This document provides information on root canal sealing and obturation materials and techniques. It discusses the criteria for selecting root canal filling materials, including gutta-percha, Resilon, and MTA. It also covers various root canal sealers like zinc oxide eugenol-based, calcium hydroxide-based, glass ionomer-based, and resin-based sealers. Finally, it summarizes different gutta-percha obturation techniques like cold lateral compaction, warm vertical compaction, thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection, carrier-based techniques, and others.
The defense mechanism of gingiva includes GCF, Saliva, epithelial barrier and connective tissue cells. All these protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion.
This document discusses periodontal pockets and various techniques for treating them, including gingivectomy. It defines different types of periodontal pockets and explores gingivectomy techniques like surgical gingivectomy and electro surgery gingivectomy. It also summarizes flap procedures like the modified Widman flap and apically repositioned flap. Osseous surgery principles and techniques are outlined for reshaping alveolar bone. The document concludes that surgical therapy provides greater benefit than non-surgical therapy for deeper initial periodontal disease levels.
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a serum transudate that forms in the gingival sulcus. It contains cells, bacteria, serum components, and host mediators that make it useful for periodontal monitoring and diagnosis. GCF forms through increased permeability of blood vessels in the sulcus or through an osmotic gradient. Its composition varies in health and disease, making biomarkers of host enzymes, tissue breakdown products, and inflammatory mediators clinically significant. While non-invasive collection methods exist, contamination and variable recovery pose challenges. Further research on GCF components may aid in diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal disease progression and treatment outcomes.
This document discusses root canal sealers, including their definition, requirements, functions, and classifications. It describes various common sealers such as zinc oxide eugenol sealers like Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer, Procosol, and Grossman Sealer. It also discusses non-eugenol sealers, medicated sealers, and calcium hydroxide based sealers. The document provides details on the composition, properties, advantages, disadvantages and uses of different sealers.
MANAGEMENT OF BRUXISM, LIP BITING AND MASOCHISTIC HABITSaanchalshruti
This document discusses the management of bruxism, lip biting, and masochistic habits. It defines bruxism as the habitual grinding of teeth not during chewing or swallowing. Causes of bruxism include occlusal discrepancies, magnesium deficiency, allergies, and overachieving personalities. Management includes occlusal splints, restorations, psychotherapy, relaxation training, acupuncture, and drugs. Lip biting is classified and its causes and management via correcting malocclusions, treating the habit, and using appliances are described. Masochistic habits are self-injurious behaviors seen more in mentally retarded individuals, and their management involves pharmacological, psychological, physical restraints, palliative, and
This document provides information on intracanal medicaments used in endodontic treatment. It defines intracanal medicaments as temporary medications placed in root canals to inhibit bacterial invasion and discusses their ideal requirements. Various commonly used medicaments are described, including their composition, mechanisms of action, and antimicrobial efficacy. In particular, it focuses on chlorhexidine, formocresol, calcium hydroxide, antibiotics, and corticosteroid combinations such as Ledermix paste. The document also reviews the root canal and deciduous tooth microflora that intracanal medicaments aim to eliminate.
O Double Cantilever Spring/Z-Spring é um aparelho ortodôntico removível construído de aço inoxidável em forma de duas hélices. Ele é usado para corrigir pequenos deslocamentos de um ou mais incisivos, como movimentos lingual-palatino ou correção de mordida cruzada anterior. Sua ativação envolve abrir as hélices para aumentar a distância entre os braços ativo e passivo.
The defense mechanism of gingiva includes GCF, Saliva, epithelial barrier and connective tissue cells. All these protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion.
This document discusses periodontal pockets and various techniques for treating them, including gingivectomy. It defines different types of periodontal pockets and explores gingivectomy techniques like surgical gingivectomy and electro surgery gingivectomy. It also summarizes flap procedures like the modified Widman flap and apically repositioned flap. Osseous surgery principles and techniques are outlined for reshaping alveolar bone. The document concludes that surgical therapy provides greater benefit than non-surgical therapy for deeper initial periodontal disease levels.
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a serum transudate that forms in the gingival sulcus. It contains cells, bacteria, serum components, and host mediators that make it useful for periodontal monitoring and diagnosis. GCF forms through increased permeability of blood vessels in the sulcus or through an osmotic gradient. Its composition varies in health and disease, making biomarkers of host enzymes, tissue breakdown products, and inflammatory mediators clinically significant. While non-invasive collection methods exist, contamination and variable recovery pose challenges. Further research on GCF components may aid in diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal disease progression and treatment outcomes.
This document discusses root canal sealers, including their definition, requirements, functions, and classifications. It describes various common sealers such as zinc oxide eugenol sealers like Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer, Procosol, and Grossman Sealer. It also discusses non-eugenol sealers, medicated sealers, and calcium hydroxide based sealers. The document provides details on the composition, properties, advantages, disadvantages and uses of different sealers.
