The document describes the order of presentation for a group project. Etukudo Andy will introduce the project and order of presentation. Adewumi Ezekiel will present on the numerical data project and contribution. Fajuko Micheal will run the program and discuss contribution. Finally, Afia Kennedy will provide the conclusion and link the project to previous lectures, discussing contribution.
An enumerated data type (enum) allows a variable to be assigned one of a list of predefined constant values. An enum defines a new data type with a set of named constants, which can then be used to declare enum variables that may be assigned one of the defined constant values. This helps simplify programs, enhance readability, and catch errors at compile time by restricting variables to a set of predefined values.
This document discusses various data types in C programming. It covers primary data types like int, char, float, and void. It also discusses derived data types such as arrays, pointers, enumerated data types, structures, and typedef. For each data type, it provides details on usage, memory size, value ranges, and examples.
Data types in C include primary (fundamental) types like integers and floating-point numbers, as well as derived and user-defined types. Primary types include integers of various sizes (char, short, int, long) that can be signed or unsigned, and floating-point types like float, double, and long double. Integer types have size and value ranges that depend on the machine, such as 8-bit char from -128 to 127. Floating-point types have prescribed sizes and precision levels. User can define their own types using typedef to create new type names, or enum to define enumeration types with named values.
Programs transform input data into output data using programming languages that support different data types and operations on those types. A data type specifies a set of values and operations on those values and is used to declare variables, return values, and function parameters. Identifiers refer to data types, variables, and functions and have specific naming rules. Common built-in data types include integers, characters, floating points, pointers, arrays, strings, and structures.
The document discusses various data types in C++. It explains that data types define the type of data stored in variables and associated operations. There are fundamental data types like integer, character, float, double, and void provided by C++. User-defined data types include arrays, pointers, references, structures, unions, classes and enumerations. The document provides details on the size and range of standard data types like short int, int, long, float, double etc. It also explains various type modifiers and derived data types.
The document discusses enumerated data types in C programming, which allow the programmer to define their own data type consisting of a set of named constants, and explains how to define an enumerated type using the enum keyword along with syntax examples. It also covers related topics like typedefs which define new names for existing types, bit fields to reduce the size of integer members in a struct, and examples of each.
C++ provides built-in and user-defined data types. Built-in data types are pre-defined in C++ and include character, integer, floating point, double, void, and boolean. User-defined data types are composed of built-in types and include arrays, structures, unions, classes, and pointers. Data types determine the type of data that can be stored and the operations that can be performed on that data.
An enumerated data type (enum) allows a variable to be assigned one of a list of predefined constant values. An enum defines a new data type with a set of named constants, which can then be used to declare enum variables that may be assigned one of the defined constant values. This helps simplify programs, enhance readability, and catch errors at compile time by restricting variables to a set of predefined values.
This document discusses various data types in C programming. It covers primary data types like int, char, float, and void. It also discusses derived data types such as arrays, pointers, enumerated data types, structures, and typedef. For each data type, it provides details on usage, memory size, value ranges, and examples.
Data types in C include primary (fundamental) types like integers and floating-point numbers, as well as derived and user-defined types. Primary types include integers of various sizes (char, short, int, long) that can be signed or unsigned, and floating-point types like float, double, and long double. Integer types have size and value ranges that depend on the machine, such as 8-bit char from -128 to 127. Floating-point types have prescribed sizes and precision levels. User can define their own types using typedef to create new type names, or enum to define enumeration types with named values.
Programs transform input data into output data using programming languages that support different data types and operations on those types. A data type specifies a set of values and operations on those values and is used to declare variables, return values, and function parameters. Identifiers refer to data types, variables, and functions and have specific naming rules. Common built-in data types include integers, characters, floating points, pointers, arrays, strings, and structures.
The document discusses various data types in C++. It explains that data types define the type of data stored in variables and associated operations. There are fundamental data types like integer, character, float, double, and void provided by C++. User-defined data types include arrays, pointers, references, structures, unions, classes and enumerations. The document provides details on the size and range of standard data types like short int, int, long, float, double etc. It also explains various type modifiers and derived data types.
The document discusses enumerated data types in C programming, which allow the programmer to define their own data type consisting of a set of named constants, and explains how to define an enumerated type using the enum keyword along with syntax examples. It also covers related topics like typedefs which define new names for existing types, bit fields to reduce the size of integer members in a struct, and examples of each.
