Pressure cooker works hand in hand with the workin g woman. This is happening because of saving in tim e & energy. It means that pressure cooker become the in evitable item in kitchen. If we concentrate on the analysis of inner lid of the pressure cooker,it is highly bene ficial for everyone. That is why we concentrate on the possible shapes of lids of pressure cooker. The existing pre ssure cooker is of two type i. e. inner lid and out er lid type. The shape of existing inner lid pressure cooker is gene rally having elliptical shape. This shape is becaus e of locking & easy handling. The different alternatives are arisi ng. Out of which the best alternative found is the circular shape having straight edges at the edges. The modificatio n suggested here is also serving the same purposes as like the previous one. The advantages obtained here are also giving better result for locking,increase the hea t transfer area & saving in cooling time for food in measurable way as compare with the elliptical inner lid pressure c ooker. The result obtained will be definitely good comparing w ith the old model. Here simple & thermal stress ana lysis had been done by finite element method for the load & t emperature stability.
Vapor compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerants,
Coefficient of performance, Capacity, Factors affecting Refrigeration and Air conditioning
system performance and savings opportunities.
Vapor absorption refrigeration system: Working principle, Types and comparison with
vapor compression system, Saving potential
Vapor compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerants,
Coefficient of performance, Capacity, Factors affecting Refrigeration and Air conditioning
system performance and savings opportunities.
Vapor absorption refrigeration system: Working principle, Types and comparison with
vapor compression system, Saving potential
Condensers and evaporators are basically heat exchangers in which the refrigerant undergoes a phase change. Next to compressors, proper design and selection of condensers and evaporators is very important for satisfactory performance of any refrigeration system.
The primary operate of a desuperheater is to lower the temperature of superheated steam or alternative vapors. This chilling is accomplished as a results of the method vapor being brought into direct contact with another liquid like water. The injected water is then evaporated.
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency of industrial furnaces. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HELICAL TUBE IN COIL TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERhemantnehete
Heat exchangers are the important engineering systems with wide variety of applications including power plants, nuclear reactors, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, heat recovery systems, chemical processing and food industries. Helical coil configuration is very effective for heat exchangers and chemical reactors because they can accommodate a large heat transfer area in a small space, with high heat transfer coefficients. This project focus on an increase in the effectiveness of a heat exchanger and analysis of various parameters that affect the effectiveness of a heat exchanger and also deals with the performance analysis of heat exchanger by varying various parameters like number of coils, flow rate and temperature. The results of the helical tube heat exchanger are compared with the straight tube heat exchanger in both parallel and counter flow by varying parameters like temperature, flow rate of cold water and number of turns of helical coil.
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Oil Cum gas Fired Boilers (Except Small size in Oil fired ) are three pass wet pack, horizontal, smoke tube type fusion welded. Boiler are made to IBR / DIN / BS / ASME code.Components are Engineered for maximum safety, Highest Efficiency, dependability and quite operation. Wet back Models eliminate rear end refractory and its inherent maintenance cost,reduces stress of rear tube sheet and ligament cracking, radiant heat is eliminated, lengthening tube life and reducing heat loss from rear turn around.
1. Fully wet - back design effectively absorbs radiant heat into the water, keeping tube ends and rear of coiler cooler than in dry back design.
2. Three passes extract maximum useble heat from the fuel.
3. Large water - surrounded furnace tube assures complete combustion and heat absorption without flame impingement.
CONSTRUCTION
ENERGYPACK Boilers are three pass wet back, horizontal, smoke tube type fusion welded. Boilers
are made to IBR/DIN/BS/ASME-code. Components are engineered for maximum safety, highest
efficiency, dependability and quiet operation. Wet back models eliminate rear end refractory and its
inherent maintenance cost, reduces stress of rear tube sheet and ligament cracking, radiant heat is
eliminated, lengthening tube life and reducing heat loss from rear turnaround.
Unique design features
♦ Fully automatic pressure jet Burner – Boiler furnace design suitable for Imported Weishaupt/Reillo & Indian modulating burner.
♦ Efficiency enhancement – Optional accessories such as air preheater and economizer can be integrated with the main unit.
♦ Automation with Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system can also be offered at an extra cost. Standard boilers are supplied with fully automatic operation with safety interlocks & alarm.
