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This document provides an overview of glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to form two pyruvic acid molecules along with ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen. The key products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates. The document then discusses the two phases of glycolysis - the energy investment phase and pay off phase. It concludes with having a student demonstrate the glycolysis process and an evaluation of questions.
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glycolisis: fate of pyruvate
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. This is a three step process where pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide and forms a hydroxyethyl group, which is then oxidized to an acetyl group and transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA. Under anaerobic conditions, there are two types of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to either lactic acid via lactate fermentation or ethanol via alcohol fermentation to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
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The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis
Glyoxylate cycle
The document discusses the process of gluconeogenesis that occurs in fatty seeds during germination. Key steps include the beta-oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate cycle bypasses the irreversible steps of glycolysis by using isocitrate lyase and malate synthase to convert acetyl-CoA into succinate and then gluconeogenesis can produce glucose required for seedling development. The cycle occurs in specialized organelles called glyoxysomes.
Biology 9 1
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis is the first step, breaking one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. Fermentation and anaerobic processes release energy without oxygen by breaking down glucose into other molecules like alcohol or lactic acid.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the central pathway for glucose degradation that produces energy in the form of ATP. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, with the release of energy that is used to form two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis occurs in ten steps involving several enzymes and is the first metabolic pathway discovered, with the work of Louis Pasteur and others establishing its key reactions. The pathway allows for energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
The document summarizes aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, yielding 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, yielding only 2 ATP and producing lactic acid in animals or ethanol in plants as end products instead of fully breaking down glucose.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a carbohydrate made up of glucose monomers that serves as the main energy storage molecule in animals. It is composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and contains hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. Glycogen functions to store glucose in animal tissues like muscle and liver, maintaining blood glucose levels and providing short-term energy. As the storage form of glucose, glycogen allows animals to store the chemical energy from food for later use.
Glyoxlate cycle
The glyoxylate cycle is a variant of the citric acid cycle that occurs in plants and microorganisms. It allows the conversion of fats into carbohydrates through a cyclic pathway that takes place in organelles called glyoxysomes. Key steps include the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, the cleavage of isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate bypassing steps of the citric acid cycle, and the combination of glyoxylate with another acetyl-CoA molecule to form malate which can re-enter the citric acid cycle or be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.
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glycolisis: fate of pyruvate
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. This is a three step process where pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide and forms a hydroxyethyl group, which is then oxidized to an acetyl group and transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA. Under anaerobic conditions, there are two types of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to either lactic acid via lactate fermentation or ethanol via alcohol fermentation to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
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The document discusses the process of gluconeogenesis that occurs in fatty seeds during germination. Key steps include the beta-oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate cycle bypasses the irreversible steps of glycolysis by using isocitrate lyase and malate synthase to convert acetyl-CoA into succinate and then gluconeogenesis can produce glucose required for seedling development. The cycle occurs in specialized organelles called glyoxysomes.
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Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis is the first step, breaking one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. Fermentation and anaerobic processes release energy without oxygen by breaking down glucose into other molecules like alcohol or lactic acid.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the central pathway for glucose degradation that produces energy in the form of ATP. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, with the release of energy that is used to form two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis occurs in ten steps involving several enzymes and is the first metabolic pathway discovered, with the work of Louis Pasteur and others establishing its key reactions. The pathway allows for energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
The document summarizes aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, yielding 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, yielding only 2 ATP and producing lactic acid in animals or ethanol in plants as end products instead of fully breaking down glucose.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a carbohydrate made up of glucose monomers that serves as the main energy storage molecule in animals. It is composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and contains hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. Glycogen functions to store glucose in animal tissues like muscle and liver, maintaining blood glucose levels and providing short-term energy. As the storage form of glucose, glycogen allows animals to store the chemical energy from food for later use.
Glyoxlate cycle
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1. The document discusses glucose metabolism, which has two main stages - glycolysis and cellular respiration.
2. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
3. Cellular respiration completes the breakdown of pyruvate from glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water, producing much more ATP through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria.
