cells.
AP Bio Ch. 10 Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide and other molecules into glucose. It involves three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 is attached to RuBP to form two 3-carbon molecules, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate the carbon and reduce the molecules to G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle converts 6 molecules of CO2 into one molecule of G3P, consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH per cycle.
AP Biology Photosynthesis - Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that uses energy from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It consists of three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 reacts with RuBP to form two 3-carbon compounds, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the compounds into G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle ultimately produces one G3P molecule per cycle while consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH to fix three CO2 molecules.
1.carbohydrate metabolism 1
Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in living organisms. It includes both catabolism, which breaks down molecules, and anabolism, which builds them up. Glycolysis is the first step of carbohydrate metabolism, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate through a series of 10 steps, generating a small amount of ATP even in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH in the process.
Photosynthesis (dark reaction)
The document summarizes the Calvin-Benson cycle, also known as the dark reaction of photosynthesis. It consists of 3 main stages:
1. Carboxylation: Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) binds with CO2 catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO, forming a 6-carbon intermediate that splits into 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA).
2. Reduction: 3PGA is reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) using ATP and NADPH generated in the light reaction.
3. Sugar formation and regeneration of RuBP: G3P is used to form sugars like glucose and
Dark reaction by sohail
This document summarizes the dark reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how the Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose through three phases - carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The carbon fixation phase incorporates carbon from CO2 into organic molecules. The reduction phase uses ATP and NADPH to convert the molecules into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). The regeneration phase recycles molecules to restart the cycle and produce more G3P, some of which leaves the cycle to form glucose.
08 Lecture Animation Ppt
The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It discusses the four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The preparatory reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and transports it into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA and generates NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
TCA CYCLE and ETC
The TCA cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937. He received the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1953. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is key to cellular respiration. Acetyl-CoA from glycolysis and other metabolic pathways feeds into the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP. These carry energy to the electron transport chain to drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. The TCA cycle is regulated by feedback inhibition based on energy charge within the cell.
Kreb's cycle
The Krebs cycle is a series of 8 reactions that occurs in the mitochondria of cells. It involves the oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) along with the reduction of coenzymes. The cycle begins with the combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate and results in the net production of carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP or GTP. Energy is generated as the NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain, ultimately producing approximately 10 moles of ATP per cycle.
C3 pathway in plants.
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like glucose. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate and then reduce it to form glucose and regenerate the starter molecules. The cycle requires 6 turns to produce one glucose molecule from carbon dioxide using a total of 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
Glyco and glucooooo copy
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are two important metabolic pathways. Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP. Gluconeogenesis converts non-carbohydrate sources into glucose, which is important for supplying glucose to tissues between meals. Deficiencies in enzymes in these pathways can cause diseases like hemolytic anemia or hypoglycemia.
Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle or
The document discusses the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. It was proposed by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and he later won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on this metabolic pathway. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA molecules to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy that is captured by ATP.
Membrane Dynamics1
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. The overall goals of the Krebs cycle are to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from carbohydrates through oxidative processes. During the Krebs cycle, acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate is oxidized, releasing carbon dioxide and generating electron carriers to fuel the electron transport chain and produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The Krebs cycle occurs in two turns per glucose molecule and generates six NADH, two FADH2, and two GTP, which can ultimately produce between 25-32 ATP
C3cycle and c4 cycle
This document summarizes the C3 and C4 cycles. The C3 cycle (also called the Calvin cycle) fixes carbon dioxide into three-carbon compounds like phosphoglyceric acid in three stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The C4 cycle is an alternative pathway that fixes carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds like oxaloacetic acid. It occurs in plants like maize and sorghum that show a distinct Kranz anatomy with bundle sheath cells surrounding vascular bundles. The C4 cycle involves two carboxylation steps - the first in mesophyll cell chloroplasts and the second in bundle sheath cell chloroplasts.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into sugars using ATP and NADPH. It consists of three phases: carbon fixation using the enzyme rubisco, reduction of the fixed carbon, and regeneration of RuBP to restart the cycle. Carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate after going through the cycle three times. The cycle builds sugars from smaller molecules to provide organic compounds for the plant.
Lec04 pyruvate met
The document outlines the fates of pyruvate and the energy yields from glycolysis. It discusses:
1) Pyruvate can be reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions, oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase in aerobic conditions, or carboxylated to oxaloacetate.
