Calvin Cycle
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The document summarizes the Calvin cycle, which uses energy from the light-dependent reaction to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma and uses ATP and NADPH produced during the light reaction. The Calvin cycle consists of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration steps to reduce carbon dioxide into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be converted into glucose or other carbohydrates.
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Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the chloroplast stroma and is used by C3 plants to fix carbon dioxide. It consists of three steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In carbon fixation, carbon dioxide binds to the five-carbon RuBP, forming a unstable six-carbon compound that splits into two three-carbon 3PGA molecules. The 3PGA molecules are then phosphorylated using ATP in the reduction step, forming G3P. Finally, in the regeneration step, some G3P is used to regenerate RuBP, completing the cycle.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle occurs in two stages: carbon fixation and reduction. During carbon fixation, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon from CO2 into RuBP to form unstable 6-carbon compounds. These 6-carbon compounds are then split into two 3-carbon molecules which are reduced using electrons from NADPH and energy from ATP. The 3-carbon molecules are then rearranged to regenerate RuBP, completing the cycle. The Calvin cycle uses energy from the light reactions in the form of ATP and NADPH along with CO2 to produce organic compounds like glucose.
C3 cycle
The C3 cycle, also known as the Calvin cycle, occurs in the dark phase of photosynthesis and involves fixing carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of three main stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. During fixation, the enzyme rubisco incorporates CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate, producing two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. These are then reduced using ATP and NADPH in the reduction stage. Finally, the cycle is regenerated as the original ribulose bisphosphate is reformed, allowing it to fix another CO2. The C3 cycle is essential for carbon assimilation in photosynthesis and the primary producer of organic compounds and food energy in plants. It occurs in all photosynthetic organisms
Photorespiration c2 cycle
Photorespiration - Introduction, why is it occur in plants, pathway of photorespiration, Enzymes names, pathway step by step explanation, Benefits of photorespiration, additional information related to photorespiration, Rubisco enzyme, Oxygenase enzyme, Oxygen concentration higher leads to photorespiration, problem to carry out calvin cycle.
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Dark reaction
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds like sugars using sunlight. It occurs through two stages - light reactions and dark reactions. Dark reactions, also called carbon reactions, occur after light reactions and use the energy from light reactions to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Specifically, the Calvin cycle reduces carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon molecules that can then be assembled into sugars like glucose. Some plants use alternative pathways like C4 or CAM cycling to more efficiently conduct photosynthesis in hot or dry environments.
Glyoxylate cycle
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
Photorespiration
Photorespiration occurs on hot, dry days when a plant's stomata are closed to prevent water loss. This causes CO2 levels inside the leaf to drop, leading an enzyme to fix O2 instead of CO2, producing toxic byproducts. The plant must convert and transport these byproducts using energy. C4 and CAM plants have evolved pathways to concentrate CO2 and prevent photorespiration. C4 plants fix CO2 into a four-carbon compound in mesophyll cells before it reaches bundle sheath cells. CAM plants fix CO2 into malate at night when stomata are open.
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Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the chloroplast stroma and is used by C3 plants to fix carbon dioxide. It consists of three steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In carbon fixation, carbon dioxide binds to the five-carbon RuBP, forming a unstable six-carbon compound that splits into two three-carbon 3PGA molecules. The 3PGA molecules are then phosphorylated using ATP in the reduction step, forming G3P. Finally, in the regeneration step, some G3P is used to regenerate RuBP, completing the cycle.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle occurs in two stages: carbon fixation and reduction. During carbon fixation, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon from CO2 into RuBP to form unstable 6-carbon compounds. These 6-carbon compounds are then split into two 3-carbon molecules which are reduced using electrons from NADPH and energy from ATP. The 3-carbon molecules are then rearranged to regenerate RuBP, completing the cycle. The Calvin cycle uses energy from the light reactions in the form of ATP and NADPH along with CO2 to produce organic compounds like glucose.
