Search engines
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This document discusses different types of search engines, including crawlers that use spiders to fetch documents and create indexes, directories that are human-curated, hybrids that combine crawling and directories, and meta search engines that search multiple other engines. It provides examples like Google, Yahoo, Open Directory Project, and Dogpile and explains how each type works at a high level.
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This document discusses global and local sequence alignment. It introduces sequence alignment and its uses in identifying similarities between sequences that could indicate functional or evolutionary relationships. It describes the principles of alignment and the different types of alignment, including global alignment, which aligns entire sequences, and local alignment, which matches regions of similarity. Methods for alignment include dot plots, scoring matrices, and dynamic programming. BLAST is introduced as a tool for comparing sequences against databases using local alignment algorithms.
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Mitochondrial DNA
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They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
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1. BLAST is a program that uses computer algorithms to compare a query DNA or protein sequence to sequence databases and identify sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold.
2. BLAST works by searching for short, exact matches between the query and database sequences, then extends the matches to find similar though not exact alignments.
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The document discusses sequence similarity searching and comparison. It describes how programs like BLAST and FASTA are used to rapidly identify similarities between sequences and determine evolutionary relationships. BLAST and FASTA utilize word matching and heuristics to efficiently search large databases and return local or global alignments with scoring of matches. They provide a powerful method for functions prediction by comparing new sequences to known genes and proteins.
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1) Eukaryotic mRNAs undergo post-transcriptional processing in the cell nucleus, including addition of a 5' cap and 3' polyadenylated tail.
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It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
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1. BLAST is a program that uses computer algorithms to compare a query DNA or protein sequence to sequence databases and identify sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold.
2. BLAST works by searching for short, exact matches between the query and database sequences, then extends the matches to find similar though not exact alignments.
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The document discusses sequence similarity searching and comparison. It describes how programs like BLAST and FASTA are used to rapidly identify similarities between sequences and determine evolutionary relationships. BLAST and FASTA utilize word matching and heuristics to efficiently search large databases and return local or global alignments with scoring of matches. They provide a powerful method for functions prediction by comparing new sequences to known genes and proteins.
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2. Centrifugation techniques use high centrifugal force to separate particles or molecules in a suspension more quickly than gravity alone. This involves spinning samples at high revolutions per minute in different types of centrifuges.
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Post transcriptional modification
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Prokaryotic genome organization
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This document provides an overview of bioinformatics and related topics across 7 parts:
Part I introduces bioinformatics and its areas including genomics, proteomics, computational biology, and databases.
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Part III focuses on the human genome project, its goals of identifying genes and sequencing DNA, and its benefits like improved medicine.
Part IV explains how the internet plays an important role in bioinformatics for retrieving biological information and resources like databases, tools, and software.
Part V describes different types of biological databases including primary, secondary, and composite databases that combine different sources.
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Search engines
- 1. “SEARCH ENGINES” MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
- 4. • Program that identifies a database • Corresponds to keywords specified by user • To find particular sites on World Wide Web
- 6. • It works by sending out a spider to fetch documents • An indexer then reads these documents and creates an index based on the words contained in each document
- 8. • The first full featured search engine was WebCrawler project that started in 1994 • The Lycos and Alta Vista appeared in 1995 and for many years was the major player in the field
- 9. • In 1997, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created Google as a research project at Stanford University • Google is now the most popular search engine in the world
- 12. • Crawlers • Directories • Hybrids • Meta
- 13. • CRAWLERS: • It uses a "spider" or a "crawler" to search the Internet • It digs through individual web pages, pulls out keywords • Then adds the pages to the search engine's database • EXAMPLES: • Google • Yahoo!
- 14. • DIRECTORIES: • Directories are human powered search engines • A website is submitted to the directory and must be approved for inclusion by editorial staff • EXAMPLES: • Open directory project • The internet public directory
- 15. • HYBRID: • Hybrids are a mix of crawlers and directories • Sometimes, you have a choice when you search whether to search the Web or a directory • Other times, you may receive both human powered results & crawler results for the same search • The human results are usually listed first
- 16. • META: • Search several other search engines at once • Combines the results into one list • While you get more results with meta search engines, the relevancy and quality of the results may sometimes suffer • EXAMPLES: • Dogpile • Clusty