Screening
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Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that is increasing in incidence and mortality rates in Australia. It is the fourth most common cancer in the country and the third most common cancer among men and women aged 15-44. Screening programs for melanoma are important because early detection through regular skin exams can lead to nearly 100% survival if the cancer is caught before it spreads. Such programs should follow WHO criteria including addressing an important health problem, having agreed treatment options, and ensuring screening is an ongoing and continuous process.
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![WHO criteria for screening Based on: Wilson-Jungner criteria for appraising the validity of a screening programme ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.gp-training.net/training/tutorials/management/audit/screen.htm](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/screening-110606052530-phpapp01/85/Screening-1-320.jpg)
![Melanoma statistics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.cancer.org.au/aboutcancer/cancertypes/melanoma.htm](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Validity and Screening Test
Validity refers to how accurately a screening test measures a disease. Key measures of validity include sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. Sensitivity measures the percentage of true positives, specificity measures the percentage of true negatives, and predictive value refers to the probability that the test result correctly identifies whether someone has the disease or not. The prevalence of a disease in a population also affects the predictive power of screening tests. Combining multiple screening tests can increase overall sensitivity and specificity for more accurate disease detection.
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Bias means information from a particular viewpoint that aims to persuade you in a certain direction, whether intentionally or unintentionally. When preparing to travel overseas, government tourism websites and press releases may present an overly positive view of a destination and should be supplemented with other sources that provide a more balanced perspective, including potential difficulties. Credible sources of information are less likely to contain bias and include industry websites, newspaper articles, and sources that do not aim to promote a specific group.
Bias in health research
Selection bias, information bias, and confounding are the three main types of bias that can occur in epidemiological studies. Selection bias results from the inappropriate selection of study participants and can be reduced through randomization and clearly defining eligibility criteria. Information bias occurs due to errors in measuring or classifying exposure, disease status, or other variables and can be reduced through blinding of outcome assessors. Confounding happens when a variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not on the causal pathway, distorting the exposure-outcome relationship.
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This document discusses various types of biases and errors that can occur in epidemiological studies, including random error, systematic error, random misclassification, bias, and confounding. It provides definitions and examples of these terms. Specific types of biases covered include selection bias, information bias, and confounding. Methods for controlling biases discussed include randomization, restriction, matching, stratification, standardization, and blinding.
Error, confounding and bias
This document discusses different types of error and bias that can occur in epidemiological studies. It defines random error as occurring due to chance and resulting in imprecise measures, while systematic error or bias results in invalid measures that are not true. Types of bias discussed include selection bias, information bias, and confounding. Selection bias can arise from how cases and controls are selected, while information bias occurs when exposure or disease status is incorrectly classified. The document emphasizes the importance of reducing both random and systematic errors to obtain valid study results.
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This document discusses cancer control and prevention. It covers risk factors for cancer, approaches to cancer control including primary and secondary prevention, cancer screening methods for breast, cervical and lung cancers, and prevention strategies. Key points include identifying environmental, genetic and lifestyle risk factors; defining primary prevention as preventing cancer occurrence and secondary prevention as early detection; describing screening tests and their limitations for different cancers; and highlighting the importance of controlling tobacco use, immunization, and public education in primary prevention.
Cervicalcancer 180428125921-converted - copy final
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Over 500,000 women die from cervical cancer each year, most in low- and middle-income countries. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prevention of cervical cancer. Screening and HPV vaccination can prevent cervical cancer but coverage is still low in India.
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer. It notes that cigarette smoking is the leading cause and outlines other risk factors like pollution and asbestos exposure. Tests like x-rays, CT scans, and tissue biopsies are used to diagnose lung cancer. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies depending on the cancer type and stage. Support groups and healthcare professionals can help patients cope with a lung cancer diagnosis and treatment challenges.
Breast Carcinoma pakistan.pptx
Breast Carcinoma.
Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts in the cells of the breast and spread to other tissues.