MANAGEMENT OF BRUXISM, LIP BITING AND MASOCHISTIC HABITSaanchalshruti
This document discusses the management of bruxism, lip biting, and masochistic habits. It defines bruxism as the habitual grinding of teeth not during chewing or swallowing. Causes of bruxism include occlusal discrepancies, magnesium deficiency, allergies, and overachieving personalities. Management includes occlusal splints, restorations, psychotherapy, relaxation training, acupuncture, and drugs. Lip biting is classified and its causes and management via correcting malocclusions, treating the habit, and using appliances are described. Masochistic habits are self-injurious behaviors seen more in mentally retarded individuals, and their management involves pharmacological, psychological, physical restraints, palliative, and
This document provides information on intracanal medicaments used in endodontic treatment. It defines intracanal medicaments as temporary medications placed in root canals to inhibit bacterial invasion and discusses their ideal requirements. Various commonly used medicaments are described, including their composition, mechanisms of action, and antimicrobial efficacy. In particular, it focuses on chlorhexidine, formocresol, calcium hydroxide, antibiotics, and corticosteroid combinations such as Ledermix paste. The document also reviews the root canal and deciduous tooth microflora that intracanal medicaments aim to eliminate.
O Double Cantilever Spring/Z-Spring é um aparelho ortodôntico removível construído de aço inoxidável em forma de duas hélices. Ele é usado para corrigir pequenos deslocamentos de um ou mais incisivos, como movimentos lingual-palatino ou correção de mordida cruzada anterior. Sua ativação envolve abrir as hélices para aumentar a distância entre os braços ativo e passivo.
This document summarizes various risk factors associated with periodontal disease. It discusses both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, stress, drugs, systemic diseases, nutrition, genetics, socioeconomic status, and gender. Specific conditions like type 1 and type 2 diabetes are explained in more detail. The relationship between periodontal disease and various systemic conditions is also covered briefly.
The periodontal dressing is a physical barrier that is placed in the surgical site to protect the healing tissues from the forces produced during mastication, for comfort and close adaptation.
The document discusses gingival curettage, which involves using instruments to remove diseased soft tissue from periodontal pockets. It defines curettage and provides the history of the procedure. The basic technique is described as using curettes to scrape the inner lining of the pocket to remove ulcerated epithelium and damaged connective tissue. Indications include edematous pockets aiming to reduce inflammation and shrink tissue. Healing after curettage is examined through a study showing revascularization of the wound site over time.
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the microbial etiology of apical
periodontitis.
2. Describe the routes of entry of microorganisms to the
pulp and periradicular tissues.
3. Recognize the different types of endodontic infections
and the main microbial species involved in each one.
4. Understand the bacterial diversity within infected root
canals.
5. Describe the factors involved with symptomatic
endodontic infections.
6. Understand the ecology of the endodontic microbiota
and the features of the endodontic ecosystem.
7. Discuss the role of microorganisms in the outcome of
endodontic treatment.
8. Understand the development and implications of
extraradicular infections.
The document discusses gingival curettage, which involves scraping the lining of periodontal pockets to remove diseased soft tissue. It aims to reduce pocket depth and promote new connective tissue attachment. Gingival curettage specifically refers to removing tissue lateral to the pocket wall, while subgingival curettage is performed below the epithelial attachment to sever the connection to bone. The document outlines the procedure, healing process, indications, contraindications and potential complications of gingival curettage.
Periodontal dressings are materials placed over wounds created by periodontal surgery. They protect the wound, help maintain close adaptation of tissue flaps, and provide patient comfort by preventing bleeding and excessive tissue growth. Effective dressings are soft but become rigid, have a smooth surface to prevent irritation, and preferably have antibacterial properties. Common types include zinc oxide eugenol packs and non-eugenol packs. Dressings are typically kept in place for one week following surgery.
This document provides an overview of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). It begins with definitions of periodontal regeneration and GTR. It then discusses the history and development of GTR from the 1970s onwards. The core concept of GTR is explained, which is based on Melcher's hypothesis that only periodontal ligament cells can regenerate the periodontal attachment apparatus. Indications, contraindications, design criteria and objectives of GTR barriers are covered. The document classifies and compares advantages and disadvantages of absorbable versus non-absorbable membranes. Key factors affecting GTR outcomes are discussed. Surgical techniques and the healing of GTR-treated defects are described. The document concludes with additional considerations like complications and the
Fluid control and Soft tissue management in ProsthodonticsVinay Kadavakolanu
Fluid control and soft tissue management are important for maintaining a dry operating field during dental procedures. Moisture can be generated from saliva, blood, water, and gingival crevicular fluid. Both mechanical and chemical methods are used to control fluids. Mechanical methods include rubber dams, high volume suction, saliva ejectors, cotton rolls, and retraction cords. Chemical methods use anti-sialagogues or local anesthetics administered systemically, or vasoconstrictors and astringents applied topically via retraction cords. Recent advances allow for improved visibility, access, and infection control during procedures through advances in fluid control techniques.
Biodentine is a new tricalcium silicate-based restorative cement that can be used as a dentin substitute with superior physical and biological properties compared to MTA. It sets faster than MTA due to the addition of calcium chloride as an accelerator. Upon setting, Biodentine releases calcium ions that stimulate reparative dentin formation and pulp healing. Studies show Biodentine forms a stronger bond to dentin and achieves higher mechanical strengths than MTA, making it suitable for various restorative, endodontic and pulp capping procedures.
This document provides an overview of pulpectomy procedures for primary teeth. It discusses the classification of pulp diseases, causes of pulp involvement, and different techniques for performing pulpectomies. Pulpectomies can be either single-visit or multiple-visit procedures, and involve complete removal of the pulp tissue from both the pulp chamber and root canals, followed by disinfection and obturation of the canals. Successful pulpectomies aim to retain primary teeth as functional components and allow for normal exfoliation and eruption of permanent teeth.
