Chapter 1 Introduction 9
Variables 9
Data types 9
System defined data types (Primitive data types) 10
User defined data types 10
Data Structure 10
Abstract Data Types (ADT’s) 11
Memory and Variables 11
Size of a Variable 12
Address of a Variable 12
Pointers 13
Declaration of Pointers 13
Pointers Usage 13
Pointer Manipulation 14
Arrays and Pointers 15
Dynamic Memory Allocation 15
Function Pointers 16
Parameter Passing Techniques 16
Actual and Formal Parameters 16
Semantics of Parameter Passing 17
Language Support for Parameter Passing Techniques 17
Pass by Value 17
Pass by Result 18
Pass by Value-Result 19
Pass by Reference (aliasing) 20
Pass by Name 21
Binding 22
Binding Times 22
Static Binding (Early binding) 22
Dynamic Binding (Late binding) 23
Scope 23
Static Scope 23
Dynamic Scope 24
Storage Classes 25
Auto Storage Class 25
Extern storage class 26
Register Storage Class 31
Static Storage Class 31
Storage Organization 32
Static Segment 32
Stack Segment 33
Heap Segment 35
Shallow Copy versus Deep Copy 36
Decomposition technique In Software Engineering Bilal Hassan
The document discusses different techniques for estimating software project costs and effort, including decomposition, sizing, and function point analysis. It provides an example of estimating the lines of code and function points for a mechanical CAD software project. Estimates are developed by decomposing the problem into smaller elements and tasks, and estimating the effort required for each. The accuracy of estimates depends on properly sizing the software and having reliable past project metrics.
The document discusses key concepts in software quality including:
1) The relationships between software errors, faults, and failures and their causes during development.
2) The importance of software quality and quality assurance objectives like defect prevention and removal.
3) Quality assurance techniques like verification, validation, inspections, testing and standards to evaluate conformance.
4) How quality is managed through metrics, process engineering, and cost controls.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on computer organization and architecture. The syllabus covers 10 units: 1) introduction to computers, 2) register transfer and micro-operations, 3) computer arithmetic, 4) programming the basic computer, 5) central processing unit organization, 6) input-output organization, 7) memory organization, 8) parallel processing, 9) vector processing, and 10) multiprocessors. Key topics include Von Neumann architecture, computer generations, instruction execution, registers, buses, arithmetic logic units, assembly language, and memory hierarchies. References for the course are also provided.
Arithmetic coding is a lossless data compression technique that encodes data as a single real number between 0 and 1. It maps a string of symbols to a fractional number, with more probable symbols represented by larger fractional ranges. Encoding involves repeatedly dividing the interval based on symbol probabilities, and the final encoded number represents the entire string. Decoding reconstructs the string by comparing the number to symbol probability ranges. Arithmetic coding achieves compression closer to the entropy limit than Huffman coding by spreading coding inefficiencies across all symbols of the data.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
Real numbers can be stored using floating point representation, which separates a real number into three parts: a sign bit, exponent, and mantissa. The exponent indicates the power of the base 10 that the mantissa is multiplied by. Common standards like IEEE 754 define single and double precision formats that allocate more bits for higher precision at the cost of range. Summarizing a floating point number involves determining the exponent by shifting the decimal, converting the number to a leading digit mantissa, and writing the sign, exponent, and mantissa based on the specified precision format.
This document discusses multimedia communications. It defines multimedia as the integrated presentation of text, graphics, video and sound using computers. Multimedia communication involves transmitting different media formats like images, video, audio and text. It describes the principles of communication including standards, protocols, error control and channels. It also discusses multimedia communication networks and their components, different transmission mediums and modes, and the role of media transmission in coding, modulating and decoding data.
Cs8092 computer graphics and multimedia unit 4SIMONTHOMAS S
This document provides an overview of multimedia system design and multimedia file handling. It discusses multimedia basics and system architecture. Key topics covered include defining objects for multimedia systems, multimedia data interface standards, compression and decompression, data and file format standards, and multimedia I/O technologies. It also examines digital voice and audio, video, image and animation, and full motion video. Storage and retrieval technologies are also mentioned.
