This document provides an overview of Software-Defined Networking (SDN). It discusses how SDN decouples the network control plane from the forwarding plane, allowing for centralized control and programmability. The key components of the SDN architecture include OpenFlow switches, an SDN controller, and northbound and southbound APIs. OpenFlow is described as the primary southbound protocol, allowing the controller to program how packets are handled by switches. Example applications of SDN mentioned are network slicing and multi-tenancy in cloud computing. Challenges for SDN adoption are also noted.

1. SOFTWARE-DEFINED
NETWORKING(SDN)
A New Approach to Networking
Anju Ann Joseph
Semester: VII Batch: C
B-Tech Seminar Sept 2013

2. 2
Seminar Overview
Introduction
Why we need new approach?
Why not traditional networks?
SDN Architecture
OpenFlow Approach
Virtual Network Overlay Approach
Challenges & Future Expectation
Conclusion

3. 3
Introduction
Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an evolutionary
approach to network design and functionality based on
the ability to programmatically modify the behavior of
network devices.
SDN uses user-customizable and configurable software
that’s independent of hardware to expand data flow
control.
It will make networks more flexible, dynamic, and cost-
efficient, while greatly simplifying operational
complexity.

4. 4
The Need for a New Network Architecture
Changing Traffic Pattern
The Rise of Cloud Services
Consumerization of IT
“Big data” means more bandwidth
Percentageofnetworktraffic

5.  Control plane:
Routing algorithms
5
 Management plane:
Configure basic activities
 Data Forwarding plane:
Packet streaming
Traditional Computer Networks
Data flow is controlled by switches and routers and contains
the following basic elements:

6. Traditional Networks worked well…
6
Hardware based networks have historically shown that
they were stable and reliable.
Operational capacities were quickly regained after a
power loss, without significant external interventions.
Operated consistently in varying environments.

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1
2
Limitations of Current Networking
Technologies
Complexity that leads to Static Nature
Inconsistent Policies
Inability to Scale
Vendor Dependence
3
4

8. Introducing Software-Defined Networking
8
Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging network
architecture where network control plane is decoupled from
forwarding plane and is directly programmable.
Lead by Open Networking Foundation(ONF)
SDN-enabled control plane allows the underlying
infrastructure to be abstracted
Network appears to the applications as a
single, logical switch entity

9. SDN Architecture
OpenFlow Switches
9
SDN Control Software
Business Appl Business Appl Business Appl
Northbound API
Southbound API(eg. OpenFlow)
INFRASTRUCTURE
LAYER
CONTROL
LAYER
APPLICATION
LAYER

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API
Specifies how software components should interact each
other.
API’s makes it possible to implement basic network functions
like path computation, loop avoidance, routing, security and
many other tasks.
Southbound API
Northbound API
Allows controller to define the behaviour
of switches at the bottom of the
architecture
Provides a network abstraction interface to
the applications and management systems
at the top of the architecture

11. SDN Controller
11
The controller is the core of an SDN network.
By running the control plane as software, the controller
facilitates automated network management and makes it
easier to integrate and administer applications.
SDN controllers uses protocols such as OpenFlow to
configure network devices
It manages flow control to enable intelligent networking.

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OpenFlow is a protocol that is used to define the
communication interface between the control and forwarding
layers.
It provides direct access to and manipulation of the forwarding
plane of network devices.
Uses the concept of flows to identify network traffic.
Approach

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OpenFlow-enabled Switch
Controller
Secure
Channel
Group
Table
Flow
Table
Flow
Table
OpenFlow protocol
OpenFlow switch
Components:
Flow table & Group table
Perform packet lookups and forwarding
OpenFlow channel
Interface that connects a switch to a
controller
Two types
OpenFlow-hybrid
OpenFlow-only
Pipeline
Pipeline process: Maintains sending of packets between flow
tables by matching flow entries.