1. Obturation is the process of filling and sealing the cleaned and shaped root canal using a root canal sealer and core material to eliminate pathways between the periodontium and root canal.
2. Ideal root canal filling materials are easily manipulated, seal completely and laterally, have adequate physical properties, set slowly with no shrinkage, are impervious to moisture, sterile or easily sterilized, radiopaque, and do not stain or encourage bacterial growth.
3. Common core filling materials include gutta-percha, Resilon, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), while common sealers include zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, and resin
This document discusses transalveolar extraction, also known as surgical extraction. It involves reflecting a muco-periosteal flap, cutting bone if needed, sectioning tooth roots, and removing the tooth. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages, and steps of the procedure including incisions, bone removal, tooth elevation, debridement, suturing, and post-operative instructions. Potential intraoperative and postoperative complications are also listed.
The document discusses the use of rubber dams in dentistry. Rubber dams isolate teeth from saliva during procedures to provide a dry, clean operating field. They were introduced in 1864 and advantages include improved visibility, access, and material properties. Placement involves punching holes in the dam, selecting a retainer clamp, and securing the dam over teeth. Proper isolation is important for preventing contamination and protecting patients and dentists.
This document summarizes different techniques for eliminating periodontal pockets, dividing them into non-surgical and surgical categories. Non-surgical techniques include oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing, and use of medications like tetracycline and metronidazole. Surgical techniques involve reducing pocket depth through procedures such as gingival curettage, gingivectomy, and various periodontal flap surgeries to expose root surfaces and remove inflamed tissue and pocket walls. Gingival curettage uses curettes or ultrasonic instruments to remove soft tissue from pocket walls, while gingivectomy surgically excises gingiva. Periodontal flap surgery techniques like the modified Widman flap and undis
The document discusses gingival curettage, which involves scraping diseased soft tissue from periodontal pockets. It describes different types of curettage including surgical, chemical, ultrasonic, and laser. Indications for curettage include shallow pockets and as maintenance treatment for recurrent inflammation. Contraindications include acute infections and pockets extending beyond the mucogingival junction. The procedure involves scraping the pocket wall with a curette. Excisional new attachment procedure is also discussed, which uses gingival incision followed by root planing. Healing after curettage involves blood clot formation, leukocyte proliferation, and re-epithelialization within 7 days.
Pathologic tooth migration (PTM) refers to tooth displacement resulting from a disturbance in factors that maintain normal tooth position. PTM is common in periodontal patients, with prevalence studies finding rates of 30-55%. The primary factor in PTM is periodontal bone loss resulting from periodontal disease. Other factors include occlusal changes from tooth loss, soft tissue pressures, oral habits, and periapical or gingival inflammation. Treatment involves periodontal therapy, sometimes with adjunctive orthodontics or prosthodontics, while prevention focuses on periodontal disease control and management of predisposing occlusal and habit factors.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
This document discusses various obturation techniques. It introduces lateral compaction and warm vertical compaction as two primary methods. Warm vertical compaction involves vertically compacting gutta-percha into the prepared canal with heated pluggers. Variations include single/continuous wave compaction. Warm lateral compaction uses an electrically heated spreader to laterally condense softened gutta-percha. The document provides details on the procedure, advantages, and limitations of different obturation methods.
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
Basic principles of removable partial denture design copyAbbasi Begum
The document discusses several key factors in designing removable partial dentures (RPDs) to minimize stress on abutment teeth, including:
1) Understanding biomechanics and the types of movements that occur in RPDs.
2) Factors like edentulous span length, ridge support, clasp design, and occlusal harmony influence the amount of stress transmitted.
3) Design considerations like indirect retainers, auxiliary rests, major/minor connectors, and extending the denture base help distribute forces and reduce stress.
Proper planning and following biomechanical principles leads to successful RPD designs.
This document discusses techniques for obturation of the root canal space. It begins with introducing obturation as the process of filling and sealing the cleaned and shaped root canal. It then discusses the objectives of root canal filling and requirements for ideal filling materials. Cold lateral compaction is described as the most commonly used obturation technique, involving drying the canal, applying sealer, inserting a master gutta-percha cone, and compacting additional cones into the canal with a spreader. Radiographs should be taken to check the fit of the master cone and amount of filling at intervals.
This document provides information on root canal obturation including the purpose, materials, techniques, and potential causes of failure. It discusses criteria for obturation such as absence of symptoms. Common obturation materials include gutta-percha, resins, and silver points used with sealers like zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and epoxy resin. Techniques covered are cold lateral condensation, warm lateral/vertical condensation, thermocompaction, and others. Potential causes of failure include inadequate apical, coronal, or lateral seals and over/under filling.
This document summarizes various risk factors associated with periodontal disease. It discusses both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, stress, drugs, systemic diseases, nutrition, genetics, socioeconomic status, and gender. Specific conditions like type 1 and type 2 diabetes are explained in more detail. The relationship between periodontal disease and various systemic conditions is also covered briefly.
The periodontal dressing is a physical barrier that is placed in the surgical site to protect the healing tissues from the forces produced during mastication, for comfort and close adaptation.