Decomposition technique In Software Engineering Bilal Hassan
The document discusses different techniques for estimating software project costs and effort, including decomposition, sizing, and function point analysis. It provides an example of estimating the lines of code and function points for a mechanical CAD software project. Estimates are developed by decomposing the problem into smaller elements and tasks, and estimating the effort required for each. The accuracy of estimates depends on properly sizing the software and having reliable past project metrics.
The document discusses key concepts in software quality including:
1) The relationships between software errors, faults, and failures and their causes during development.
2) The importance of software quality and quality assurance objectives like defect prevention and removal.
3) Quality assurance techniques like verification, validation, inspections, testing and standards to evaluate conformance.
4) How quality is managed through metrics, process engineering, and cost controls.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on computer organization and architecture. The syllabus covers 10 units: 1) introduction to computers, 2) register transfer and micro-operations, 3) computer arithmetic, 4) programming the basic computer, 5) central processing unit organization, 6) input-output organization, 7) memory organization, 8) parallel processing, 9) vector processing, and 10) multiprocessors. Key topics include Von Neumann architecture, computer generations, instruction execution, registers, buses, arithmetic logic units, assembly language, and memory hierarchies. References for the course are also provided.
Arithmetic coding is a lossless data compression technique that encodes data as a single real number between 0 and 1. It maps a string of symbols to a fractional number, with more probable symbols represented by larger fractional ranges. Encoding involves repeatedly dividing the interval based on symbol probabilities, and the final encoded number represents the entire string. Decoding reconstructs the string by comparing the number to symbol probability ranges. Arithmetic coding achieves compression closer to the entropy limit than Huffman coding by spreading coding inefficiencies across all symbols of the data.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
Real numbers can be stored using floating point representation, which separates a real number into three parts: a sign bit, exponent, and mantissa. The exponent indicates the power of the base 10 that the mantissa is multiplied by. Common standards like IEEE 754 define single and double precision formats that allocate more bits for higher precision at the cost of range. Summarizing a floating point number involves determining the exponent by shifting the decimal, converting the number to a leading digit mantissa, and writing the sign, exponent, and mantissa based on the specified precision format.
This document discusses multimedia communications. It defines multimedia as the integrated presentation of text, graphics, video and sound using computers. Multimedia communication involves transmitting different media formats like images, video, audio and text. It describes the principles of communication including standards, protocols, error control and channels. It also discusses multimedia communication networks and their components, different transmission mediums and modes, and the role of media transmission in coding, modulating and decoding data.
Cs8092 computer graphics and multimedia unit 4SIMONTHOMAS S
This document provides an overview of multimedia system design and multimedia file handling. It discusses multimedia basics and system architecture. Key topics covered include defining objects for multimedia systems, multimedia data interface standards, compression and decompression, data and file format standards, and multimedia I/O technologies. It also examines digital voice and audio, video, image and animation, and full motion video. Storage and retrieval technologies are also mentioned.
1. Software project estimation involves decomposing a project into smaller problems like major functions and activities. Estimates can be based on similar past projects, decomposition techniques, or empirical models.
2. Accurate estimates depend on properly estimating the size of the software product using techniques like lines of code, function points, or standard components. Baseline metrics from past projects are then applied to the size estimates.
3. Decomposition techniques involve estimating the effort needed for each task or function and combining them. Process-based estimation decomposes the software process into tasks while problem-based estimation decomposes the problem.
The document discusses MHEG (Multimedia and Hypermedia Experts Group), an ISO standard for defining multimedia presentations that can run across different hardware platforms. It describes the evolution of MHEG standards over time from MHEG-1 to MHEG-7, with each version adding new capabilities like interactivity (MHEG-3) or support for client-server applications (MHEG-5). MHEG defines classes, properties, and a framework to structure multimedia objects and presentations in a platform-neutral way so they can be viewed on different machines.
This document presents a seminar on the Walsh transform. It introduces the Walsh transform as an orthogonal transformation based on Hadamard matrices that uses 1s and -1s instead of trigonometric terms. It provides examples of 1D and 2D Walsh transforms and how to implement the transforms using Matlab. Applications of the Walsh transform discussed include speech recognition, image processing, and medical/biological signal processing.
Graphics software acts as an intermediary between application programs and graphics hardware, supporting output primitives and interaction devices. There are two main types of graphics software: general programming packages that provide extensive graphics functions for use in languages like C and FORTRAN, including functions for shapes, colors, and transformations; and special-purpose applications packages that are designed for non-programmers to generate displays without programming knowledge, such as painting and CAD programs.