Glycolysis and krebs cycle
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are two key metabolic pathways. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through a 10 step process in the cytoplasm, producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle then uses pyruvate and acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria to further oxidize carbon molecules and produce more ATP and NADH through 8 steps, extracting energy from acetyl groups and fully oxidizing them to carbon dioxide. These pathways are essential for cellular respiration and the production of energy in the form of ATP.
Kreb's cycle (1)
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Respiration and it's types in plants
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Glycolysis
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Citric acid cycle and anaplerosis
The citric acid cycle provides precursors for biosynthetic pathways and serves catabolic and anabolic processes. It is regulated by substrate availability and product inhibition. Anaplerotic reactions replenish cycle intermediates used for biosynthesis. Acetyl-CoA derived from the cycle is used in fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasm. The glyoxylate cycle allows conversion of acetate to carbohydrates in some organisms.
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Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformation within living organisms. The human body converts chemical energy from nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into ATP through three main energy systems. The ATP-PCr system produces ATP for the first 5 seconds of exercise. Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP without oxygen for 30-45 seconds through the breakdown of glucose. The aerobic system continuously produces ATP through slow glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and beta oxidation of fats, providing energy for sustained activity lasting longer than 45 seconds.
Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces ATP, NADH and FADH2 that are used in cellular respiration to produce more ATP for the cell. Acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by entering the cycle in the first step of condensing with oxaloacetate.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first major step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The 10 steps involve phosphorylation of glucose, isomerization, splitting of sugars, formation of ATP and NADH, and final production of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate. Glycolysis functions to break down glucose into energy molecules ATP and NADH that can be used by cells, and produces pyruvate that can enter the citric acid cycle during aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Glycolysis BIOLOGY
Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, generating two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glucose is broken down through sequential enzyme-dependent reactions into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules from its original six carbons. The process requires a small initial investment of ATP to make glucose reactive for breakdown. It then proceeds in two phases: first, investing two more ATP molecules; second, yielding four ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in a net gain of two ATP.
Glycolysis
Metabolic pathways can be catabolic, involving the breakdown of complexes, or anabolic, involving synthesis. Glycolysis is the catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. It occurs in two phases: the preparatory phase requires 2 ATP to phosphorylate and cleave glucose, while the payoff phase generates 4 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation as the intermediates are oxidized to pyruvate. Overall, glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and generates a small amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
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This document provides information on metabolic pathways and glycolysis. It discusses how metabolism involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up metabolic pathways, converting precursors into products. Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy while anabolic pathways use this energy to build complex molecules. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen conditions, being oxidized to acetyl-CoA aerobically or reduced to lactate or ethanol anaerobically.glycolysis and kreb cycle
This document summarizes cellular respiration, which is the process by which glucose and oxygen are used to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main phases: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces no net ATP but generates 2 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules. The electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, cellular respiration is about 40% efficient and yields approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration involves a set of metabolic reactions that convert nutrients into ATP and release waste products. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, producing 32-36 ATP. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy stored as 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate by adding it to acetyl-CoA, producing 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2. Both processes generate reduced coenzymes that are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Glycolysis is a central pathway for glucose catabolism that converts glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It occurs in most organisms and tissues as a source of energy. The first phase activates glucose through phosphorylation, while the second phase generates ATP and NADH through substrate-level phosphorylation and hydride transfer. Pyruvate produced can then undergo aerobic or anaerobic fates including fermentation to regenerate NAD+ under anaerobic conditions.
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Glycolysis is a series of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It is the first step in cellular respiration, a process that cells use to convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells, and it is the only pathway that can generate ATP without oxygen.
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Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are two key metabolic pathways. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through a 10 step process in the cytoplasm, producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle then uses pyruvate and acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria to further oxidize carbon molecules and produce more ATP and NADH through 8 steps, extracting energy from acetyl groups and fully oxidizing them to carbon dioxide. These pathways are essential for cellular respiration and the production of energy in the form of ATP.