The document discusses gingival curettage, which involves using instruments to remove diseased soft tissue from periodontal pockets. It defines curettage and provides the history of the procedure. The basic technique is described as using curettes to scrape the inner lining of the pocket to remove ulcerated epithelium and damaged connective tissue. Indications include edematous pockets aiming to reduce inflammation and shrink tissue. Healing after curettage is examined through a study showing revascularization of the wound site over time.
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the microbial etiology of apical
periodontitis.
2. Describe the routes of entry of microorganisms to the
pulp and periradicular tissues.
3. Recognize the different types of endodontic infections
and the main microbial species involved in each one.
4. Understand the bacterial diversity within infected root
canals.
5. Describe the factors involved with symptomatic
endodontic infections.
6. Understand the ecology of the endodontic microbiota
and the features of the endodontic ecosystem.
7. Discuss the role of microorganisms in the outcome of
endodontic treatment.
8. Understand the development and implications of
extraradicular infections.
The document discusses gingival curettage, which involves scraping the lining of periodontal pockets to remove diseased soft tissue. It aims to reduce pocket depth and promote new connective tissue attachment. Gingival curettage specifically refers to removing tissue lateral to the pocket wall, while subgingival curettage is performed below the epithelial attachment to sever the connection to bone. The document outlines the procedure, healing process, indications, contraindications and potential complications of gingival curettage.
Periodontal dressings are materials placed over wounds created by periodontal surgery. They protect the wound, help maintain close adaptation of tissue flaps, and provide patient comfort by preventing bleeding and excessive tissue growth. Effective dressings are soft but become rigid, have a smooth surface to prevent irritation, and preferably have antibacterial properties. Common types include zinc oxide eugenol packs and non-eugenol packs. Dressings are typically kept in place for one week following surgery.
This document provides an overview of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). It begins with definitions of periodontal regeneration and GTR. It then discusses the history and development of GTR from the 1970s onwards. The core concept of GTR is explained, which is based on Melcher's hypothesis that only periodontal ligament cells can regenerate the periodontal attachment apparatus. Indications, contraindications, design criteria and objectives of GTR barriers are covered. The document classifies and compares advantages and disadvantages of absorbable versus non-absorbable membranes. Key factors affecting GTR outcomes are discussed. Surgical techniques and the healing of GTR-treated defects are described. The document concludes with additional considerations like complications and the
Fluid control and Soft tissue management in ProsthodonticsVinay Kadavakolanu
Fluid control and soft tissue management are important for maintaining a dry operating field during dental procedures. Moisture can be generated from saliva, blood, water, and gingival crevicular fluid. Both mechanical and chemical methods are used to control fluids. Mechanical methods include rubber dams, high volume suction, saliva ejectors, cotton rolls, and retraction cords. Chemical methods use anti-sialagogues or local anesthetics administered systemically, or vasoconstrictors and astringents applied topically via retraction cords. Recent advances allow for improved visibility, access, and infection control during procedures through advances in fluid control techniques.
Biodentine is a new tricalcium silicate-based restorative cement that can be used as a dentin substitute with superior physical and biological properties compared to MTA. It sets faster than MTA due to the addition of calcium chloride as an accelerator. Upon setting, Biodentine releases calcium ions that stimulate reparative dentin formation and pulp healing. Studies show Biodentine forms a stronger bond to dentin and achieves higher mechanical strengths than MTA, making it suitable for various restorative, endodontic and pulp capping procedures.
This document provides an overview of pulpectomy procedures for primary teeth. It discusses the classification of pulp diseases, causes of pulp involvement, and different techniques for performing pulpectomies. Pulpectomies can be either single-visit or multiple-visit procedures, and involve complete removal of the pulp tissue from both the pulp chamber and root canals, followed by disinfection and obturation of the canals. Successful pulpectomies aim to retain primary teeth as functional components and allow for normal exfoliation and eruption of permanent teeth.
1. Obturation is the process of filling and sealing the cleaned and shaped root canal using a root canal sealer and core material to eliminate pathways between the periodontium and root canal.
2. Ideal root canal filling materials are easily manipulated, seal completely and laterally, have adequate physical properties, set slowly with no shrinkage, are impervious to moisture, sterile or easily sterilized, radiopaque, and do not stain or encourage bacterial growth.
3. Common core filling materials include gutta-percha, Resilon, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), while common sealers include zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, and resin
This document discusses transalveolar extraction, also known as surgical extraction. It involves reflecting a muco-periosteal flap, cutting bone if needed, sectioning tooth roots, and removing the tooth. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages, and steps of the procedure including incisions, bone removal, tooth elevation, debridement, suturing, and post-operative instructions. Potential intraoperative and postoperative complications are also listed.
The document discusses the use of rubber dams in dentistry. Rubber dams isolate teeth from saliva during procedures to provide a dry, clean operating field. They were introduced in 1864 and advantages include improved visibility, access, and material properties. Placement involves punching holes in the dam, selecting a retainer clamp, and securing the dam over teeth. Proper isolation is important for preventing contamination and protecting patients and dentists.