Shell & tube heat exchanger single fluid flow heat transferVikram Sharma
This article was produced to highlight the fundamentals of single-phase heat exchanger rating using Kern's method. The content is strictly academic with no reference to industrial best practices.
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
Finite Element Analysis of Opening Plate, Fixed Tube Sheet and Floating Sheet...IOSRJMCE
)A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. Opening Plate, Fixed Tube Sheet and Floating Tube Sheet is a part of Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger, used in refinery and oil & gas production. Typically, shell & tube heat exchanger can be considered as a pressure vessel subjected to uniform internal pressure. Hence the shell & tube heat exchanger in various design and operating conditions needs to be checked and verified for soundness of participating components. Opening, Fixed tube and Floating sheet plate due to uniform internal pressure in the shell & tube heat exchanger can produce high-localized stress and deformation. If the components are not designed for these conditions, safety of the equipment is at stake. Hence check for the stress and displacement of the shell & tube heat exchanger during operating condition is carried out using finite element analysis software and observed that shell & tube heat exchanger is free from collapse and serviceability failure.
Condensers and evaporators are basically heat exchangers in which the refrigerant undergoes a phase change. Next to compressors, proper design and selection of condensers and evaporators is very important for satisfactory performance of any refrigeration system.
The primary operate of a desuperheater is to lower the temperature of superheated steam or alternative vapors. This chilling is accomplished as a results of the method vapor being brought into direct contact with another liquid like water. The injected water is then evaporated.
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency of industrial furnaces. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HELICAL TUBE IN COIL TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERhemantnehete
Heat exchangers are the important engineering systems with wide variety of applications including power plants, nuclear reactors, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, heat recovery systems, chemical processing and food industries. Helical coil configuration is very effective for heat exchangers and chemical reactors because they can accommodate a large heat transfer area in a small space, with high heat transfer coefficients. This project focus on an increase in the effectiveness of a heat exchanger and analysis of various parameters that affect the effectiveness of a heat exchanger and also deals with the performance analysis of heat exchanger by varying various parameters like number of coils, flow rate and temperature. The results of the helical tube heat exchanger are compared with the straight tube heat exchanger in both parallel and counter flow by varying parameters like temperature, flow rate of cold water and number of turns of helical coil.
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Oil Cum gas Fired Boilers (Except Small size in Oil fired ) are three pass wet pack, horizontal, smoke tube type fusion welded. Boiler are made to IBR / DIN / BS / ASME code.Components are Engineered for maximum safety, Highest Efficiency, dependability and quite operation. Wet back Models eliminate rear end refractory and its inherent maintenance cost,reduces stress of rear tube sheet and ligament cracking, radiant heat is eliminated, lengthening tube life and reducing heat loss from rear turn around.
1. Fully wet - back design effectively absorbs radiant heat into the water, keeping tube ends and rear of coiler cooler than in dry back design.
2. Three passes extract maximum useble heat from the fuel.
3. Large water - surrounded furnace tube assures complete combustion and heat absorption without flame impingement.
CONSTRUCTION
ENERGYPACK Boilers are three pass wet back, horizontal, smoke tube type fusion welded. Boilers
are made to IBR/DIN/BS/ASME-code. Components are engineered for maximum safety, highest
efficiency, dependability and quiet operation. Wet back models eliminate rear end refractory and its
inherent maintenance cost, reduces stress of rear tube sheet and ligament cracking, radiant heat is
eliminated, lengthening tube life and reducing heat loss from rear turnaround.
Unique design features
♦ Fully automatic pressure jet Burner – Boiler furnace design suitable for Imported Weishaupt/Reillo & Indian modulating burner.
♦ Efficiency enhancement – Optional accessories such as air preheater and economizer can be integrated with the main unit.
♦ Automation with Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system can also be offered at an extra cost. Standard boilers are supplied with fully automatic operation with safety interlocks & alarm.
Shell & tube heat exchanger single fluid flow heat transferVikram Sharma
This article was produced to highlight the fundamentals of single-phase heat exchanger rating using Kern's method. The content is strictly academic with no reference to industrial best practices.