Dynamic linking and overlays are techniques for improving memory utilization in operating systems. Dynamic linking postpones linking of library routines until execution using stubs. This allows better memory usage and automatic use of new library versions. Overlays improve memory usage for large programs by loading only required parts into memory at a given time using an overlay manager. Both have advantages of improved memory usage but overlays require complex programming and are slower.
The control signals needed in each step of intruction execution can be generated by the finite state machine method, also called hardwired control, or, alternatively, by the microprogrammed control method discussed below.
Basic Concepts of Microprogramming:
Control word (CW):
A word with each bit for one of the control signals. Each step of the instruction execution is represented by a control word with all of the bits corresponding to the control signals needed for the step set to one.
Microinstruction:
Each step in a sequence of steps in the execution of a certain machine instruction is considered as a microinstruction, and it is represented by a control word. All of the bits corresponding to the control signals that need to be asserted in this step are set to 1, and all others are set to 0 (horizontal organization).
Microprogram:
Composed of a sequence of microinstructions corresponding to the sequence of steps in the execution of a given machine instruction.
Microprogramming:
The method of generating the control signals by properly setting the individual bits in a control word of a step.
Lecture 16 KL Transform in Image ProcessingVARUN KUMAR
The KL transform is a data-driven transformation where the kernel is derived from the statistics of the data, unlike transforms like DFT where the kernel is fixed. (1) It represents data as a vector based on the mean and covariance matrix of the population. (2) The transformation matrix is chosen such that the transformed data is statistically uncorrelated and ordered by decreasing variance. (3) This transformation optimally compacts the energy but requires high computational complexity.
The document compares Agile and non-Agile models. Agile models are more flexible and adapt to changes, measure success through business value delivered, use small project teams, and emphasize people over process. Non-Agile models are less flexible, measure success through conforming to plans, use large project teams, emphasize processes, and require more documentation. Agile works best for projects with uncertain requirements and small teams, while non-Agile is better for projects with clear requirements, large teams, and more planning.
Difference between Vector Quantization and Scalar QuantizationHimanshuSirohi6
Vector quantization can improve upon scalar quantization in several ways: (1) It can lower average distortion or reduce the number of reconstruction levels by exploiting statistical dependencies between values, (2) It allows more flexible shaping of quantization regions rather than restricting them to rectangles, (3) Its granular error is affected by both the shape and size of quantization intervals rather than just size. Vector quantization generally performs better than scalar quantization when there is sample dependence or independence in the input data.
Character String Operations
A close analysis of the essential string-handling facilities required of any text creation and editing system (formal or otherwise) should lead to the following list of primitive functions:
Create a string of test
Concatenate two strings to form another string
Search and replace (if desired) a given substring within a string
Test for the identity of a string
Compute the length of a string
Pattern Matching
When one is searching for a substring within a given string there must be some method of returning the position of the substring within the string. If the substring is found, this position is indicated by an integer value indicating the character position of the left-most character of the substring being sought. Function FIND (s, PAT, i) returns i as a value the cursor position of the left-most occurrence of the string PAT, in the string s, if PAT does not occur in s, the value 0 is returned.
Given two string S and PAT, the value of PAT as a pattern to be searched for in s. If it occurs, then we want to know the node in s where PAT begins.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the definition of software engineering, software components, characteristics of software, the software crisis, software quality attributes, and software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It discusses several SDLC models - waterfall model, prototype model, spiral model, evolutionary development model - outlining their phases and advantages/disadvantages.
Video files contain both audio and image data that are played simultaneously. The file contains thousands of still images displayed in sequence to create the illusion of movement. Due to the large size of storing uncompressed video data, files are compressed to reduce the size by around 1/100 without degrading quality. Compression technology has advanced to minimize quality loss when compressing files.
Software Configuration Management (CM) establishes and maintains product integrity throughout development. CM involves four key functions: identification, control, status accounting, and audits of configuration items. CM planning tasks include identifying items, baselines, and roles. CM execution tasks are configuration control, status accounting, and audits. CM records like plans, schedules, change requests, audit results must be organized and maintained.