This document summarizes different techniques for eliminating periodontal pockets, dividing them into non-surgical and surgical categories. Non-surgical techniques include oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing, and use of medications like tetracycline and metronidazole. Surgical techniques involve reducing pocket depth through procedures such as gingival curettage, gingivectomy, and various periodontal flap surgeries to expose root surfaces and remove inflamed tissue and pocket walls. Gingival curettage uses curettes or ultrasonic instruments to remove soft tissue from pocket walls, while gingivectomy surgically excises gingiva. Periodontal flap surgery techniques like the modified Widman flap and undis
The document discusses gingival curettage, which involves scraping diseased soft tissue from periodontal pockets. It describes different types of curettage including surgical, chemical, ultrasonic, and laser. Indications for curettage include shallow pockets and as maintenance treatment for recurrent inflammation. Contraindications include acute infections and pockets extending beyond the mucogingival junction. The procedure involves scraping the pocket wall with a curette. Excisional new attachment procedure is also discussed, which uses gingival incision followed by root planing. Healing after curettage involves blood clot formation, leukocyte proliferation, and re-epithelialization within 7 days.
Pathologic tooth migration (PTM) refers to tooth displacement resulting from a disturbance in factors that maintain normal tooth position. PTM is common in periodontal patients, with prevalence studies finding rates of 30-55%. The primary factor in PTM is periodontal bone loss resulting from periodontal disease. Other factors include occlusal changes from tooth loss, soft tissue pressures, oral habits, and periapical or gingival inflammation. Treatment involves periodontal therapy, sometimes with adjunctive orthodontics or prosthodontics, while prevention focuses on periodontal disease control and management of predisposing occlusal and habit factors.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
This document discusses various obturation techniques. It introduces lateral compaction and warm vertical compaction as two primary methods. Warm vertical compaction involves vertically compacting gutta-percha into the prepared canal with heated pluggers. Variations include single/continuous wave compaction. Warm lateral compaction uses an electrically heated spreader to laterally condense softened gutta-percha. The document provides details on the procedure, advantages, and limitations of different obturation methods.
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
Basic principles of removable partial denture design copyAbbasi Begum
The document discusses several key factors in designing removable partial dentures (RPDs) to minimize stress on abutment teeth, including:
1) Understanding biomechanics and the types of movements that occur in RPDs.
2) Factors like edentulous span length, ridge support, clasp design, and occlusal harmony influence the amount of stress transmitted.
3) Design considerations like indirect retainers, auxiliary rests, major/minor connectors, and extending the denture base help distribute forces and reduce stress.
Proper planning and following biomechanical principles leads to successful RPD designs.
This document discusses techniques for obturation of the root canal space. It begins with introducing obturation as the process of filling and sealing the cleaned and shaped root canal. It then discusses the objectives of root canal filling and requirements for ideal filling materials. Cold lateral compaction is described as the most commonly used obturation technique, involving drying the canal, applying sealer, inserting a master gutta-percha cone, and compacting additional cones into the canal with a spreader. Radiographs should be taken to check the fit of the master cone and amount of filling at intervals.
This document provides information on root canal obturation including the purpose, materials, techniques, and potential causes of failure. It discusses criteria for obturation such as absence of symptoms. Common obturation materials include gutta-percha, resins, and silver points used with sealers like zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and epoxy resin. Techniques covered are cold lateral condensation, warm lateral/vertical condensation, thermocompaction, and others. Potential causes of failure include inadequate apical, coronal, or lateral seals and over/under filling.
Gutta percha and sealers are the most commonly used materials for root canal obturation. Gutta percha exists in alpha, beta, and gamma forms with different properties and is made of gutta-percha polymer, zinc oxide, and waxes or resins. It has advantages like biocompatibility and ability to adapt to canal irregularities but lacks rigidity and adhesive properties. Sealers are used to adhere gutta percha to canal walls and come in various formulations like zinc oxide-eugenol, resin, and glass ionomer based. An ideal sealer makes a hermetic seal, is biocompatible, and insoluble in tissue fluids.
Advances in obturation system in endodontics /certified fixed orthodontic co...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
In this lecture I explain the basic concept of root canal filling or what called obturation. The lectures discuss different techniques used in that matter in step-by-step fashion and explanatory pictures.
It is directed to the level of undergraduate mind.
Root canal obturation involves filling the entire root canal system to eliminate pathways for leakage and infection. It is a critical step in endodontic therapy. Common materials used are gutta percha, which is available in various forms, and root canal sealers. Gutta percha is softened with heat and adapted to the canal. Sealers are used to coat the canal walls and improve the seal between the gutta percha and dentin. Cold lateral compaction is a common technique where a master cone is placed and subsequent accessory cones are laterally compacted alongside spreaders to completely fill the canal space.
Recent advances in obturation techniques/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses root canal obturation materials and procedures. It begins by defining obturation and outlining the objectives of root canal filling, including sealing the canal to prevent reinfection and promote healing. Ideal properties of filling materials are described. Materials are classified as solid core materials or sealers. Common solid core materials discussed are gutta percha and Resilon. Common sealers discussed include zinc oxide-eugenol, epoxy resin, and calcium silicate-based sealers. The document concludes by noting the importance of following proven techniques while also advancing materials to potentially promote tissue regeneration.
Obturation dr gaurav garg- 17-11-2013 & 24-11-13gazi670
The document discusses root canal obturation techniques. It describes the selection of a spreader that matches the taper of the prepared canal and can be placed within 2 mm of the working length. The selection of a master cone that has the same diameter as the master apical file and fits within the canal with resistance is also discussed. Lateral condensation is summarized as a technique where sealer is applied, the master cone placed, and accessory cones compacted into the canal space using spreaders until the canal is filled to the cervical line. Radiographic evaluation is used to check the quality of the obturation.