2) Glycolysis yields 2 ATP under anaerobic conditions from the conversion of glucose to lactate, and yields 2 additional ATP under aerobic conditions when NADH is reoxidized by the electron transport chain.
3) Other monosaccharides like fructose and galactose can enter glycolysis after
Glycolysis
Metabolic pathways can be catabolic, involving the breakdown of complexes, or anabolic, involving synthesis. Glycolysis is the catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. It occurs in two phases: the preparatory phase requires 2 ATP to phosphorylate and cleave glucose, while the payoff phase generates 4 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation as the intermediates are oxidized to pyruvate. Overall, glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and generates a small amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl groups from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, and reduced coenzymes like NADH and FADH2. It begins with the reaction between acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, and involves several intermediates that are oxidized and decarboxylated while coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD are reduced. This aerobic process occurs in most tissues but is most significant in the liver, and impairment can lead to hyperammonemia and loss of consciousness. Key vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, th
More Related Content
What's hot
Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces ATP, NADH and FADH2 that are used in cellular respiration to produce more ATP for the cell. Acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by entering the cycle in the first step of condensing with oxaloacetate.
The citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of molecules like amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Most of these molecules enter the cycle as acetyl-CoA. The cycle was discovered in 1937 by Hans Krebs and involves 8 steps where acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate and regenerate oxaloacetate. The cycle harvests energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and provides precursors for biosynthesis. Key enzymes in the cycle are regulated by factors like the levels of NADH and ATP.
Group 20 glycolysis and cta22
The document discusses the processes of aerobic respiration in organotrophs including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It provides details on the 10 steps of glycolysis, which can be divided into a preparatory phase and a payoff phase. The preparatory phase activates glucose and splits it into two 3-carbon molecules. The payoff phase oxidizes these molecules to pyruvate with production of ATP. The citric acid cycle is then described, outlining the 8 steps by which pyruvate is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
Krebs cycle
The TCA cycle is an 8-step catabolic process that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. It was discovered in 1937 by Sir Hans Adolf Krebs and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide, producing reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 that generate ATP. The cycle is amphibolic, producing important biological compounds like glutamate and heme while also being regulated by oxygen, ATP, and acetyl-CoA levels to adjust metabolic pathways as needed.
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is the final common pathway for the complete oxidation of acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide. The cycle consists of 8 steps that occur in the mitochondrial matrix and produces reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) that fuel the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle also provides precursors for various biosynthetic pathways. Overall, the oxidation of one acetyl group by the citric acid cycle generates 12 ATP, making it an important source of energy production in cells.
AP Bio Ch. 10 Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide and other molecules into glucose. It involves three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 is attached to RuBP to form two 3-carbon molecules, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate the carbon and reduce the molecules to G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle converts 6 molecules of CO2 into one molecule of G3P, consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH per cycle.
AP Biology Photosynthesis - Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that uses energy from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It consists of three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 reacts with RuBP to form two 3-carbon compounds, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the compounds into G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle ultimately produces one G3P molecule per cycle while consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH to fix three CO2 molecules.
1.carbohydrate metabolism 1
Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in living organisms. It includes both catabolism, which breaks down molecules, and anabolism, which builds them up. Glycolysis is the first step of carbohydrate metabolism, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate through a series of 10 steps, generating a small amount of ATP even in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH in the process.
Photosynthesis (dark reaction)
The document summarizes the Calvin-Benson cycle, also known as the dark reaction of photosynthesis. It consists of 3 main stages:
1. Carboxylation: Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) binds with CO2 catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO, forming a 6-carbon intermediate that splits into 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA).
2. Reduction: 3PGA is reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) using ATP and NADPH generated in the light reaction.
3. Sugar formation and regeneration of RuBP: G3P is used to form sugars like glucose and
Dark reaction by sohail
This document summarizes the dark reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how the Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose through three phases - carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The carbon fixation phase incorporates carbon from CO2 into organic molecules. The reduction phase uses ATP and NADPH to convert the molecules into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). The regeneration phase recycles molecules to restart the cycle and produce more G3P, some of which leaves the cycle to form glucose.