C3 cycle
The C3 cycle, also known as the Calvin cycle, occurs in the dark phase of photosynthesis and involves fixing carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of three main stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. During fixation, the enzyme rubisco incorporates CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate, producing two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. These are then reduced using ATP and NADPH in the reduction stage. Finally, the cycle is regenerated as the original ribulose bisphosphate is reformed, allowing it to fix another CO2. The C3 cycle is essential for carbon assimilation in photosynthesis and the primary producer of organic compounds and food energy in plants. It occurs in all photosynthetic organisms
Photorespiration c2 cycle
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Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Dark reaction
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds like sugars using sunlight. It occurs through two stages - light reactions and dark reactions. Dark reactions, also called carbon reactions, occur after light reactions and use the energy from light reactions to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Specifically, the Calvin cycle reduces carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon molecules that can then be assembled into sugars like glucose. Some plants use alternative pathways like C4 or CAM cycling to more efficiently conduct photosynthesis in hot or dry environments.
Glyoxylate cycle
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
Photorespiration
Photorespiration occurs on hot, dry days when a plant's stomata are closed to prevent water loss. This causes CO2 levels inside the leaf to drop, leading an enzyme to fix O2 instead of CO2, producing toxic byproducts. The plant must convert and transport these byproducts using energy. C4 and CAM plants have evolved pathways to concentrate CO2 and prevent photorespiration. C4 plants fix CO2 into a four-carbon compound in mesophyll cells before it reaches bundle sheath cells. CAM plants fix CO2 into malate at night when stomata are open.
Photosynthetic pigments
This document discusses photosynthetic pigments and their role in photosynthesis. It explains that chlorophyll a is the primary pigment that absorbs sunlight to drive photosynthesis, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins absorb different wavelengths of light to enhance photosynthesis. These pigments are located in the chloroplast and work together to capture light energy which is converted to chemical energy and ultimately sugars through the process of photosynthesis.
C3cycle and c4 cycle
This document summarizes the C3 and C4 cycles. The C3 cycle (also called the Calvin cycle) fixes carbon dioxide into three-carbon compounds like phosphoglyceric acid in three stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The C4 cycle is an alternative pathway that fixes carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds like oxaloacetic acid. It occurs in plants like maize and sorghum that show a distinct Kranz anatomy with bundle sheath cells surrounding vascular bundles. The C4 cycle involves two carboxylation steps - the first in mesophyll cell chloroplasts and the second in bundle sheath cell chloroplasts.
Light reaction of photosynthesis
1. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments.
2. Energy from the absorbed light is used to transfer electrons along an electron transport chain, powering the synthesis of ATP through photophosphorylation and reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
3. The products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
C3 pathway in plants.
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like glucose. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate and then reduce it to form glucose and regenerate the starter molecules. The cycle requires 6 turns to produce one glucose molecule from carbon dioxide using a total of 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
Photorespiration
This document is a student paper on the topic of photorespiration in plants. It defines photorespiration as a process in plant metabolism that attempts to reduce the wasteful oxygenation reaction of the enzyme RuBisCO. The paper then discusses what happens during photorespiration, noting that oxygen replaces carbon dioxide in a non-productive reaction, decreasing the net carbon dioxide converted to sugars. Finally, it mentions that photorespiration limits plant growth and is favored by high oxygen, low carbon dioxide, and warm temperatures.
Photosynthesis carbon fixation
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis, including:
1) The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) through carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration phases.
2) Some plants like cacti and succulents have evolved alternative carbon fixation mechanisms like CAM to minimize photorespiration and be more efficient in hot, dry climates.
3) Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy stored in sugars, providing energy and materials for plants and the global biosphere.
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Photosynthesis,Importance of Photosynthesis ,Structural feature of leaf advantage for photosynthesis,Leaf anatomy of C3 and C4 plants: etc.
Melvin calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is a light-independent process that fixes carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and consists of three phases - carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and regeneration of RuBP. Key enzymes include RuBisCO and regulatory enzymes like Rubisco activase and thioredoxin. The cycle incorporates one CO2 molecule into two 3-carbon G3P molecules, using energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. Five of the six carbons from G3P are used to regenerate RuBP so the cycle can continue fixing more carbon.
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characterristic of C4 plant
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significance of C4 cycle
deference between c3 cycle and C4 cycle
what is cam?
.................
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It takes place in two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic compounds like glucose. The chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place, containing chlorophyll pigments in the thylakoid membranes which absorb light energy to drive the light-dependent reactions.
