The document summarizes the Calvin cycle, which uses energy from the light-dependent reaction to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma and uses ATP and NADPH produced during the light reaction. The Calvin cycle consists of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration steps to reduce carbon dioxide into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be converted into glucose or other carbohydrates.

2. The Calvin Cycle
- It occurs in the stroma
- NADPH and ATP molecules are
rapidly being provided to the
metabolic pathways in the stroma.
Therefore, ATP and NADPH formed
during the Light Dependent
reaction are used in the stroma to
fuel the Calvin Cycle reactions.

3. The Calvin Cycle
- The Calvin Cycle consists of a series of
reactions that reduce carbon dioxide
to produce the carbohydrate
glyceraldehyde-3-phospahte.
• Carbon Fixation
• Reduction
• Regeneration

4. The Calvin Cycle
- Carbon Fixation
- In this step, carbon dioxide is
attached to ribulose 1,5-bisphophate
resulting in six carbon molecule that splits
into two three carbon molecules.

6. The Calvin Cycle
- Reduction
- This step is the sequence of
reactions using electrons from NADPH
and some of the ATP to reduce
carbon dioxide.

8. The Calvin Cycle
- Regeneration
- In the final step, ribulose 1,5-
bisphosphate is regenerated. For
every three turns of the cycle, five
molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate are used to re-form 3
molecules of ribulose 1,5-
biphosphate.

10. The Calvin Cycle
- The remaining glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is then
used to make glucose, fatty acids or glycerol. It takes
two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to
make one molecule of glucose phosphate. Thus, the
Calvin cycle has to run 6 times to produce one
molecule of glucose. These molecules can remove
their phosphate and add fructose to form sucrose,
the molecule plants use to transport carbohydrates
throughout their system. Glucose phosphate is also
the starting molecule for the synthesis of starch and
cellulose.