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OpenFlow Ports
Logically connects each OpenFlow switch
Types of ports: standard logical reserved
OpenFlow Packet header
Version Type Length of Msg Transaction id
0 7 15 31 63
Flow Table

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Inside OpenFlow
Packet arrives at switch
Header fields compared
to flow table entries
Forwarded to
specified port
DroppedOREncapsulates packets and
sends to controller
Controller decides
Drops Make new entry in
flow table
OR
Match FoundMatch Not Found

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Message Types
Controller-to-switch messages
• Modify-state
• Read-state
• Packet-out/in
• Barrier
• Role-Request
Asynchronous messages
• Packet-in
• Flow-removed
• Port-status
Symmetric messages
• Hello message
• Echo request/reply

17. Benefits of OpenFlow Approach
17
Centralized Control
Reduced Complexity through Automation
Higher rate of Innovation
Increased Network Reliability and Security

18. Use Case: Network Slicing among
large Data Centers
18
Large Data centers have to accommodate many access requests,
each seeking a unique policy and security requirements.
SDN helps to overcome this by creating logical isolated networks
and allow them to be partitioned using slicing technique.
Involves abstraction of control plane management, out of each
network device into a centralized controller via OpenFlow protocol,
helps isolated networks to grow within themselves and also
communicate with other networks.

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Few vendors who have produced OpenFlow
enabled network switches
Few OpenFlow based SDN Controllers
Programmed in
C++/Python on Linux
framework
Java based controller
Focuses on achieving
better performance
using multithreading
MX series IBM Rack Switch

20. 20
Virtual Network Overlays(VNO)
Approach
It creates a virtual network infrastructure for the underlying
physical network.
Using VNO concept, the physical network is partitioned into
multiple logical networks that can be individually
programmed and managed.

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VNOs are based on a ‘map-and-encap’ approach:
1. Mapping performed to find the destination address of the
packet
2. Overlay device encapsulates the packet within an overlay
header
3. Encapsulated packet is forwarded to destination where it is
de-encapsulated
Scheme followed by VNO- Tunneling Scheme
Ex:
VXLAN(Virtual Extensible LAN)

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VXLAN(Virtual Extensible LAN)
It is a tunneling scheme to overlay Layer2 networks on Layer3.
Virtual LANs (VLAN) have similar functioning, but its specifications only
allow for up to 4,096 network IDs to be assigned at any given time.
Extends the VLAN address space by adding a 24-bit segment ID (VNI)and
increasing the number of available IDs to 16 million.
VNI can differentiate individual logical networks so millions of isolated
Layer 2 networks can co-exist on a common Layer 3 infrastructure.
With VLANs, only virtual machines (VMs) within the same logical network
can communicate with each other. VXLAN can potentially allow network
engineers to migrate VMs across long distances.

23. Use Case: Multi-tenancy in Cloud
Computing Environment
23
In a cloud environment, abstraction of the
management layer becomes important to
enable more interaction of applications with
the networking elements.
The virtual network overlay abstracts the
underlying physical network, which allows
the overlay to move to other physical
networks.
Virtual Network Overlay
stack for Cloud
OpenStack
OpenStack Plug-in
Rest API
Virtual Network Switch
Hypervisor
Tenant 1 Tenant 2 Tenant 3
VXLAN

24. Challenge
24
To support co-existence with existing devices the existing
technologies must have additional enhancement.
For ex, the existing standard path computation elements
in routers are not sufficient, they need to be enhanced.
Future Expectation
To find a unique SDN approach.

25. Some Frequently Raised Questions..
25
Why is SDN taking so long to adopt?
• Enterprises confused about how SDN will specifically
save them on network costs
• No compelling use-cases
Is SDN and network virtualization same?
• similar goals
• overlapping sets of technologies

26. Conclusion
26
SDN promises to transform today’s static networks into
flexible ,scalable, programmable platforms with the
intelligence to allocate resources dynamically.
With its many advantages and astonishing industry
momentum, SDN is on the way to become- the new
approach for networking.

27. References
27
[1]:Kapil Bakshi,“Considerations for Software Defined
Networking(SDN):Approaches and Use Cases,” IEEE Aerospace
Conference, March 2013.
[2]:“Software-Defined Networking: The New Norm for Networks,”
Open Networking Foundation(ONF) White Paper, April 2012.
[3]:“Software Defined Networking: A new paradigm for
virtual, dynamic, flexible networking,” IBM Systems and Technology
Thought Leadership White Paper, October 2012.
[4]: Hyojoon Kim and Nick Feamster, “Improving network
management using SDN,” IEEE Communications
Magazine, February 2013, pp.114-119.

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Got any
Questions?

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