Halftoning is the process of converting a greyscale image to a binary image made up of black and white dots. In newspapers, halftoning simulates greyscale using patterns of black dots of varying sizes on a white background. Traditionally, halftoning was done photographically by projecting an image through a halftone screen with an etched grid onto film. Different screen frequencies control dot size. Digital halftoning techniques include patterning, which replaces each pixel with a pattern from a binary font, and dithering, which thresholds the image against a dither matrix to determine black and white pixels.
This document discusses multimedia data compression. It explains that multimedia files like images, audio, and video take up significantly more storage space than text files. Data compression reduces the size of files by removing redundant data, saving storage space and allowing faster transfers. Compression is achieved through codecs, which are hardware or software that compresses and decompresses data. Compression can be lossless, allowing exact reconstruction of the original data, or lossy, which sacrifices some quality to achieve greater compression but does not allow exact reconstruction.
Adaptive Huffman coding is an improvement over standard Huffman coding that allows the Huffman tree to be adapted as additional symbols are encoded. It determines codeword mappings using a running estimate of symbol probabilities. This allows it to better exploit locality in the data. The algorithm works in two phases: first, it transforms the existing Huffman tree to maintain optimality when a symbol's weight is incremented; second, it increments the weight. This process is repeated as each new symbol is encoded.
This document discusses the use of text in multimedia. It defines text as a basic but important media that is used to communicate information through words, sentences and paragraphs. Text is used in multimedia to explain how applications work, guide user navigation, and deliver designed information. The document outlines different text technologies including typefaces, fonts, file formats and how text characteristics like size, style and color can be modified. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of using text in multimedia.
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to predict employee attrition and understand factors that influence turnover. It evaluates different machine learning models on an employee turnover dataset to classify employees who are at risk of leaving. Logistic regression and random forest classifiers are applied and achieve accuracy rates of 78% and 98% respectively. The document also discusses preprocessing techniques and visualizing insights from the models to better understand employee turnover.
This document discusses data structures and the C preprocessor. It defines data structures as organized ways to store data in a computer. Common data structures include arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, and trees. The C preprocessor processes C programs before compilation by performing tasks like including header files, defining macros, and conditional compilation. Preprocessor directives start with # and are used to transform the code before the compiler sees it. Macros are a common preprocessor feature that allows text substitutions using identifiers.
1. Software project estimation involves decomposing a project into smaller problems like major functions and activities. Estimates can be based on similar past projects, decomposition techniques, or empirical models.
2. Accurate estimates depend on properly estimating the size of the software product using techniques like lines of code, function points, or standard components. Baseline metrics from past projects are then applied to the size estimates.
3. Decomposition techniques involve estimating the effort needed for each task or function and combining them. Process-based estimation decomposes the software process into tasks while problem-based estimation decomposes the problem.
The document discusses MHEG (Multimedia and Hypermedia Experts Group), an ISO standard for defining multimedia presentations that can run across different hardware platforms. It describes the evolution of MHEG standards over time from MHEG-1 to MHEG-7, with each version adding new capabilities like interactivity (MHEG-3) or support for client-server applications (MHEG-5). MHEG defines classes, properties, and a framework to structure multimedia objects and presentations in a platform-neutral way so they can be viewed on different machines.
This document presents a seminar on the Walsh transform. It introduces the Walsh transform as an orthogonal transformation based on Hadamard matrices that uses 1s and -1s instead of trigonometric terms. It provides examples of 1D and 2D Walsh transforms and how to implement the transforms using Matlab. Applications of the Walsh transform discussed include speech recognition, image processing, and medical/biological signal processing.
Graphics software acts as an intermediary between application programs and graphics hardware, supporting output primitives and interaction devices. There are two main types of graphics software: general programming packages that provide extensive graphics functions for use in languages like C and FORTRAN, including functions for shapes, colors, and transformations; and special-purpose applications packages that are designed for non-programmers to generate displays without programming knowledge, such as painting and CAD programs.
Dynamic linking and overlays are techniques for improving memory utilization in operating systems. Dynamic linking postpones linking of library routines until execution using stubs. This allows better memory usage and automatic use of new library versions. Overlays improve memory usage for large programs by loading only required parts into memory at a given time using an overlay manager. Both have advantages of improved memory usage but overlays require complex programming and are slower.
The control signals needed in each step of intruction execution can be generated by the finite state machine method, also called hardwired control, or, alternatively, by the microprogrammed control method discussed below.