C++ provides built-in and user-defined data types. Built-in data types are pre-defined in C++ and include character, integer, floating point, double, void, and boolean. User-defined data types are composed of built-in types and include arrays, structures, unions, classes, and pointers. Data types determine the type of data that can be stored and the operations that can be performed on that data.
This document provides an overview of C++ data types. It discusses fundamental data types like integer, character, float, and double. It also covers type modifiers, derived data types like arrays and functions, and other concepts like pointers, references, constants, classes, structures, unions, and enumerations. The document aims to explain the different data types and how they are used in C++.
The document defines and describes various data types in the C programming language. It discusses integer data types like char, short int, int, long int; floating point data types like float, double, long double; void data type; and derived data types like arrays, pointers, structures, unions, enumerated data types, and user-defined data types using typedef. Each data type is explained along with its size, range of values it can hold, and examples.
This document provides an overview of various C++ data types including fundamental, derived, and user-defined data types. It discusses integer, character, float, double, and void fundamental data types. It also covers integer, character, and floating-point type modifiers. Additionally, it summarizes arrays, functions, pointers, references, constants, classes, structures, unions, and enumerations as derived or user-defined data types in C++.
This document assigns a group project on data types in C++ to seven students. It discusses the three main data types in C++ - character, integer, and float. Character data can store single characters, integer data stores whole numbers, and float data stores numeric values with decimals. It also covers variable declaration and initialization in C++, noting that variables must be declared before use and can be initialized with a value upon declaration. The document assigns different aspects of the data types topic to the seven students listed at the top for further explanation in the project.
The document discusses various C data types including primary, derived, and user defined data types. It describes integer, floating point, character, array, structure, and enum data types. Integer types store whole numbers, floating point types store decimal numbers, and character types store single characters. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type, structures group different data types together, and enums define a new data type with named integer constants. Multidimensional arrays and accessing structure members are also explained with code examples.
Pointers provide a way to access and manipulate variables indirectly through memory addresses. A pointer variable stores the address of another variable. Pointers allow dynamic memory allocation and more efficient data manipulation. They are useful for implementing data structures like linked lists and arrays. Pointers can be declared, initialized, and dereferenced using operators like asterisk (*) and ampersand (&). Arithmetic operations on pointers modify the address they point to rather than the underlying value.
Data types are classifications that define the type of data a variable can hold in programming languages. The most common data types are Boolean, integer, floating-point number, character, and alphanumeric string. Boolean data consists of true or false values and is used in search engines and conditional statements. Integers are whole numbers, while floating-point numbers allow decimals. Characters represent single symbols, and alphanumeric strings contain letters and numbers. Understanding data types is essential for programmers to ensure correct application functions and avoid errors.
This document discusses data types in C++. It describes the three main categories of data types: primitive/fundamental types like int and char, derived types which are based on primitive types, and user-defined types created with structures. It also covers data type modifiers, constants/literals of different data types, and rules for declaring variables in C++ like their scope and naming conventions.
The document discusses various C++ data types including built-in, derived, and user-defined data types. It describes the different built-in data types like int, char, float, double, void and their properties. It also discusses derived data types like arrays, functions, pointers, references, and constant. The document further explains user-defined data types like structures, unions and classes/objects in C++.
This document provides an overview of data types in C programming, including:
1) It describes four main types of data types - fundamental, modifiers, derived, and user defined. Fundamental types include integer, character, float, void. Modifiers change properties of other types. Derived types include arrays and pointers.
2) It explains the integer, float, character, and void fundamental data types in more detail. Integer can be short, int, long. Float and double store numbers in mantissa and exponent. Character represents keyboard characters.
3) Common C data type sizes and value ranges are provided for integer, float, and character types along with their modifiers like short, long, signed, unsigned.
The document discusses data types in C programming. It describes the different types of data types as primary, derived, and user-defined. Primary data types include integer, floating point, character, and void types. Integer types can be signed or unsigned and include int, short int, long int, etc. Floating point types are float, double, and long double. Character types are char and unsigned char. Derived data types include arrays, pointers, and references. User-defined data types allow programmers to define their own data types using structures, unions, and enumerations. The document provides examples of declaring different primary data types with variable names.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
The C programming language allows defining new data types using the typedef keyword. Typedef can be used to give a new name to an existing data type, creating a synonym. For example, typedef can define BYTE as an unsigned char for one-byte numbers. Typedef can also be used to define new structured data types by combining existing types, such as defining a structure for employee data and using typedef to create a new data type Emp from it. This allows directly defining Emp variables without needing the struct keyword. The example demonstrates collecting employee data using this new Emp type.