This document discusses apexification and indirect pulp capping procedures. Apexification is used to induce calcification at the open apex of an immature tooth to allow for root canal treatment. Materials used include calcium hydroxide, tricalcium phosphate, and MTA. Calcium hydroxide is placed in the canal and replaced every 3 months until radiographic evidence of apical barrier formation. MTA can also be used by placing it at the apex. Indirect pulp capping covers the deepest carious dentin with a biocompatible material like calcium hydroxide to prevent pulpal exposure while removing infected dentin, allowing for pulp preservation.
This document discusses different techniques for root canal obturation using gutta-percha. It describes lateral compaction technique which involves using a master gutta-percha cone coated with sealer followed by accessory cones compacted laterally using spreaders. It also describes vertical compaction technique involving softening gutta-percha segments using heated pluggers to vertically compact it filling the entire canal space. The document provides details on properties, types and advantages and disadvantages of various gutta-percha obturation techniques.
This document provides an overview of dental casting procedures and defects. It defines casting and describes the main steps which include making a wax pattern, spruing, investing, burnout of the wax, casting with different methods, cleaning the casting, and finishing and polishing. It also discusses common casting defects such as distortion, surface roughness, porosity, and missing details. The document is intended to educate dental students and professionals about casting techniques and potential defects.
The document discusses various methods and materials for obturation of the root canal space. It describes the ideal properties of root canal filling materials like gutta-percha and sealers. Several techniques for obturation are outlined, including single cone, lateral compaction, vertical compaction, warm gutta-percha compaction, and thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha. The importance of coronal sealing with temporary and permanent restorations is also highlighted.
This document contains answers to frequently asked questions about plate heat exchangers from an expert with over 40 years of experience. It addresses questions about assembly, leakage, horizontal installation, pressure spikes, reduced heat load, backflushing, certification, deformed plates, gasket types, corrosion detection, and corrosion rates for plates used in sulfuric acid applications. The expert provides concise explanations and recommendations for each topic based on his extensive expertise with plate heat exchangers.
This document provides information on root canal filling techniques and materials. It discusses the purpose of root canal fillings, which is to prevent bacterial spread and reinfection. Common instruments used include lentulo spirals and spreaders. Gutta percha points are the most widely used obturation material. Sealers are also essential to fill spaces and irregularities. Common sealers discussed include zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and resins. The document describes various root filling techniques such as single cone, lateral condensation, warm vertical compaction, and thermomechanical compaction. It emphasizes the importance of the coronal seal in preventing microleakage.
This document provides information on various water and wastewater treatment equipment from PPAQUATECH. It includes details on diffused aeration equipment like fine bubble and coarse bubble diffusers. It also describes media options for biological treatment like tube settlers, SAFF media, bio-pack media. Filters mentioned include multi-grade filters, sand filters, and activated carbon filters. The document provides technical specifications and features of the different equipment.
This document discusses obturation techniques in endodontics. It begins with defining obturation and its objectives, which are to eliminate leakage and seal any irritants remaining in the root canal. Next, it classifies root canal filling materials and lists the ideal requirements of core materials and sealers. The document then describes various obturation techniques including cold lateral compaction, chemically plasticized gutta percha, and various warm gutta percha techniques like vertical compaction and thermo-mechanical compaction. It provides details on techniques like System B and Touch n' Heat and concludes by stating that controlling heat and filling voids are important aspects of obturation.
This document provides an overview of the casting process used in dentistry. It discusses the history of lost wax casting techniques dating back to the Bronze Age. The key steps of the casting procedure are described, including making the wax pattern, adding a sprue, investing in a refractory material, and burning out the wax prior to casting. Common casting defects are also outlined relating to distortion, discoloration, porosities and other issues. Causes of defects are correlated to specific steps in the procedure. Details are provided on factors that influence optimal wax pattern design, sprue design and investment selection and parameters.
This document provides information on various aspects of obturation in endodontics. It discusses the objectives of obturation, commonly used root canal filling materials like gutta percha and cements, and techniques like lateral condensation and warm vertical compaction. It also covers topics like root canal sealers, rejuvenation of aged gutta percha, advantages and disadvantages of different filling materials like silver points, and factors affecting the success of obturation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
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2. SEALER AND OBTURATING
MATERIALS
GUIDED BY-
DR.ARUN VERMA
DR.SWAPAN RAI
DR.ASHUTOSH PRATAP SINGH
PRESENTED BY
NANDLAL(INTERN)
2015-16 BATCH
CHANDRA DENTAL COLLEGE &
HOSPITAL
3. POINTS SHOULD BE CONSIDERS BEFORE CHOOSING THE ROOT
CANAL FILLING MATERIALS-
Easy to
introduced in
root canal.
Seal the canal
laterally and
apically
Should not
shrink after
insertion
Set slowly
Impervious
to moisture
Bactericidal
Radiopaque
Should not
affect the
tooth
structure
Sterile &
easily
removable
4. HISTORICAL SOLID CORE FILLING
MATERIALS-
• For the past 50 years SILVER CONES have
been used.
• Stiffer than GP.
• It corrod with saliva & become toxic.