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
Finite Element Analysis of Opening Plate, Fixed Tube Sheet and Floating Sheet...IOSRJMCE
)A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. Opening Plate, Fixed Tube Sheet and Floating Tube Sheet is a part of Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger, used in refinery and oil & gas production. Typically, shell & tube heat exchanger can be considered as a pressure vessel subjected to uniform internal pressure. Hence the shell & tube heat exchanger in various design and operating conditions needs to be checked and verified for soundness of participating components. Opening, Fixed tube and Floating sheet plate due to uniform internal pressure in the shell & tube heat exchanger can produce high-localized stress and deformation. If the components are not designed for these conditions, safety of the equipment is at stake. Hence check for the stress and displacement of the shell & tube heat exchanger during operating condition is carried out using finite element analysis software and observed that shell & tube heat exchanger is free from collapse and serviceability failure.
Design and Analysis of Vapour Absorbing MachineIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimization of Skin Condenser Using Bundy Tube In Place Of Copper TubeIJMER
The condenser is an important device used in the high pressure side of a refrigeration
system. Its function is to remove heat of the hot vapour refrigerant discharged from the compressor. The
main objective of this work is to carryout experimental investigation on Bundy Condenser coil used in
Skin Condenser for a Deep Freezer of 425 liters capacity; it is proposed to optimize the length of the
condenser coil. R – 134A will be used as refrigerant for the proposed investigation.
Final report on spent solution in hydroprateekj765
Assessment of cooling towers, cooling tower efficiency, assessment of cooling towers fans, material required, maintenance operations, calculation of flow rate of spent
Ijri te-03-012 design and optimization of water cool condenser for central ai...Ijripublishers Ijri
Water-cooled chiller systems have typically been designed around entering condenser water temperatures of 85°F with a Optimization of Water - Cooled Chiller – Cooling Tower Combinations The warm water leaving the chilled water coils is pumped to the evaporator of the chiller, where the unwanted heat from the building is transferred by the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant. The compressor of the chiller then compresses the refrigerant to a higher pressure, adding the heat of compression in the process. The high pressure refrigerant then moves to the economical condenser water flow of 3.0 USGPM/ton and a 10°F denser, where the unwanted heat is rerange. In recent years, there has been considerable debate on the merits of designing around lower condenser water flow rates with a higher range in order to improve system lifecycle costs. However, two other parameters must also be considered in any analysis - approach and design wet bulb. The question to be answered is: What nominal condenser water flow rate and approach is best from a first cost standpoint as well as from a full load energy standpoint at any given wet bulb.
Lecture 8_MDPE_Design of Nozzles & Flange.pdfPatelDhruvil20
Lecture 8_MDPE_Design of Nozzles & Flange.pdf
Introduction :
Concept of internal & external design pressure, design stress & design temperature,
Different types of equipments, Static & rotary equipments, Different types of static
equipments, Various mechanical properties of material, Different methods of
fabrication, Different types of welding joints, Joint efficiency, Radiography.
04
2 Mechanical design of Pressure vessel:
Introduction of ASME Code sec-VIII, DIV-I & IS-2825, Classification of pressure vessel as
per IS-2825,Mechanical design of Shell: shell subjected to internal pressure, Graphical
& analytical method for Shell subjected to external pressure, design of shell for
external pressure with & without stiffening ring, Different types of head, their selection
criteria, Mechanical design of heads: Heads subjected to internal pressure, Graphical
& analytical method for heads subjected to external pressure, Different types of
Nozzles, their selection criteria, Design of nozzle pipe, Design of reinforcement pad by
area for area method, Different types of flanges, Different types of standard flanges,
their important features & selection criteria, Different
Ijri te-03-011 performance testing of vortex tubes with variable parametersIjripublishers Ijri
Conventional refrigeration system is a type of refrigeration systems which are costly; noisy, harmful gases released from a machine based on application of this type of system and it is required more maintenance. So, we need to go for unconventional refrigeration systems like vortex tube refrigeration system, which produce less vibrations and which require less maintenance and which are noiseless. It is required for our mechanical engineers to look for enhancing the performance of such vortex tubes. So as a part of my project work, I have chosen various sizes of vortex tubes and test their performances for finding out optimum performance. We will be testing the performance of vortex tubes with different ‘l/d’ ratios and different cold fractions, with different pressures and different nozzle sizes.