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Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
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The citric acid cycle provides precursors for biosynthetic pathways and serves catabolic and anabolic processes. It is regulated by substrate availability and product inhibition. Anaplerotic reactions replenish cycle intermediates used for biosynthesis. Acetyl-CoA derived from the cycle is used in fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasm. The glyoxylate cycle allows conversion of acetate to carbohydrates in some organisms.
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Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformation within living organisms. The human body converts chemical energy from nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into ATP through three main energy systems. The ATP-PCr system produces ATP for the first 5 seconds of exercise. Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP without oxygen for 30-45 seconds through the breakdown of glucose. The aerobic system continuously produces ATP through slow glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and beta oxidation of fats, providing energy for sustained activity lasting longer than 45 seconds.
Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces ATP, NADH and FADH2 that are used in cellular respiration to produce more ATP for the cell. Acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by entering the cycle in the first step of condensing with oxaloacetate.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first major step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The 10 steps involve phosphorylation of glucose, isomerization, splitting of sugars, formation of ATP and NADH, and final production of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate. Glycolysis functions to break down glucose into energy molecules ATP and NADH that can be used by cells, and produces pyruvate that can enter the citric acid cycle during aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
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Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, generating two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glucose is broken down through sequential enzyme-dependent reactions into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules from its original six carbons. The process requires a small initial investment of ATP to make glucose reactive for breakdown. It then proceeds in two phases: first, investing two more ATP molecules; second, yielding four ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in a net gain of two ATP.
Glycolysis
Metabolic pathways can be catabolic, involving the breakdown of complexes, or anabolic, involving synthesis. Glycolysis is the catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. It occurs in two phases: the preparatory phase requires 2 ATP to phosphorylate and cleave glucose, while the payoff phase generates 4 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation as the intermediates are oxidized to pyruvate. Overall, glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and generates a small amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
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2) There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration which occurs in the presence of oxygen and yields more energy, and anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen and yields less energy.
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The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It discusses the four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The preparatory reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and transports it into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA and generates NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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This document provides information on metabolic pathways and glycolysis. It discusses how metabolism involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up metabolic pathways, converting precursors into products. Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy while anabolic pathways use this energy to build complex molecules. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen conditions, being oxidized to acetyl-CoA aerobically or reduced to lactate or ethanol anaerobically.glycolysis and kreb cycle
This document summarizes cellular respiration, which is the process by which glucose and oxygen are used to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main phases: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces no net ATP but generates 2 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules. The electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, cellular respiration is about 40% efficient and yields approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration involves a set of metabolic reactions that convert nutrients into ATP and release waste products. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, producing 32-36 ATP. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy stored as 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate by adding it to acetyl-CoA, producing 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2. Both processes generate reduced coenzymes that are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
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Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are two opposing metabolic pathways involved in glucose metabolism. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, generating a small amount of ATP. Gluconeogenesis requires energy in the form of ATP to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and some amino acids in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Both pathways have important functions in energy production and maintaining intermediate metabolite levels, though they differ in their directionality, location in the cell, and energy requirements.
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Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy through a series of reactions that split glucose into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and can be divided into three phases: an energy-requiring phase, splitting phase, and energy-releasing phase. Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules and reduces two NAD+ to NADH to maintain redox balance under anaerobic conditions. The pathway allows organisms to extract energy from glucose without oxygen.
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Plants do breathe and require oxygen for respiration, producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Unlike animals, plants do not have specialized organs for gas exchange, but instead use stomata and lenticels. Each plant part is responsible for its own gas exchange at lower respiration rates than animals. Aerobic respiration utilizes oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy from glucose. Glycolysis is the first step and breaks glucose down into two phosphoglycerate molecules, entering the investment and payoff phases to produce two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate molecules. The pyruvate can then undergo lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation, or aerobic respiration.