• Dificult to remove for retreatment.
• Hence, these are no longer in use.
5. CURRENTLY USED SOLID CORE
FILLING MATERIALS-
These are of three types
Gutta percha
Resilon
MTA
6. (1) Gutta-percha-
• Most often used in dentistry.
• Introduced by Bowman in 1867.
COMPOSITION
20%
66%
11%
3%
GUTTA PERCHA
(MATRIX)
ZINC OXIDE
(FILLER)
HEAVY METAL
SULFATE
(RADIOPACIFIER)
WAXES OR RESINS
(PLASTICIZER)
20%
66%
11%
3%
7. CHARACTERSTICS
Rigid natural latex.
Produce by the tree of genus PALAGUIUM
GUTTA.
Exits in Alpha & Beta crystalline forms.
Beta solid become Alpha tacky after heat.
BETA used in lateral condensation techniques.
Alpha used in thermoplasticized techniques.
Can be sterilize by 5.25% NaOcl for 1 minute.
8. PROPERTIES
Dose not shrink after insertion until
plasticized.
Radiopaque.
Easily removable.
Least toxic & irritating.
9. SIZE & TAPER
Conventional size
• Extra fine
• Fine
• Medium fine
• Fine medium
• Medium
• Large
• Extra large
Standardized size
• ISO 2% from size
no. 15-140
• 4 or 6% tapered
• Protaper F1,F2 &
F3
10. (2) RESILON-
High performance polyurethane.
Alternative to GP.
Always used with resin sealers.
COMPOSITION
POLYCAPROLACT
ONE CORE
MATERIAL
BIOACTIVE
GLASS
DIFUNCTIONAL
METHACRYLATE
RESIN
BISMITH &
BARIUM
SALT(FILLERS &
PIGMENTS)
11. * This system can be placed using
Lateral compaction
Warm vertical compaction
Thermoplastic injection
• Available in ISO-Sized points &
pallets for use with obtura-III
• Long term clinical traits required to
recomned at the place of GP.
12. (3) MTA(Mineral Trioxide Aggregate)-
* Used because of its superior physiochemical
& bioactive properties.
INDICATIONS
Teeth with open apices.
Retreatment with MTA obturation.
Internal resorption.
Dens in dente.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Difficulty in retreatment in curved canals.
Potential for discoloration especially when used in
anterior esthetic zone.
13. ROOT CANAL SEALERS-
Used in conjunction with biologically acceptable semisolid or solid
obturating material to establish an adequate seal.
CRITERIA TO CHOOSE-
~ Excellent seal when set
~ Adequate adhesion
~ Radiopaque
~ Non-staining
~ Stable
~ Easily mixed & introduced
~ Easily removable
~ Bactercidal
~ Slow setting to ensure ~sufficent working time
14. Zinc oxide
eugenol based
sealers-
(A) Gross man’s
formula
(B) Roth’s 801
(C) Tubliseal
Calcium
hydroxide based
sealers
(A) Sealapex
(B) Apexit
Glass ionomer
based sealers
Resin based
sealers
(A) AH plus
(B) AH26
(C) Epiphany
(D) Diaket
CLASSIFICATION
16. Gross man’s cement –
Harden in 2 hrs at 37c .
Set in root canal within 10-30 min because of
moisture in dentin.
The spatulation time depends on the no of drops
of liquid used a minute per drop.
Proper consistency test should be done by “string
out” 1 inch without breaking or dropping in 10-15
sec from spatula.
Inserted with lentulo spiral or master cone.
17. (2) CALCIUM HYDROXIDE BASED
SEALERS-
These are developed for the their anti-microbial & osteogenic-
cementogenic potential.
SEALAPEX-
* Non-eugenol
* Calcium hydroxide polymeric resin root canal sealer available in base
catalyst system
COMPOSITION
BASE CONTAINS
1- Zinc oxide
2- Calcium hydroxide
3- Butyl benzene
4- Sulftonamide
5- Zinc stearate
CATALYST CONTAINS
1- Resin
2- Isobutyl salicylate
3- Barium sulfate
4- Titanium dioxide
5- Aerosol
18. (3) GLASS IONOMER BASED
SEALERS-
Applied because of their dentin
bonding ability.
Eg- RETAC Endo( 3M ESPE).
Not used because difficulty in
removing the sealer in retreatment.
19. (4) RESIN BASED SEALES-
AH plus modified formulation of AH26 & does
not release formaldehyde.
COMPOSITION
Paste A
- Epoxy resin
- Calcium tungstate
- Zirconium oxide
- Silica
- Iron oxide
Paste B
- Adamantaneamine-N
- Calcium tungstate
- Zirconium oxide
- Silica-silicone oil
21. GUTTA PERCHA OBTURATION
TECHNIQUES-
There are 8 techniques we use in obturation
(1) Cold lateral compaction
(2) Warm compaction(warm gutta percha)
(a) Vertical
(b) lateral
(3) Continous wave compaction technique
(4) Thermoplasticized gutta percha injection
(5) Carrier based gutta percha
(a) Thermafil thermoplasticized
(b) Simplifill sectional obturation
(6) McSpadden thermomechanical compaction
(7) Chemically plasticized gutta percha
(8) Custom cone
22. (1) Cold lateral compaction-
-Clinical consideration-
1- Sealer consideration-
Sealer application can be performed using a LENTULO
SPIRAL or with master cone gutta percha itself.