human recourse information system; public sector; performance; satisfaction o...IJERA Editor
Electric Water Heaters are widely used all over the world that can be categorized in two types i.e. Instant Water Heaters & Storage type Water Heaters. The energy consumption for 6 liter water heaters is much higher in the storage type of water heater. As energy is an important factor for economic development of country, therefore there is need to save the energy which implies the focus to use Storage type Water Heaters. In 6 Liter water heater, Existing model converting from 4 star rating to 5 star rating by thermal analysis & insulation. After the theoretical calculation of thickness of glass wool is the practical testing of product with BEE norms & got results for 5 Star Calculation. Finally we are doing the thermal analysis for theoretical & practical verification of the product
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
The purpose of valve train is to operate the inlet and outlet valves of the engine. The valve train m ainly consists of rocker arm,push rod,cam,poppet valve and spring for kee p the valves closed position. The Greaves G400WG en gine valve train is operated at the maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The main objective of this project is to improve the valve train speed up to safe speed limit that is up to 5000 rpm. The valve spring parameters are optimized based on space availability,stress limit,stiffness,buckl ing of pushrod and natural frequency of the system. The optimized valv e spring configuration is used in the push rod type valve train and the valve train dynamics for different engine speed is studie d using commercially available multi-body dynamic A DMAS software. A comparative valve train dynamics analysis is also c arried out with the existing and optimized valve sp ring combinations. It is observed that valve jump engine speed with respect to optimized valve spring is enhanced to considerab le amount when compared to the existing valve spring configuration. Design improvements include detail study on following topi cs:1. Valve Spring Stiffness. 2. Push rod buckling. 3. Valve closing Velocity. 4. Contact stress between cam and follower
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
An experimental investigation was carried out for s tudying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system dest ined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that th e surface heat transfer coefficient increases consi derably when the mass flow rate is increased,but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was foun d that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared t o water. Thus most practical applications of jet im pingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements hav e exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experiment al investigation of heat transfer between the horiz ontal smooth plate of impinged jets.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
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DESIGN OF INNER LID OF PRESSURE COOKER WITH CIRCULAR SHAPE HAVING STRAIGHT EDGES
1. Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
1 | P a g e
DESIGN OF INNER LID OF PRESSURE COOKER WITH CIRCULAR
SHAPE HAVING STRAIGHT EDGES
Prof. Date D. D.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Osmanabad, India
Dr. R. G. Tated
Principal, Sandip Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mahirawani, Nashik, India
ABSTRACT
Pressure cooker works hand in hand with the working woman. This is happening because of saving in time &
energy. It means that pressure cooker become the inevitable item in kitchen. If we concentrate on the analysis of
inner lid of the pressure cooker, it is highly beneficial for everyone. That is why we concentrate on the possible
shapes of lids of pressure cooker. The existing pressure cooker is of two type i. e. inner lid and outer lid type. The
shape of existing inner lid pressure cooker is generally having elliptical shape. This shape is because of locking &
easy handling. The different alternatives are arising. Out of which the best alternative found is the circular shape
having straight edges at the edges. The modification suggested here is also serving the same purposes as like the
previous one. The advantages obtained here are also giving better result for locking, increase the heat transfer area &
saving in cooling time for food in measurable way as compare with the elliptical inner lid pressure cooker. The
result obtained will be definitely good comparing with the old model. Here simple & thermal stress analysis had
been done by finite element method for the load & temperature stability.
KEYWORDS: Pressure cooker, elliptical inner lid, modified inner lid
INTRODUCTION
Any vessel which operates under pressure or in which the pressure more than atmospheric is maintained, can be
called as pressure vessel. In the pressure cooker also inside pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure. So pressure
cooker is a type of pressure vessel in which water is heated up to 100◦
C. When water reaches to a 120◦
C, steam is
formed. This steam exerts pressure internally on the lid. Because of which stresses are formed in the lid material.
The vessel used may be cylindrical or spherical. Though the spherical vessel is better in strength & lowers
in cost, cylindrical vessel is commonly used due to difficulties in fabrication.