The most common form of cancer among women
It is estimated that each year more than 83,000 cases of breast cancer are reported in Pakistan. Nearly 40,000 women die, just due to this deadly disease
Carcinoma of the breast occurs commonly in the western world, accounting for 3–5% of all deaths in women. In developing countries it accounts for 1–3% of death
The most common form of cancer among women
The second most common cause of cancer related mortality
1 of 8 women (12.2%)
HPV INFECTIONS WITH RECENT ADVANCES IN CARCINOMA CERVIX.pptx
1) Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in India, which accounts for about 27% of new cervical cancer cases and deaths worldwide.
2) Screening through tests like visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and treatment of pre-cancerous lesions can prevent the majority of cervical cancers. Vaccination against HPV also provides protection.
3) Effective treatments for pre-cancerous lesions include cryotherapy, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), and laser ablation, while early invasive cancers can be treated with surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer arises from infection of the cervix by HPV. Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple partners, and smoking. Screening through pap smears can detect pre-cancerous lesions and reduce mortality. Early stage disease is typically treated with surgery or radiation, while advanced disease receives chemoradiation. Surgery options include radical hysterectomy while radiation aims to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be added for recurrent or late stage disease.
benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors.pptx
Introduction .
Statics.
Risk factors.
survival rate.
Staging , Grading.
Special investigations.
WHO Classification .
Most common Benign and Malignant salivary gland Tumors
Clinical presentation and prognosis.
Surgical Treatment .
Summary.
Salivary gland tumors account for 2% to 6.5% of all head and neck neoplasms, are more common in female with a peak incidence in their 60s and 70s, but can occur in all age groups.
The majority of neoplasms occur in the parotid, and pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma the most common malignant tumor.
Irregular margins, bony invasions, the presence of metastatic lymph nodes and perineural spread can all be signs of malignancy.
Necrosis can also characterize malignancy.
Benign tumors were more common than malignant ones.
The prevalent benign tumor was PA, and the prevalent malignant tumors were ACC and MEC.
The smaller the gland more likely that a mass is malignant.
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February 4th worldwide is celebrated as Cancer day. The main aim of this celebration is to create awareness about cancer and reduce the burden of cancer.
Breat cancer Therapy
Breat cancer Therapy
• Surgery. (Lumpectomy - Quadrantectomy - Mastectomy)
• Radiation Therapy.
• Chemotherapy.
• Hormone Therapy.
• Targeted Drugs.
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Technologies for cervical cancer detection, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment in low-resource settings were discussed in this lecture
45_Technologies_for_cervical_cancer_detection_diagnosis_monitoring_and_treatm...
This document provides an overview of technologies for cervical cancer detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment in low-resource settings. It discusses screening and treating cervical pre-cancers to help prevent cervical cancer. The document outlines the agenda, including background on cervical cancer and HPV, guidelines for screen and treat approaches using diagnostics and treatments, and next steps. Technical guidance and specifications will be provided for cervical cancer diagnostics like HPV testing and colposcopy, as well as treatments like thermal ablation, cryotherapy, and LEEP.
Prevention Cervical Ca
Cervical cancer is a major public health problem that is largely preventable. Screening programs can detect pre-cancerous lesions early through tests like Pap smears. If caught early, these lesions can be treated before they develop into invasive cancer through procedures like cryotherapy or loop electrosurgical excision. Regular screening is important for prevention as it may take decades for HPV infection to cause cervical cancer. Education is also needed to reduce risk factors.
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- 6. Naked eye inspection of melanoma http://www.melanomafoundation.com.au Superficial spreading melanoma Nodular melanoma Lentigo maligna melanoma Basal cell cancer (BCC)
- 11. Melanoma awareness campaign http://www.melanomafoundation.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Itemid=77
- 13. Useful links & readings on melanoma and screening Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Melanoma in Australia and NZ: http://www.cancer.org.au/File/HealthProfessionals/ClinicalPracticeGuidelines-ManagementofMelanoma.pdf Cancer Council Australia: http://www.cancer.org.au The Melanoma Foundation: http://www.melanomafoundation.com.au What is screening: http://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume1/screening.html Criteria for screening: http://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume1/screening2.html Article: Rampen FHJ, et al. Fundamentals of skin cancer/melanoma screening campaigns. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1992;17:307-312 Book chapter: Gordis, L. Epidemiology (4 th Ed). Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia 2009 (pages: 85-106)