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Plants do breathe and require oxygen for respiration, producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Unlike animals, plants do not have specialized organs for gas exchange, but instead use stomata and lenticels. Each plant part is responsible for its own gas exchange at lower respiration rates than animals. Aerobic respiration utilizes oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy from glucose. Glycolysis is the first step and breaks glucose down into two molecules that enter the payoff phase, producing two ATP molecules, two NADH molecules, and two pyruvate molecules as end products.
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Short explanation about Glycolysis, the process of glucose break down. the term 'gluco' refers to glucose, while 'lysis' refers to breakdown
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This document summarizes cellular respiration and the three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm and generates a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate can then enter the mitochondria and be further oxidized through the Krebs cycle or fermented to lactate or ethanol. The overall goal is to extract energy from glucose and use it to produce ATP through the three stages of cellular respiration.
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1. The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis.
2. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH. The TCA cycle further oxidizes pyruvate, producing more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
3. Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis involve the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen for glucose storage and mobilization.
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It is enzymatically –controlled catabolic pathway by which one molecule of Glucose(6C) breaks into two molecules of pyruvic acid(3C).
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
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The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, focusing on glycolysis. It begins by outlining the major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in animals, including glycolysis, glycogenesis/glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and links to fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. The main text then focuses on glycolysis, describing it as an ancient pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate with the production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis proceeds in two stages: glucose phosphorylation and cleavage, followed by conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate with net ATP production. The fates of pyruvate depend on aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions in the organism.
Cellular respiration in detail
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose to extract energy through two main stages. In the first stage, glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvate with a small ATP yield. The second stage involves either aerobic respiration, using oxygen to produce much more ATP through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, or fermentation when oxygen is absent. Aerobic respiration is much more efficient at producing ATP. The end products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Notes New
1. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a two-phase process of light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
2. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other food molecules to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
3. Both processes are essential for life - photosynthesis provides energy for plants and produces oxygen and glucose as an energy source for cellular respiration in plants and animals.
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdf
The document provides information on metabolic pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. It begins with an overview of glycolysis, including its two phases and location in the cytoplasm. Key details are provided on the regulation of three glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase. The document then discusses the fates of pyruvate, including its conversion to acetyl-CoA and entry into the citric acid cycle or fermentation pathways. An overview of the citric acid cycle follows, along with its regulation and role in ATP production. The electron transport chain is then introduced, along with the structures and functions of its four complexes. In summary
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert the chemical energy from nutrients into ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate in the mitochondria, producing more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane, pumping protons and producing the most ATP through chemiosmosis. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, with carbon dioxide and water as end products.
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- 1. Prayer
- 2. Greetings
- 4. Presentation (Introducing the lesson which is the Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration).
- 5. Motivation (Rap Video clip about glycolysis)
- 6. Discussion • Cellular Respiration -Is a complex process by which food molecules are broken down to release energy in the form of ATP. -It is a stage that begins with Glycolysis.
- 7. Glycolysis -the first stage of the aerobic cell respiration, a process in which glucose is degraded to form two pyruvic acid molecules along with the formation of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. -this process does not require oxygen and not yield much energy.
- 8. Function of Glycolysis to form NADH and ATP as a source of energy to cells. to produce pyruvate used in the citric acid cycle.
- 9. Glyco – Glucose Lysis - breaking Goal : breaking glucose down to form two pyruvates. Who : all life on earth performs Glycolysis. Where : Cytoplasm
- 10. 2 Phases : 1. Energy Investment Phase -stage where there is a consumption of ATP. - phosphorylation of Glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
- 11. 2. Pay Off Phase - oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate to pyruvate and converted formation of ATP and NADH. - there is the production of ATP.
- 13. Raw material of Glycolysis: Glucose By product : 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 PYRUVATE
- 14. Let the student demonstrate the process of glycolysis
- 15. Evaluation 1-3. What are the by product of glycolysis? 2. It is a raw material of Glycolysis? 3. Where specific organelle does glycolysis occur?
- 16. Answer key 1. 2 ATP 2. 2 NADH 3. 2 PYRUVATE 4. Glucose 5. Cytoplasm