Basic Concepts of Microprogramming:
Control word (CW):
A word with each bit for one of the control signals. Each step of the instruction execution is represented by a control word with all of the bits corresponding to the control signals needed for the step set to one.
Microinstruction:
Each step in a sequence of steps in the execution of a certain machine instruction is considered as a microinstruction, and it is represented by a control word. All of the bits corresponding to the control signals that need to be asserted in this step are set to 1, and all others are set to 0 (horizontal organization).
Microprogram:
Composed of a sequence of microinstructions corresponding to the sequence of steps in the execution of a given machine instruction.
Microprogramming:
The method of generating the control signals by properly setting the individual bits in a control word of a step.
Lecture 16 KL Transform in Image ProcessingVARUN KUMAR
The KL transform is a data-driven transformation where the kernel is derived from the statistics of the data, unlike transforms like DFT where the kernel is fixed. (1) It represents data as a vector based on the mean and covariance matrix of the population. (2) The transformation matrix is chosen such that the transformed data is statistically uncorrelated and ordered by decreasing variance. (3) This transformation optimally compacts the energy but requires high computational complexity.
The document compares Agile and non-Agile models. Agile models are more flexible and adapt to changes, measure success through business value delivered, use small project teams, and emphasize people over process. Non-Agile models are less flexible, measure success through conforming to plans, use large project teams, emphasize processes, and require more documentation. Agile works best for projects with uncertain requirements and small teams, while non-Agile is better for projects with clear requirements, large teams, and more planning.
Difference between Vector Quantization and Scalar QuantizationHimanshuSirohi6
Vector quantization can improve upon scalar quantization in several ways: (1) It can lower average distortion or reduce the number of reconstruction levels by exploiting statistical dependencies between values, (2) It allows more flexible shaping of quantization regions rather than restricting them to rectangles, (3) Its granular error is affected by both the shape and size of quantization intervals rather than just size. Vector quantization generally performs better than scalar quantization when there is sample dependence or independence in the input data.
Character String Operations
A close analysis of the essential string-handling facilities required of any text creation and editing system (formal or otherwise) should lead to the following list of primitive functions:
Create a string of test
Concatenate two strings to form another string
Search and replace (if desired) a given substring within a string
Test for the identity of a string
Compute the length of a string
Pattern Matching
When one is searching for a substring within a given string there must be some method of returning the position of the substring within the string. If the substring is found, this position is indicated by an integer value indicating the character position of the left-most character of the substring being sought. Function FIND (s, PAT, i) returns i as a value the cursor position of the left-most occurrence of the string PAT, in the string s, if PAT does not occur in s, the value 0 is returned.
Given two string S and PAT, the value of PAT as a pattern to be searched for in s. If it occurs, then we want to know the node in s where PAT begins.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the definition of software engineering, software components, characteristics of software, the software crisis, software quality attributes, and software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It discusses several SDLC models - waterfall model, prototype model, spiral model, evolutionary development model - outlining their phases and advantages/disadvantages.
Video files contain both audio and image data that are played simultaneously. The file contains thousands of still images displayed in sequence to create the illusion of movement. Due to the large size of storing uncompressed video data, files are compressed to reduce the size by around 1/100 without degrading quality. Compression technology has advanced to minimize quality loss when compressing files.
Software Configuration Management (CM) establishes and maintains product integrity throughout development. CM involves four key functions: identification, control, status accounting, and audits of configuration items. CM planning tasks include identifying items, baselines, and roles. CM execution tasks are configuration control, status accounting, and audits. CM records like plans, schedules, change requests, audit results must be organized and maintained.
Halftoning is the process of converting a greyscale image to a binary image made up of black and white dots. In newspapers, halftoning simulates greyscale using patterns of black dots of varying sizes on a white background. Traditionally, halftoning was done photographically by projecting an image through a halftone screen with an etched grid onto film. Different screen frequencies control dot size. Digital halftoning techniques include patterning, which replaces each pixel with a pattern from a binary font, and dithering, which thresholds the image against a dither matrix to determine black and white pixels.
This document discusses multimedia data compression. It explains that multimedia files like images, audio, and video take up significantly more storage space than text files. Data compression reduces the size of files by removing redundant data, saving storage space and allowing faster transfers. Compression is achieved through codecs, which are hardware or software that compresses and decompresses data. Compression can be lossless, allowing exact reconstruction of the original data, or lossy, which sacrifices some quality to achieve greater compression but does not allow exact reconstruction.