Dark reactions
1. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using energy from light reactions that produce ATP and NADPH.
2. Enzymes of the Calvin cycle regenerate the 5-carbon sugar RuBP from 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P in chloroplasts.
3. Overall, 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed into one molecule each of two 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P, with the remaining carbons recycled to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP to continue the cycle.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They have their own DNA and can synthesize some of their own proteins, making them semi-autonomous. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carotenoids which capture light energy. Their internal structure includes an envelope, stroma, and thylakoids where the light reactions take place. It is believed that chloroplasts originated through endosymbiosis between cyanobacteria and eukaryotic cells. The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions on the thylakoid membranes which produce ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions in the stroma that use these products to fix carbon into sugars.
Photosynthesis
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants and algae use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It then discusses the historical background and discovery of photosynthesis. The remainder of the document describes the key components of photosynthesis, including the two photochemical processes (photosystems I and II), the light-dependent reactions, and the mechanisms of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation that generate ATP using energy from excited electrons. In closing, it summarizes the similarities and differences between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
C4 cycle..
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do comment if you like it and share it
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Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorilation
Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are two types of photophosphorylation involved in photosynthesis. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involves both photosystem I and II and uses electrons from the splitting of water, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Cyclic photophosphorylation only involves photosystem I and cycles electrons back without splitting water or producing oxygen. Both mechanisms use the electron transport chain to produce ATP, but only non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH in addition to ATP.
Cam pathway
CAM plants fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid in their vacuoles. During the day, the stomata remain closed while the malic acid releases its carbon dioxide within the chloroplasts for photosynthesis. This two-part cycle allows CAM plants to conserve water by closing their stomata during the heat of the day. Key benefits of CAM include adaptations for arid conditions like thick cuticles and leaves and the ability to minimize water loss through transpiration.
C3 cycle c4 cycle cam cycle
The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, converts carbon dioxide into glucose using a three-stage process of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In C4 plants like maize and sugarcane, the initial product of carbon fixation is a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate. CAM plants like cacti fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid to use during the day, avoiding photorespiration and being more water efficient.
Crassulacean acid metabolism (cam)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. During the night, the plant takes in carbon dioxide and stores it as the acid malate. During the day, the stomata close to reduce water loss while the malate is broken down, releasing carbon dioxide to be used in photosynthesis through the Calvin cycle. This allows plants like cacti and pineapples to fix carbon dioxide at night to cope with drought conditions.
Photosynthesis
This presentation describes in details how photosynthesis works along with its process. It also explains in details on the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
C3 pathway
I am a Rohit MSc student in microbiology. I will send a Calvin cycle C3.1. C3 Pathway (Calvin Cycle)
2. The Calvin Cycle (C3) - It occurs in the stroma - NADPH and ATP molecules are rapidly being provided to the metabolic pathways in the stroma. - Therefore, ATP and NADPH formed during the Light Dependent reaction are used in the stroma to fuel the Calvin Cycle reactions.
3. - The Calvin Cycle consists of a series of reactions that reduce carbon dioxide to produce the carbohydrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. • Carbon Fixation • Reduction • Regeneration
4. - Carbon Fixation - In this step, carbon dioxide is attached to Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate resulting in six-carbon molecule that splits into two three carbon molecules.
5. - Reduction - This step is the sequence of reactions using ele- from NADPH and some of the ATP to reduce carbon dioxide.
6. - Regeneration - In the final step, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is regenerated. For every three turns of the cycle, five molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are used to re-form 3 molecules of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate.
7. RuBisco
8. THANK YOU
Calvin cycle general biology 2 stem 11pptx
The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 into organic molecules to build three-carbon sugars. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and is fueled by ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. The cycle involves three main stages: carbon fixation adds CO2 to RuBP, reduction uses ATP and NADPH to convert the product into G3P, and regeneration recycles G3P to regenerate RuBP using ATP through a series of reactions.
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This document discusses photosynthetic pigments and their role in photosynthesis. It explains that chlorophyll a is the primary pigment that absorbs sunlight to drive photosynthesis, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins absorb different wavelengths of light to enhance photosynthesis. These pigments are located in the chloroplast and work together to capture light energy which is converted to chemical energy and ultimately sugars through the process of photosynthesis.