This document summarizes different data types including numeric, enumeration, Boolean, character, character strings, pointers, files, and input-output. It provides details on integer, floating-point real numbers, fixed-point real numbers, character strings, and pointers and programmer-constructed data objects. Integer data types can represent a finite set of mathematical integers and have different sizes and may or may not contain negative values. Floating-point numbers use a mantissa-exponent representation similar to scientific notation. Fixed-point numbers have a predefined number of decimal places. Character strings can have fixed or variable lengths and support operations like concatenation and substring selection. Pointers reference data in memory and programmer-constructed objects can be complex data
Structures in C allow the user to define a custom data type that combines different data types to represent a record. A structure is similar to an array but can contain heterogeneous data types, while an array only holds the same type. Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by structure tags and member lists. Structure variables are declared like other variables and members can be accessed using the dot operator. Arrays of structures and nested structures are also supported.
This document discusses different data types in C/C++ including character, integer, and real (float) data types. It explains that character data can be signed or unsigned and occupies 1 byte, integer data represents whole numbers using the int type, and float data represents decimal numbers. The document also covers numeric and non-numeric constants in C/C++ such as integer, octal, hexadecimal, floating point, character, and string constants.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the basics of C programming including data types, variables, constants, keywords, operators, input/output statements, decision-making statements, and looping statements. It also covers basic C program structure, storage classes, and introduces different programming paradigms like procedural, structured, object-oriented and monolithic programming.
Data Types and Variables In C ProgrammingKamal Acharya
This document discusses data types and variables in C programming. It defines the basic data types like integer, floating point, character and void. It explains the size and range of integer and floating point data types. It also covers user-defined data types using typedef and enumeration. Variables are used to store and manipulate data in a program and the document outlines the rules for declaring variables and assigning values to them.
This document provides information on various data types, variables, and structures in Visual Basic, including:
- The differences between information and data, with data being information formatted for computer software.
- Common variable types like Integer, String, and Date that can be declared and initialized.
- Mathematical and string methods that can be used to manipulate variable values.
- Control structures like If/Then/Else statements, loops, and Select Case that allow conditional execution of code.
- Collections like arrays and ArrayLists that can store and manage multiple values.
The document covers many fundamental concepts in Visual Basic programming for representing and manipulating data.
Structured Languages- Need and Characteristics of OOP, Data Types and Modifiers, Arrays, Classes, Objects, Pointers, References, Difference between Pointers and References, Inheritance, Constructors, Destructors, and Polymorphism.
This document provides an overview of C++ data types. It discusses fundamental data types like integer, character, float, and double. It also covers type modifiers, derived data types like arrays and functions, and other concepts like pointers, references, constants, classes, structures, unions, and enumerations. The document aims to explain the different data types and how they are used in C++.
The document defines and describes various data types in the C programming language. It discusses integer data types like char, short int, int, long int; floating point data types like float, double, long double; void data type; and derived data types like arrays, pointers, structures, unions, enumerated data types, and user-defined data types using typedef. Each data type is explained along with its size, range of values it can hold, and examples.
This document provides an overview of various C++ data types including fundamental, derived, and user-defined data types. It discusses integer, character, float, double, and void fundamental data types. It also covers integer, character, and floating-point type modifiers. Additionally, it summarizes arrays, functions, pointers, references, constants, classes, structures, unions, and enumerations as derived or user-defined data types in C++.
This document assigns a group project on data types in C++ to seven students. It discusses the three main data types in C++ - character, integer, and float. Character data can store single characters, integer data stores whole numbers, and float data stores numeric values with decimals. It also covers variable declaration and initialization in C++, noting that variables must be declared before use and can be initialized with a value upon declaration. The document assigns different aspects of the data types topic to the seven students listed at the top for further explanation in the project.
The document discusses various C data types including primary, derived, and user defined data types. It describes integer, floating point, character, array, structure, and enum data types. Integer types store whole numbers, floating point types store decimal numbers, and character types store single characters. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type, structures group different data types together, and enums define a new data type with named integer constants. Multidimensional arrays and accessing structure members are also explained with code examples.