Adaptive Huffman coding is an improvement over standard Huffman coding that allows the Huffman tree to be adapted as additional symbols are encoded. It determines codeword mappings using a running estimate of symbol probabilities. This allows it to better exploit locality in the data. The algorithm works in two phases: first, it transforms the existing Huffman tree to maintain optimality when a symbol's weight is incremented; second, it increments the weight. This process is repeated as each new symbol is encoded.
This document discusses the use of text in multimedia. It defines text as a basic but important media that is used to communicate information through words, sentences and paragraphs. Text is used in multimedia to explain how applications work, guide user navigation, and deliver designed information. The document outlines different text technologies including typefaces, fonts, file formats and how text characteristics like size, style and color can be modified. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of using text in multimedia.
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to predict employee attrition and understand factors that influence turnover. It evaluates different machine learning models on an employee turnover dataset to classify employees who are at risk of leaving. Logistic regression and random forest classifiers are applied and achieve accuracy rates of 78% and 98% respectively. The document also discusses preprocessing techniques and visualizing insights from the models to better understand employee turnover.
This document discusses data structures and the C preprocessor. It defines data structures as organized ways to store data in a computer. Common data structures include arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, and trees. The C preprocessor processes C programs before compilation by performing tasks like including header files, defining macros, and conditional compilation. Preprocessor directives start with # and are used to transform the code before the compiler sees it. Macros are a common preprocessor feature that allows text substitutions using identifiers.
This document provides an overview of language design and translation issues. It covers several topics including programming language concepts, paradigms and models, programming environments, virtual computers and binding times, programming language syntax, stages in translation, formal transition models, elementary data types and properties of types and objects, and scalar and composite data types. The document is part of a syllabus for a course on programming language concepts.
Running Head E-GRANT REQUIREMENTS2E-GRANT REQUIREMENTS .docxjeanettehully
Running Head: E-GRANT REQUIREMENTS 2
E-GRANT REQUIREMENTS 2
E-grant Requirements
Krishna Marepalli
170068
Harrisburg University
E-grant requirements
Business requirements
User requirements
System requirements
Non-functional requirements
Safe means of money transfer
The applicant requires to enter their banking details into the system.
The e-grant system should enable the user to enter their banking data.
Conform with financing p & ps
The state administrators require to send money to applicants (Little, 2016).
The e-grant system should also enable the user to select the account type they wish their money to be deposited.
Submission of applications
The applicant requires to sign in to the system at any time.
The system should allow the user to create an account and enter their data.
Conform with system processing p & ps
User should be in a position to select the required application from a list of applications.
The system should be user friendly and should allow them to navigate through the application process (Alla, Pazos & DelAguila, 2017).
The user requires to submit their applications
The system is required to send confirmatory messages to the applicants.
Implementation of a standard accreditation scale.
Administrators require to evaluate the applications.
The system should permit the administrators to access the applications at all times.
Conform with auditing p & ps
The system is required to store the applications in a systematic manner for easier retrieval.
Administrators require to turn down or approve applications.
The system should allow the administrators to carry out these approvals and rejections (Chari & Agrawal, 2018).
The system is required to allow for a comment section.
Administrators require to enter applications scores manually
The system should enable the administrators to enter the applications scores.
The system should enable the entered scores to be saved.
The system is also required to update the scores regularly and automatically.
References
Alla, S., Pazos, P., & DelAguila, R. (2017). The Impact of Requirements Management Documentation on Software Project Outcomes in Health Care. In IIE Annual Conference. Proceedings (pp. 1419-1423). Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE).
Chari, K., & Agrawal, M. (2018). Impact of incorrect and new requirements on waterfall software project outcomes. Empirical Software Engineering, 23(1), 165-185.
Little, T. A. (2016). A Foundational Perspective on Core Competency Requirements for Project Management Initiatives.
This is a formula to calculate a loan payment. The input is the amount of the loan, the number of payments, and the interest rate.
payment = loan payment (a = loan amount, r = rate, n = periods)
The rate and periods should match each other – for example, if the period is a number of months, then the rate should be a monthly rate and the payment will be a monthly payment.