C3cycle and c4 cycle
This document summarizes the C3 and C4 cycles. The C3 cycle (also called the Calvin cycle) fixes carbon dioxide into three-carbon compounds like phosphoglyceric acid in three stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The C4 cycle is an alternative pathway that fixes carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds like oxaloacetic acid. It occurs in plants like maize and sorghum that show a distinct Kranz anatomy with bundle sheath cells surrounding vascular bundles. The C4 cycle involves two carboxylation steps - the first in mesophyll cell chloroplasts and the second in bundle sheath cell chloroplasts.
Light reaction of photosynthesis
1. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments.
2. Energy from the absorbed light is used to transfer electrons along an electron transport chain, powering the synthesis of ATP through photophosphorylation and reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
3. The products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
C3 pathway in plants.
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like glucose. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate and then reduce it to form glucose and regenerate the starter molecules. The cycle requires 6 turns to produce one glucose molecule from carbon dioxide using a total of 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
Photorespiration
This document is a student paper on the topic of photorespiration in plants. It defines photorespiration as a process in plant metabolism that attempts to reduce the wasteful oxygenation reaction of the enzyme RuBisCO. The paper then discusses what happens during photorespiration, noting that oxygen replaces carbon dioxide in a non-productive reaction, decreasing the net carbon dioxide converted to sugars. Finally, it mentions that photorespiration limits plant growth and is favored by high oxygen, low carbon dioxide, and warm temperatures.
Photosynthesis carbon fixation
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis, including:
1) The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) through carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration phases.
2) Some plants like cacti and succulents have evolved alternative carbon fixation mechanisms like CAM to minimize photorespiration and be more efficient in hot, dry climates.
3) Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy stored in sugars, providing energy and materials for plants and the global biosphere.
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Photosynthesis,Importance of Photosynthesis ,Structural feature of leaf advantage for photosynthesis,Leaf anatomy of C3 and C4 plants: etc.
Melvin calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is a light-independent process that fixes carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and consists of three phases - carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and regeneration of RuBP. Key enzymes include RuBisCO and regulatory enzymes like Rubisco activase and thioredoxin. The cycle incorporates one CO2 molecule into two 3-carbon G3P molecules, using energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. Five of the six carbons from G3P are used to regenerate RuBP so the cycle can continue fixing more carbon.
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introduction
characterristic of C4 plant
kranz anatomy
significance of C4 cycle
deference between c3 cycle and C4 cycle
what is cam?
.................
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It takes place in two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic compounds like glucose. The chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place, containing chlorophyll pigments in the thylakoid membranes which absorb light energy to drive the light-dependent reactions.
Dark reactions
1. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using energy from light reactions that produce ATP and NADPH.
2. Enzymes of the Calvin cycle regenerate the 5-carbon sugar RuBP from 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P in chloroplasts.
3. Overall, 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed into one molecule each of two 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P, with the remaining carbons recycled to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP to continue the cycle.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They have their own DNA and can synthesize some of their own proteins, making them semi-autonomous. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carotenoids which capture light energy. Their internal structure includes an envelope, stroma, and thylakoids where the light reactions take place. It is believed that chloroplasts originated through endosymbiosis between cyanobacteria and eukaryotic cells. The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions on the thylakoid membranes which produce ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions in the stroma that use these products to fix carbon into sugars.
Photosynthesis
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants and algae use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It then discusses the historical background and discovery of photosynthesis. The remainder of the document describes the key components of photosynthesis, including the two photochemical processes (photosystems I and II), the light-dependent reactions, and the mechanisms of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation that generate ATP using energy from excited electrons. In closing, it summarizes the similarities and differences between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
C4 cycle..
here is the only ppt available of C4 cycle hope you will like it
do comment if you like it and share it
ATP- The universal energy currency of cell
ATP is the most important form of chemical energy in cells. It is a nucleoside triphosphate containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP is considered the universal energy currency of cells because it can easily donate a single phosphate, two phosphates, or its entire adenosine group to drive various energy-requiring cellular reactions and processes. ATP is regenerated through substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, as well as oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. When ATP is hydrolyzed, energy is released to power cellular work.
Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorilation
Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are two types of photophosphorylation involved in photosynthesis. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involves both photosystem I and II and uses electrons from the splitting of water, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Cyclic photophosphorylation only involves photosystem I and cycles electrons back without splitting water or producing oxygen. Both mechanisms use the electron transport chain to produce ATP, but only non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH in addition to ATP.
Cam pathway
CAM plants fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid in their vacuoles. During the day, the stomata remain closed while the malic acid releases its carbon dioxide within the chloroplasts for photosynthesis. This two-part cycle allows CAM plants to conserve water by closing their stomata during the heat of the day. Key benefits of CAM include adaptations for arid conditions like thick cuticles and leaves and the ability to minimize water loss through transpiration.
C3 cycle c4 cycle cam cycle
The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, converts carbon dioxide into glucose using a three-stage process of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In C4 plants like maize and sugarcane, the initial product of carbon fixation is a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate. CAM plants like cacti fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid to use during the day, avoiding photorespiration and being more water efficient.
Crassulacean acid metabolism (cam)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. During the night, the plant takes in carbon dioxide and stores it as the acid malate. During the day, the stomata close to reduce water loss while the malate is broken down, releasing carbon dioxide to be used in photosynthesis through the Calvin cycle. This allows plants like cacti and pineapples to fix carbon dioxide at night to cope with drought conditions.
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I am a Rohit MSc student in microbiology. I will send a Calvin cycle C3.1. C3 Pathway (Calvin Cycle)
2. The Calvin Cycle (C3) - It occurs in the stroma - NADPH and ATP molecules are rapidly being provided to the metabolic pathways in the stroma. - Therefore, ATP and NADPH formed during the Light Dependent reaction are used in the stroma to fuel the Calvin Cycle reactions.
3. - The Calvin Cycle consists of a series of reactions that reduce carbon dioxide to produce the carbohydrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. • Carbon Fixation • Reduction • Regeneration
4. - Carbon Fixation - In this step, carbon dioxide is attached to Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate resulting in six-carbon molecule that splits into two three carbon molecules.
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7. RuBisco
8. THANK YOU
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The Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplast stroma and uses energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into three-carbon sugar molecules. The cycle incorporates carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules and builds three-carbon sugars, using ATP and NADPH to power the process. Six runs of the cycle are required to produce one glucose molecule, with surplus molecules used to form other carbohydrates for the plant.
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The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide and other molecules into glucose. It involves three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 is attached to RuBP to form two 3-carbon molecules, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate the carbon and reduce the molecules to G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle converts 6 molecules of CO2 into one molecule of G3P, consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH per cycle.
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The Calvin cycle is a process used by autotrophs like plants and algae to convert carbon dioxide from the air into glucose. It involves three main phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule RuBP. In carbon fixation, the enzyme rubisco attaches CO2 to RuBP. The resulting unstable 6-carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon phosphoglycerate molecules. In reduction, ATP and NADPH add phosphate and hydrogen to convert phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Five of the six G3Ps are recycled to regenerate three RuBP molecules. The remaining G3P can be converted into glucose or other carbohydrates.
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The Calvin cycle is the light-independent phase of photosynthesis that converts carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. It occurs in the chloroplast stroma and involves carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and regeneration of RuBP. Key steps include carboxylation of RuBP by Rubisco, production of 3-PGA, and regeneration of RuBP using G3P to fix another carbon dioxide. The cycle was discovered in 1950 and uses short-lived electron carriers from the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds through a series of reduction-oxidation reactions.
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The Calvin cycle is the light-independent phase of photosynthesis that assimilates carbon from CO2 into organic compounds. It occurs in three stages in chloroplasts: 1) CO2 fixation into 3-phosphoglycerate catalyzed by RuBisCO, 2) reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, and 3) regeneration of RuBP from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using ATP to restart the cycle. One turn of the cycle produces one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate that can be used for carbohydrate biosynthesis.
Dark reaction by sohail
This document summarizes the dark reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how the Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose through three phases - carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The carbon fixation phase incorporates carbon from CO2 into organic molecules. The reduction phase uses ATP and NADPH to convert the molecules into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). The regeneration phase recycles molecules to restart the cycle and produce more G3P, some of which leaves the cycle to form glucose.