2- Spreader consideration-
The greater the space b/w the canal wall and the butt end of
the gutta percha, the larger(wider) the spreader used.
3- Master cone consideration-
Should be same as master apical file size. Minimum force
should be applied to avoid root fracture.
Additional secondary cones are inserted confirm that the canal
is fully compacted laterally.
4- Several radiograph must taken to check the accuracy of the
procedure.
5- After the verification the butt end of the gutta percha is cutt
of with the help of hot instruments.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. Techniques of the cold lateral compaction
Isolation and drying
the canal with paper
points
Selection of master
cone (same as master
apical file)
Checking for apical
“TUG BACK”
Radiographic
verification of
master cone fit
Short of the apex
Working length
Beyond the apex
If master cone goes
beyond the apex the
tip should be cut off
so that the reinserted
primary cone fit
snugly at the working
length.
Sealer manipulation
Master cone inserted till
working length 1 mm
shorter
The spreader is
disengaged
Post obturation
radiograph
Irrigation,recapit
ulation, &
shaping of canal,
Another primary
GP is fitted
38. Limitations
* Presence of voids in b/w the filling.
* Increased sealer:GP ratio compare to
thermoplasticized technique.
* Warm compaction technique have better
ability to seal intracanal defects and lateral
canal than cold lateral compaction.
39. (2) WARM COMPACTION METHOD
(WARM GUTTA PERCHA)-
A. Warm vertical compaction B.Warm lateral compaction
Introduced by Schilder with
objective of filling the Main root
canal as well as lateral and accessory
canals using heated
pluggers,pressure applied in vertical
direction to heat softened gutta
percha thereby cause it to flow and
to fill the entire lumen of canal.
Advantage-
Excellent seal
Obturation of large lateral &
accessory canals
Disadvantage-
Time taking , risk of vertical root
fracture
It involves placement of master
cone & lateral compaction using
heat carriers such as Endotec II
tips9Medidenta) & Endotwinn
tips(Hu-friedy).
The device is placed beside the
master cone.
Accessory cones are then placed
and the process repeated unit the
canal is filledS.
40.
41. (3)CONTINOUS WAVE
COMPACTION TECHNIQUE-
Variation of warm vertical compaction technique
Introduced by Buchanan.
Uses tapered nickel titanium system to prepare the canal.
Pluggers are selected in consistence with the size of the
shaping instruments used.
Tapered pluggers #.06, #.08, #.10, #.12 with the tip diameter
similar to tapered gutta percha point , respectively are
employed.
The procedure is carried out with a heat carrier
system(system B , sybronEndo).
42. (4)THERMOPLASTICIZED GUTTA PERCHA
INJECTION TECHNIQUE-
This technique comprises a pressure of an insulated
electrically heated syringe barrel & a selection of needle
ranging from 18-25 gauge size.
The plunger is designed to prevent backward flow of the GP.
The degree of heat is regulated to provide proper extraction
of the GP according to the size of needle.
Eg-Obtura III (it heats the GP
The needle selection will be 3-5mm short then the working
length.
LIMITATION-
Lack of precision in delivering the GP near the apical
foramen & the beyond.
43.
44. (5)CARRIER BASED GUTTA PERCHA
TECHNIQUES-
Thermafil
Thermoplasticize
d Technique
Thermafil
obturation
Technique
Next slide
Simplifill sectional
obturation
technique(lightspeed
technology Inc.)
=It is carrier based sectional
gutta percha obturation system.
-The simplifill carrier has an
apical 5mmplug of gutta percha
which perform cold sectional
obturation of the root canal.
-The carrier size is choosen
according to the diameter of the
master apical file(MAF)
-The handle of the carrier is
roatated quickly in the
counterclock wise direction
three to four times to disengage
the apical plug of GP from
carrier
-carrier based GP
obturation system
-a plastic core carrier coated
with alpha phase GP.
-The obturation are used in
conjucation with a heating
device known as the
Thermaprep plus oven(for
10 sec the carrier is put in
the oven)
45.
46. (6)McSPADDEN
THERMOMECHANICAL
COMPACTION METHOD-
-Introduced by McSpadden.
-uses heat to decrease gutta percha viscosity & increase its plasticity.
-the heat is created by rotating a compacting instrument in a slow speed
contra angle handpiece at 8000-10,000 RPM alongside GP cone inside the
root canal.
-This method used only to fill the straight canals.
ADVANTAGE
-Ease of selection and
insertion of GP cones.
-Economy of time.
-Rapid filling of canals.
DISADVANTAGE
-inability to use the technique in
narrow canals.
-frequent breakage of compactor
blades.
-overfilling of canal.
48. (7)CHEMICALLY PLASTICIZED GUTTA PERCHA
TECHNIQUE(EUCAPERCHA,CHLOROPERCHA
-GP can be plasticized by chemical solvents such
as chloroform,eucalyptol or xylol.
-Disadvantage is its ability to control
overfilling,with resultant periapical tissue
reaction and shrinkage of the filling after
setting,resulting in poor apical and lateral seal.
-this technique is no longer recommended.
49. (8) CUSTOM CONE TECHNIQUE-
Soften the tip of the master cone with chloroform for few second
and gently place it to the working length with a locking plier.