If you have the annual interest rate and ...
INTRODUCTION TO CODING-CLASS VI LEVEL-DESCRIPTION ABOUT SYNTAX LANGUAGERathnaM16
This document provides an introduction to coding for 6th grade students. It discusses ethical practices in coding and explains that the goal of coding is to contribute to society and avoid harming others. It also outlines what students will learn in each chapter, including real-world applications of coding, how coding impacts daily life, popular programming languages, algorithms, variables, and using conditionals for control flow. Traffic lights and barcode scanners are provided as examples of how coding is applied in everyday life.
This document provides an introduction to coding for grade 6 students. It discusses ethical practices in coding and contributing to society. It introduces concepts like real-world applications of coding, popular programming languages, and how coding impacts daily life. Traffic lights are used as an example of how a few lines of code can automatically change traffic signals. Coding is applied in many areas like grocery stores, transportation, entertainment and more.
This document provides an overview of a 100-hour information technology training program. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking the teacher for their guidance. The contents section lists topics covered including introductions to MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Tally ERP9. These sections provide high-level descriptions of the features and capabilities of each software program. The document serves to outline the content and objectives of the training program.
This document discusses algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode, and data types in programming. It defines an algorithm as a step-by-step procedure to solve problems. Pseudocode uses natural language to describe an algorithm, while a flowchart provides a graphical representation. The document also discusses using flowcharts and pseudocode in the planning process, and defines common data types like integer, string, boolean and their uses in programming.
The document discusses machine learning concepts and approaches for practical implementation in enterprises. It defines key terms like business analytics, predictive analytics, and machine learning. Business analytics answer questions about past data through queries, while predictive analytics uses algorithms to predict future probabilities and outcomes. The document also outlines challenges to enterprise adoption of machine learning and how vendors are helping to address skills gaps through cloud-based tools and services.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using data mining techniques for telecommunications. It discusses three main types of telecom data: call summary data, network data, and customer data. It then describes using a genetic algorithm approach to mine sequential patterns from telecom databases. The genetic algorithm uses country codes to represent chromosomes and applies genetic operators and fitness functions to iteratively find sequential patterns in the telecom data. The approach provides non-optimal solutions faster than traditional algorithms.
This document provides an overview of a book containing 50 C interview questions and answers organized into 5 chapters: Variables & Control Flow, Operators, Constants & Structures, Functions, and Pointers. It includes sample questions, answers, and code examples. The book aims to help C programmers prepare for technical interviews by brushing up on basic C concepts. It contains frequently asked entry-level questions in major companies. Feedback from readers praises the book for saving time and making them feel confident for interviews.
This document provides 50 interview questions on C programming language organized into 5 chapters: Variables & Control Flow, Operators, Constants & Structures, Functions, Pointers, and Programs. It aims to help both freshers and experienced programmers quickly brush up on basic C concepts commonly asked during job interviews at top companies. Each question is accompanied by a detailed answer along with code examples where applicable. Feedback is welcomed to be sent to the publisher.
This document provides an introduction to using R, an open-source programming language for statistical analysis and graphics. It outlines some key R concepts like vectors, matrices, data frames and factors for storing data. It also covers reading and writing data, creating scripts and objects, control statements, text manipulation, plotting graphs, and performing statistical tests. The document is intended as a handbook to accompany an introductory R course, with exercises for users to practice the concepts.
This document discusses applying machine learning techniques including text retrieval, association rule mining, and decision tree learning using R. It introduces the movie review dataset and preprocessing steps like removing stopwords and stemming. Text retrieval is performed to create a document-term matrix from the reviews. Association rules are generated from a sample of negative reviews using the Apriori algorithm. Decision trees are built on the combined document-term matrix and sentiment labels to classify review sentiment.
Data may be organized in many different ways; the logical or mathematical model of a particular organization of data is called "Data Structure". The choice of a particular data model depends on two considerations:
It must be rich enough in structure to reflect the actual relationships of the data in the real world.
The structure should be simple enough that one can effectively process the data when necessary.
Data Structure Operations
The particular data structure that one chooses for a given situation depends largely on the nature of specific operations to be performed.