TCA cycle (Tricarboxylic acid cycle)
The TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-CoA molecules derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It is a cyclic process where oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of each cycle. The cycle produces reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that feed into the electron transport chain to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. It is a central metabolic hub that connects several biochemical pathways and provides precursors for biosynthesis.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin Cycle is the second phase of photosynthesis that uses energy from the light reactions in the form of ATP and NADPH, along with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, to produce organic compounds. The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RUBP. Carbon dioxide is fixed to RUBP by the enzyme RuBisCO to form unstable 6-carbon compounds that are reduced and split into two 3-carbon compounds. These compounds are regenerated to form more RUBP and organic compounds like G3P, with a net gain of 6 carbons per cycle. Six turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to produce one molecule of
THE KREBS fatima ppt (1).pptx
The document summarizes the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle). It describes how Hans Krebs discovered the cycle through his research on pigeon muscle tissue in the 1930s. The 8-step cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide. This releases energy in the form of NADH and FADH2 that is later used to generate large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle also generates precursor molecules that can be used for other biological processes like fatty acid and amino acid synthesis.
Biosynthesis
The document discusses biosynthetic pathways in living organisms. It provides details about:
1) Gluconeogenesis, the pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver, which differs from glycolysis through three bypass steps.
2) Fatty acid biosynthesis occurring in the cytosol, which uses acetyl-CoA and the acyl carrier protein to add two-carbon malonyl-CoA groups in repeating cycles to synthesize fatty acids.
3) Membrane lipid synthesis combining glycerol-1-phosphate with fatty acyl-CoAs to form phosphatidates and then phospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycolipids.
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathwayRengesh Balakrishnan
This document provides information on metabolic pathways and glycolysis. It discusses how metabolism involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up metabolic pathways, converting precursors into products. Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy while anabolic pathways use this energy to build complex molecules. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen conditions, being oxidized to acetyl-CoA aerobically or reduced to lactate or ethanol anaerobically.Photosynthetic Mechanism
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis Mechanism
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
Carbohydrate energetics
Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms.
C3 and c4 plants ,characteristic ,cycles and significance
The document discusses three main types of photosynthesis: C3, C4, and CAM. C3 plants fix carbon dioxide through the Calvin cycle in mesophyll cells. C4 plants first fix carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells then transport it to bundle sheath cells where it enters the Calvin cycle. C4 plants have a higher photosynthetic rate and are better adapted to high temperatures and light intensities than C3 plants.
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Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
C3 and c4 plants ,characteristic ,cycles and significance
C3 and c4 plants ,characteristic ,cycles and significance
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Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionImproving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyMicrobial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
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world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Calvin Cycle
- 2. The Calvin Cycle - It occurs in the stroma - NADPH and ATP molecules are rapidly being provided to the metabolic pathways in the stroma. Therefore, ATP and NADPH formed during the Light Dependent reaction are used in the stroma to fuel the Calvin Cycle reactions.
- 3. The Calvin Cycle - The Calvin Cycle consists of a series of reactions that reduce carbon dioxide to produce the carbohydrate glyceraldehyde-3-phospahte. • Carbon Fixation • Reduction • Regeneration
- 4. The Calvin Cycle - Carbon Fixation - In this step, carbon dioxide is attached to ribulose 1,5-bisphophate resulting in six carbon molecule that splits into two three carbon molecules.
- 6. The Calvin Cycle - Reduction - This step is the sequence of reactions using electrons from NADPH and some of the ATP to reduce carbon dioxide.
- 8. The Calvin Cycle - Regeneration - In the final step, ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate is regenerated. For every three turns of the cycle, five molecules of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate are used to re-form 3 molecules of ribulose 1,5- biphosphate.
- 10. The Calvin Cycle - The remaining glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is then used to make glucose, fatty acids or glycerol. It takes two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to make one molecule of glucose phosphate. Thus, the Calvin cycle has to run 6 times to produce one molecule of glucose. These molecules can remove their phosphate and add fructose to form sucrose, the molecule plants use to transport carbohydrates throughout their system. Glucose phosphate is also the starting molecule for the synthesis of starch and cellulose.