Due to the internal pressure, the various stresses induced in the vessel are:
i) Hoop stress or circumferential stress
ii) Longitudinal stress
iii) Radial stress
1) ABOUT PRESSURE COOKER
Pressure cookers are generally made from Aluminum or Stainless steel. The former may be stamped &
buffed or anodized, but this metal is unsuitable for dishwasher. Higher quality steel pressure cookers are made with
heavy, three-ply or copper clad bottom (heat spreader) for uniform heating, since stainless steel has lower thermal
conductivity. Most modern units are dish washer safe although some manufacturer may recommend washing by
haws. A gasket or sealing ring forms a gas tight seal which does not allow the air or steam to escape between the pot
& the lid. Normally when more pressure has built up inside the pressure cooker, only one way for escaping the
steam is through a regulator. In case the regulator is blocked, a safety valve is provided as a backup escape route for
steam. The simplest safety valve is a loose lifting rubber plug in the lid held in place by steam pressure. If the
pressure exceeds the design limits, the plug pops out of its seat.
2) MODIFICATION IN INNER LID OF PRESSURE COOKER
Pressure cookers are of Inner lid pressure cooker & Outer lid pressure cooker. The existing inner lid of the
pressure cooker is having the elliptical shape. In this elliptical shape, the lid is inserted in the pressure vessel by
turning it by the minor axis & returning it to original position so that major axes of pressure vessel pot & lid are
2. Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
2 | P a g e
matched. If we change the lids shape to circular having straight portion at the joint, what will happen? For which
first we have to determine the areas of existing & modified inner lid of pressure cooker. Then determine the amount
of heat transfer in both the cases. We observed that time required for heat dissipation is less than the existing.
Because of this modification, advantages obtained are as follow
a) Increase in Heat transfer area.
b) Reduced in waiting time for cooling.
c) Easier Handling of inner pots.
DESIGN OF INNER LID OF PRESSURE COOKER
Most of the existing pressure cookers are of inner lid type. The lid & pressure vessel of pressure cooker is
having the elliptical shape. Here maximum attention is on the modification in the shape of inner lid of pressure
cooker. The existing inner lid is of elliptical shape. In this elliptical lid is inserted in the pressure vessel pot by
turning lid from minor axis of vessel up to matching major axes of both. Instead of elliptical lid as in figure 1, the
suggested modification in the inner lid shape as circular shape having straight edges at the circumference as shown
in figure 2.
Fig. 1 - Elliptical Lid Shape Fig. 2 –Circular Shape with St. Edges
The new shape also follows locking of pressure cooker. Here also the major axis of pressure vessel matches with
minor axis of lid during locking. This locking is due to the difference in dimensions. In order to locking, the existing
shape of the inner lid & pressure vessel pot of pressure cooker can be reshaped into circular shape having straight
edges at two opposite location on the circumference as in figure 2.
For modeling we are using CATIA V5, as it is a leading product development solution for manufacturing
organization of all sizes. CATIA V5 means computer aided 3D interactive application version 5. Apply its
capabilities to a variety of industries such as aerospace automobile, industrial machinery, electrical, electronics,
shipbuilding, plant design & consumer goods. It provides an integrated suite of CAD, CAE, CAM application for
digital product definition & simulation. By this software, in modeling the original & modified inner lid shapes are as
shown in figures 03 &04 respectively.
Fig.03: Original inner lid Fig. 04: Modified inner lid
For the sample calculation & analysis consider the pressure cooker of capacity of 2.5 liters.
3. Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
3 | P a g e
• INCREASE IN AREA
The existing shape of inner lid of pressure cooker of 2.5 liters is elliptical whose dimensions by
measurement are as shown in figure 01 i. e.
Length of major axis = 156 mm
Length of minor axis = 136 mm
Area of elliptical inner lid = π × a × b
Where a = major axis /2 =156/2 =78 mm
b = minor axis /2 =136/2=68 mm
A elliptical = π × 78 × 68
= 16650 mm2
The modified shape of inner lid of same pressure cooker is circular inner lid with straight edges at edges
circumference are as shown in figure 02
Diameter of circular portion = 156 mm
Length of straight edge = 10 mm
Area of circular inner lid with straight edges = A1 - A2------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1)
Where A1= Area of Circular Shape
A2= Area of two chord at straight edges
Area of Circular Shape = A1
= π× (156/2)2
= 19113.44 mm2
Area of two chord at straight edges = A2
= 2× [ r2
/2(π× ө/180 ۫◌-sin ө)]
Where r = radius of circular part = 156/2=78 mm
ө = angle subtended by straight at centre of lid= 20 ۫◌
= 2× [782
/2( π×20 ۫◌/180 ۫◌-sin20 ۫◌ )]
= 42.58 mm
Put in eqn
(1)
Area of circular inner lid with straight edges =19113.44 - 42.58
= 19070.86 mm2
≈19071 mm2
Increased in area due to modification = A advantage
= A modified – A elliptical
= 19071 – 16650
= 2421 mm2
٪ Increase in area = ( 19071-16650 ) ÷ 16650 × 100
= 14.54 ٪
This much amount of extra opening is available for blowing of steam to atmosphere, as compare with elliptical
shape.