The following are the four major operations associated with any data structure:
i. Traversing : Accessing each record exactly once so that certain items in the record may be processed.
ii. Searching : Finding the location of the record with a given key value, or finding the locations of all records which satisfy one or more conditions.
iii. Inserting : Adding a new record to the structure.
iv. Deleting : Removing a record from the structure.
Primitive and Composite Data Types
Primitive Data Types are Basic data types of any language. In most computers these are native to the machine's hardware.
Some Primitive data types are:
Integer
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Table of Contents
Organization of Chapters 17
Getting Ready 22
Group Discussions 37
Operating System Concepts 54
C/C++/Java Interview Questions 81
Scripting Languages 157
Bitwise Hacking 194
Concepts of Computer Networking 203
Database Management Systems 256
Brain Teasers 271
Algorithms Introduction 274
Recursion and Backtracking 285
Linked Lists 290
Stacks 322
Queues 336
Trees 345
Priority Queues and Heaps 397
Graph Algorithms 407
Sorting 417
Searching 441
Hashing 466
String Algorithms 473
Algorithms Design Techniques 479
Greedy Algorithms 482
Divide and Conquer Algorithms 486
Dynamic Programming 489
Basics of Design Patterns 496
Non-Technical Help 505
Quantitative Aptitude Concepts 511
Basics of Cloud Computing 524
Miscellaneous Concepts 539
Career Options 559
This document provides information about a book on design patterns. The book is written in Java and covers common interview questions related to design patterns without requiring any prior software design experience. It serves as a reference guide for professionals. The author, Narasimha Karumanchi, has industry experience at Amazon and previously worked at IBM, Mentor Graphics, and Microsoft. He has a B.Tech and M.Tech in Computer Science. The book is published by CareerMonk Publications.
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Table of Contents:
Introduction
UML Basics
Design Patterns Introduction
Creational Patterns
Structural Patterns
Behavioral Patterns
Glossary and Tips
Design Interview Questions
Miscellaneous Concepts
This document provides an overview of an approach to learning data structures and algorithms that focuses on enumerating possible solutions to problems with different complexities, rather than just presenting theorems and proofs. It is intended to help with interview, course, and competition exam preparation by improving thinking skills. All code examples are written in C but are not language-specific. It recommends completely reading each chapter, which presents required theory and related problems, and then practicing applying techniques to new questions in order to analyze multiple solutions.
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In this article, we will dive into the extraordinary life of Ellen Burstyn, where the curtains rise on a story that's far more attractive than any script.
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
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17. Stage-Gate Model
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HR search is critical to a company's success because it ensures the correct people are in place. HR search integrates workforce capabilities with company goals by painstakingly identifying, screening, and employing qualified candidates, supporting innovation, productivity, and growth. Efficient talent acquisition improves teamwork while encouraging collaboration. Also, it reduces turnover, saves money, and ensures consistency. Furthermore, HR search discovers and develops leadership potential, resulting in a strong pipeline of future leaders. Finally, this strategic approach to recruitment enables businesses to respond to market changes, beat competitors, and achieve long-term success.
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5. Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 9
Variables ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Data types ................................................................................................................................................. 9
System defined data types (Primitive data types) ............................................................................ 10
User defined data types...................................................................................................................... 10
Data Structure ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Abstract Data Types (ADT’s) ................................................................................................................. 11
Memory and Variables .......................................................................................................................... 11
Size of a Variable................................................................................................................................ 12
Address of a Variable ......................................................................................................................... 12
Pointers................................................................................................................................................... 13
Declaration of Pointers ...................................................................................................................... 13
Pointers Usage .................................................................................................................................... 13
Pointer Manipulation ........................................................................................................................ 14
Arrays and Pointers ........................................................................................................................... 15
Dynamic Memory Allocation............................................................................................................ 15
Function Pointers............................................................................................................................... 16
Parameter Passing Techniques .............................................................................................................. 16
Actual and Formal Parameters .......................................................................................................... 16
Semantics of Parameter Passing ........................................................................................................ 17
Language Support for Parameter Passing Techniques ..................................................................... 17
Pass by Value...................................................................................................................................... 17
Pass by Result ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Pass by Value-Result.......................................................................................................................... 19
Pass by Reference (aliasing) .............................................................................................................. 20
Pass by Name...................................................................................................................................... 21
Binding ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Binding Times .................................................................................................................................... 22
Static Binding (Early binding) ........................................................................................................... 22