08 Lecture Animation Ppt
The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It discusses the four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The preparatory reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and transports it into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA and generates NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
TCA CYCLE and ETC
The TCA cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937. He received the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1953. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is key to cellular respiration. Acetyl-CoA from glycolysis and other metabolic pathways feeds into the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP. These carry energy to the electron transport chain to drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. The TCA cycle is regulated by feedback inhibition based on energy charge within the cell.
Kreb's cycle
The Krebs cycle is a series of 8 reactions that occurs in the mitochondria of cells. It involves the oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) along with the reduction of coenzymes. The cycle begins with the combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate and results in the net production of carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP or GTP. Energy is generated as the NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain, ultimately producing approximately 10 moles of ATP per cycle.
C3 pathway in plants.
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like glucose. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate and then reduce it to form glucose and regenerate the starter molecules. The cycle requires 6 turns to produce one glucose molecule from carbon dioxide using a total of 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
Glyco and glucooooo copy
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are two important metabolic pathways. Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP. Gluconeogenesis converts non-carbohydrate sources into glucose, which is important for supplying glucose to tissues between meals. Deficiencies in enzymes in these pathways can cause diseases like hemolytic anemia or hypoglycemia.
Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle or
The document discusses the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. It was proposed by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and he later won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on this metabolic pathway. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA molecules to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy that is captured by ATP.
Membrane Dynamics1
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. The overall goals of the Krebs cycle are to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from carbohydrates through oxidative processes. During the Krebs cycle, acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate is oxidized, releasing carbon dioxide and generating electron carriers to fuel the electron transport chain and produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The Krebs cycle occurs in two turns per glucose molecule and generates six NADH, two FADH2, and two GTP, which can ultimately produce between 25-32 ATP
C3cycle and c4 cycle
This document summarizes the C3 and C4 cycles. The C3 cycle (also called the Calvin cycle) fixes carbon dioxide into three-carbon compounds like phosphoglyceric acid in three stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The C4 cycle is an alternative pathway that fixes carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds like oxaloacetic acid. It occurs in plants like maize and sorghum that show a distinct Kranz anatomy with bundle sheath cells surrounding vascular bundles. The C4 cycle involves two carboxylation steps - the first in mesophyll cell chloroplasts and the second in bundle sheath cell chloroplasts.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into sugars using ATP and NADPH. It consists of three phases: carbon fixation using the enzyme rubisco, reduction of the fixed carbon, and regeneration of RuBP to restart the cycle. Carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate after going through the cycle three times. The cycle builds sugars from smaller molecules to provide organic compounds for the plant.
What's hot (19)
Viewers also liked
Lec04 pyruvate met
The document outlines the fates of pyruvate and the energy yields from glycolysis. It discusses:
1) Pyruvate can be reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions, oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase in aerobic conditions, or carboxylated to oxaloacetate.
2) Glycolysis yields 2 ATP under anaerobic conditions from the conversion of glucose to lactate, and yields 2 additional ATP under aerobic conditions when NADH is reoxidized by the electron transport chain.
3) Other monosaccharides like fructose and galactose can enter glycolysis after
Glycolysis
Metabolic pathways can be catabolic, involving the breakdown of complexes, or anabolic, involving synthesis. Glycolysis is the catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. It occurs in two phases: the preparatory phase requires 2 ATP to phosphorylate and cleave glucose, while the payoff phase generates 4 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation as the intermediates are oxidized to pyruvate. Overall, glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and generates a small amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl groups from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, and reduced coenzymes like NADH and FADH2. It begins with the reaction between acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, and involves several intermediates that are oxidized and decarboxylated while coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD are reduced. This aerobic process occurs in most tissues but is most significant in the liver, and impairment can lead to hyperammonemia and loss of consciousness. Key vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, th
Respiration for UG students
The document summarizes plant cellular respiration and its four main parts: glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. It provides details on where each part occurs in the cell, with glycolysis taking place in the cytosol and the remaining three parts occurring in the mitochondrial matrix. Key products and reactions of each part are described. The roles of the mitochondria and components like NADH, FADH2, and ATP in facilitating energy production during respiration are also summarized.
Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Regulation and clinical significance
Gluconeogenesis- Thermodynamic barriers, substrates of gluconeogenesis, reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, biological and clinical significance
Glycolysis- An over view
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in two phases, with the first phase priming the pathway by producing intermediate molecules and consuming 2 ATP per glucose. The second phase yields a net production of 2 ATP per glucose by oxidizing intermediate molecules and harnessing the energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. A key regulatory step is the initial phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, which traps glucose inside cells. Glycolysis is versatile in that it can function aerobically or anaerobically depending on oxygen availability.
Fate of pyruvate - A quick review
This document discusses the fate of pyruvate in cells. Pyruvate can undergo several reactions depending on cellular conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate. In mitochondria, pyruvate is carboxylated to oxaloacetate or transaminated to alanine. It can also be converted to malate or ethanol. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated by phosphorylation and by products that inhibit or activate its enzymes.
HMP Pathway- A Quick Revision
The hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm of liver, adipose tissue, and red blood cells. It has two phases: an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that generates pentoses and glycolytic intermediates. The HMP pathway is important because it provides NADPH for reductive biosynthesis, pentoses for nucleotide and coenzyme synthesis, and intermediates that can re-enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
Viewers also liked (8)
Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Regulation and clinical significance
Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Regulation and clinical significance
Similar to Second stage of Glycolysis
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP ...
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP pathway, Embden- Meyerof-Paranas pathway, cabohydrate metabolic process for study, A presentation on cabohydrate metabolic process i.e. Glycolysis
Mscdfsm biochemistry carbohydrate metabolism
#medical #students #doctors #foodandnutrition #nurses #NEET #PCM #doctors #nutritioneducation #mscdfsm #dietician #nationaldieticians #RD #REGISTERED #DIETICIANS
#NUTRITIONIST #INTERNATIONAL DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
Mscdfsm biochemistry carbohydrate metabolism https://youtu.be/uPb...
#medical #students #doctors #foodandnutrition #nurses #NEET #PCM #doctors #nutritioneducation #mscdfsm #dietician #nationaldieticians #RD #REGISTERED #DIETICIANS
#NUTRITIONIST #INTERNATIONAL DIETICIANS
This content is made for all student of medical ,nutrition ,doctors ,zoology ,chemistry ,medical who are still preparing for examination .feel free to give suggestion.
CARBOHYDRATES, GLYCOLYSIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH through substrate-level phosphorylation. It occurs in the cytosol through 10 steps, two of which generate ATP. The pathway ends with pyruvate which can then undergo fermentation or enter the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis is regulated by feedback inhibition and substrate availability. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolysis and produces glucose through anabolic reactions in the liver. Glycogen synthesis and breakdown allow for storage and mobilization of glucose as glycogen through glycogenesis and glycogenolysis respectively.
ASY-Glycolysis-2021.pdf
Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It occurs in two phases:
1. The energy investment phase involves phosphorylation of intermediates using ATP as five intermediates are formed.
2. The energy generation phase yields ATP and NADH as the remaining intermediates are formed, with a net production of two ATP and two NADH per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis is tightly regulated at three irreversible steps by enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. It allows for ATP production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It involves 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that ultimately convert one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net yield of two ATP molecules, two NADH molecules, and energy. Key events include glucose phosphorylation, isomerization to fructose-6-phosphate, cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two trioses, and conversion of trioses into pyruvate with ATP generation. Glycolysis is regulated by three rate-limiting enzymes and substrate cycles to control flux.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Central Metabolism
1. The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis.
2. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH. The TCA cycle further oxidizes pyruvate, producing more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
3. Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis involve the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen for glucose storage and mobilization.
Glycolysis And Fermentation
Cellular respiration involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. [1] Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. [2] Pyruvate then enters the mitochondrion, where it is further oxidized in the Krebs cycle. [3] Electrons are transferred in the electron transport chain to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis BIOLOGY
Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, generating two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glucose is broken down through sequential enzyme-dependent reactions into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules from its original six carbons. The process requires a small initial investment of ATP to make glucose reactive for breakdown. It then proceeds in two phases: first, investing two more ATP molecules; second, yielding four ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in a net gain of two ATP.
Glycolysis and its regulation
Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It occurs in two phases: the preparatory phase prepares glucose for breakdown, while the payoff phase harvests energy through substrate-level phosphorylation to form ATP and NADH. Glycolysis ultimately yields two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH from each molecule of glucose. Pyruvate can then be further metabolized through aerobic or anaerobic pathways.