• INCREASE IN HEAT TRANSFER AREA
By this, more 14.54٪ area is available for heat dissipation from food to the atmosphere through new
modified opening of pressure vessel pot after removing inner lid after cooking food
Amount of heat dissipated per unit length is given by
Q = h A∆T
Where
h= Convective heat transfer coefficient of material
A=Area through with heat is passing
∆T= Temperature difference
4. Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
4 | P a g e
Here h, ∆T is constant for both lids, as the material is same, so only variable remaining is area i. e. A. Hence
Amount of heat dissipated per unit length is directly proportional to Area of inner lid of the pressure cooker.
In the original inner lid having elliptical shape, the area is 16650 mm2
& the modified inner lid having the circular
shape with the straight edges at the circumference, the area is 19071 mm2
. Therefore 2421 mm2
more area is
available for heat transfer from the food to the atmosphere due to change in shape of inner lid of pressure cooker.
THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF ORIGINAL LID
In CATIA V5, apply the pressure at 200◦
C at super heater state of steam for thermal analysis. The various
parameters used for finite element analysis for modified inner lid of pressure cooker are,
Material=Aluminium;Young Modulus= e+010N_m2;
Poisson Ratio = 0.346;Density = 2710kg_m3;
Thermal Expansion = 2.36e-005_Kdeg; Yield Strength = 9.5e+007N_m2
Meshing & Von Mises Stresses for existing inner lid are as shown in figure 05 & 06 respectively.
Fig. 05: Mesh for original lid Fig. 06: Von Mises Stress for original lid
Meshing & Von Mises Stresses for modified inner lid are as shown in figure 07 & figure 08 respectively
Fig.07 Mesh for modified lid Fig. 08 Von Mises Stress for modified lid
SIMPLE STRESS & THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS
After applying the same forces at the same conditions of temperature to both the lids in CATIA V5, the thermal
stresses developed in lids are as shown in fig.7 &fig. 8
Fig.7 Original inner lid Fig.8 Modified inner lid
5. Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
5 | P a g e
From these results, it clear that the stresses developed in the modified inner lid is negligibly higher than existing
inner lid which is not dangerous. Also it is not developing at the circumference of the modified inner lid. Hence the
modification in the inner lid is acceptable.
Also we can compare the existing & modified inner lid of pressure cooker as
Sr.
No.
Descriptions Original pressure cooker modified pressure cooker
1 Exposed area Less More
2 Time of cooling More Less
3 Handling of inner pot Obstructed Easier
4 Stress developed More Less
From this it is clear that modification suggested in existing inner lid of pressure cooker for fulfillment of
need
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the work done so for following conclusion are drawn.
1. Modifying the shape of inner lid of pressure cooker from elliptical to circular with straight edges, area is increased
for heat dissipation from food to the atmosphere is by 14.54%.
2. The stress analysis for the original lid as well as of the modified shape of inner lid of pressure cooker renders the
conclusion that the stress increases in the modified design. However the increase in stress is slight. Also the thermal
stress analysis in the modified shape of pressure cooker is less.
3. As the area of heat dissipation is increased in modified pressure cooker, so cooling of the food become faster.
Hence waiting time for removing the food pots is reduced.
4. As the area is increased in modified pressure cooker hence the food pots can be easily removable without
obstructing. Hence accident of burning is avoided.
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[3] P. K. Nag, “Engineering Thermodynamics”, Edition 3rd
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[12] Paper on “Modified inner lid of pressure cooker” Date D.D, R. G. Tated, InJoREST, Vol 1 Issue 1 ISSN229-
5135 PP47-49