Carbohydrates Metabolism - Copy.pptx
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It involves 10 steps where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules along with the generation of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The citric acid cycle then oxidizes pyruvate to extract more energy, producing CO2, FADH2, and GTP/ATP. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. Diabetes occurs when the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the important topic from biochemistry Metabolism of carbohydrate. In this topic we learn about Glycolysis steps, important points, glycolysis cycle, regulation, notes.
It is also known as EMP pathway (Embden meyerhof parsent pathway)
glycolysis is improtant topic for medical students it is important question comes in university exam
Glycolysis-1.ppt
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Glycolysis-general introduction and pathway with biochemical logic
Intermediates for other pathways
Biochemical logic
The glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases
Basic notes of Metabolism of Carbohydrates-1.docx
The document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism and its disorders. It describes the steps of glycolysis which converts glucose to pyruvate, generating ATP. In anaerobic conditions pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Glycolysis occurs in all tissues to produce energy. The TCA cycle further oxidizes pyruvate to carbon dioxide, generating more ATP. Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in the liver and muscle. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis describe the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Key enzymes and regulation of these pathways are also discussed.
Glycolysis ppt
This document provides information about glycolysis, including:
1) Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. There are 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions in two stages.
2) Key regulatory enzymes include hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase which control the flux of glycolysis.
3) Under anaerobic conditions, NADH is regenerated through lactic acid or ethanol fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue.
glycolysis-ppt.pdf
This document provides information about glycolysis, including:
- Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate with production of ATP and NADH.
- There are 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions in glycolysis organized into two stages - a preparatory stage and an energy-yielding stage.
- Glycolysis generates 2 ATP per glucose during normal aerobic conditions and can generate ATP rapidly under anaerobic conditions through fermentation pathways.
- Key regulatory enzymes in glycolysis include hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, and pyruvate kinase. Phosphofructokinase-1 activity is regulated by various allosteric effectors.
Glycolsis
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate or lactate with production of a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm and consists of 10 steps, including phosphorylation of glucose, cleavage of fructose-6-phosphate, and conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Aerobic glycolysis produces pyruvate and 8 ATP, while anaerobic glycolysis produces lactate and 2 ATP. Glycolysis is the primary source of energy in red blood cells and during strenuous exercise when oxygen is limited.
Similar to Second stage of Glycolysis (20)
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP ...
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP ...
Mscdfsm biochemistry carbohydrate metabolism https://youtu.be/uPb...
Mscdfsm biochemistry carbohydrate metabolism https://youtu.be/uPb...
Glycolysis-general introduction and pathway with biochemical logic
Glycolysis-general introduction and pathway with biochemical logic
Recently uploaded
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcExecutive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Recently uploaded (20)
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Second stage of Glycolysis
- 1. (the energy producing stage(
- 2. a) The 2 molecules of glyceroaldehyde-3- phosphate are converted into pyruvate (aerobic glycolysis) or lactate (anaerobic glycolysis). b) These steps produce ATP molecules (energy production).
- 3. the aldehyde group of glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 is oxidized to a carboxyl group and esterified with inorganic phosphate to form the high- ehergy compound 1,3-biphosphoglycerate. The reaction is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde- 3-PO4 dehydrogenase, during w/c NAD+ is reduced to NADH
- 4. Phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP by the high-energy compound 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
- 5. Phosphoglyceromutase catalyzes the rearrangement of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2- phosphoglycerate
- 6. Enolase then catalyzes the dehydration of 2- phosphoglycerate to yield the phosphorylated enol form of pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate, the second high- energy compound produced by the glycolytic process.
- 7. ADP is then enzymatically phosphorylated by pyruvate kinase, and the enol form of pyruvate rapidly rearranges nonenzymatically to the keto form of pyruvate
- 8. NAD+ is regenerated by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate catalyzed by lactic dehydrogenase.
- 10. is a process that generates NADPH and pentoses. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. -the first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. This pathway is an alternative to glycolysis. its primary role is anabolic (constructive metabolism) rather than catabolic (destructive metabolism)
- 12. After glycolysis, the catabolism of glucose continues with the entry of pyruvate into the mitochondria. There, the pyruvate is oxidatively transformed into acetyl-s-CoA, w/c is subsequently oxidized in the citric acid cycle.