Pointers provide a way to access and manipulate variables indirectly through memory addresses. A pointer variable stores the address of another variable. Pointers allow dynamic memory allocation and more efficient data manipulation. They are useful for implementing data structures like linked lists and arrays. Pointers can be declared, initialized, and dereferenced using operators like asterisk (*) and ampersand (&). Arithmetic operations on pointers modify the address they point to rather than the underlying value.
Data types are classifications that define the type of data a variable can hold in programming languages. The most common data types are Boolean, integer, floating-point number, character, and alphanumeric string. Boolean data consists of true or false values and is used in search engines and conditional statements. Integers are whole numbers, while floating-point numbers allow decimals. Characters represent single symbols, and alphanumeric strings contain letters and numbers. Understanding data types is essential for programmers to ensure correct application functions and avoid errors.
This document discusses data types in C++. It describes the three main categories of data types: primitive/fundamental types like int and char, derived types which are based on primitive types, and user-defined types created with structures. It also covers data type modifiers, constants/literals of different data types, and rules for declaring variables in C++ like their scope and naming conventions.
The document discusses various C++ data types including built-in, derived, and user-defined data types. It describes the different built-in data types like int, char, float, double, void and their properties. It also discusses derived data types like arrays, functions, pointers, references, and constant. The document further explains user-defined data types like structures, unions and classes/objects in C++.
This document provides an overview of data types in C programming, including:
1) It describes four main types of data types - fundamental, modifiers, derived, and user defined. Fundamental types include integer, character, float, void. Modifiers change properties of other types. Derived types include arrays and pointers.
2) It explains the integer, float, character, and void fundamental data types in more detail. Integer can be short, int, long. Float and double store numbers in mantissa and exponent. Character represents keyboard characters.
3) Common C data type sizes and value ranges are provided for integer, float, and character types along with their modifiers like short, long, signed, unsigned.
The document discusses data types in C programming. It describes the different types of data types as primary, derived, and user-defined. Primary data types include integer, floating point, character, and void types. Integer types can be signed or unsigned and include int, short int, long int, etc. Floating point types are float, double, and long double. Character types are char and unsigned char. Derived data types include arrays, pointers, and references. User-defined data types allow programmers to define their own data types using structures, unions, and enumerations. The document provides examples of declaring different primary data types with variable names.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
The C programming language allows defining new data types using the typedef keyword. Typedef can be used to give a new name to an existing data type, creating a synonym. For example, typedef can define BYTE as an unsigned char for one-byte numbers. Typedef can also be used to define new structured data types by combining existing types, such as defining a structure for employee data and using typedef to create a new data type Emp from it. This allows directly defining Emp variables without needing the struct keyword. The example demonstrates collecting employee data using this new Emp type.
This document summarizes different data types including numeric, enumeration, Boolean, character, character strings, pointers, files, and input-output. It provides details on integer, floating-point real numbers, fixed-point real numbers, character strings, and pointers and programmer-constructed data objects. Integer data types can represent a finite set of mathematical integers and have different sizes and may or may not contain negative values. Floating-point numbers use a mantissa-exponent representation similar to scientific notation. Fixed-point numbers have a predefined number of decimal places. Character strings can have fixed or variable lengths and support operations like concatenation and substring selection. Pointers reference data in memory and programmer-constructed objects can be complex data
Structures in C allow the user to define a custom data type that combines different data types to represent a record. A structure is similar to an array but can contain heterogeneous data types, while an array only holds the same type. Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by structure tags and member lists. Structure variables are declared like other variables and members can be accessed using the dot operator. Arrays of structures and nested structures are also supported.
This document discusses different data types in C/C++ including character, integer, and real (float) data types. It explains that character data can be signed or unsigned and occupies 1 byte, integer data represents whole numbers using the int type, and float data represents decimal numbers. The document also covers numeric and non-numeric constants in C/C++ such as integer, octal, hexadecimal, floating point, character, and string constants.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the basics of C programming including data types, variables, constants, keywords, operators, input/output statements, decision-making statements, and looping statements. It also covers basic C program structure, storage classes, and introduces different programming paradigms like procedural, structured, object-oriented and monolithic programming.
Data Types and Variables In C ProgrammingKamal Acharya
This document discusses data types and variables in C programming. It defines the basic data types like integer, floating point, character and void. It explains the size and range of integer and floating point data types. It also covers user-defined data types using typedef and enumeration. Variables are used to store and manipulate data in a program and the document outlines the rules for declaring variables and assigning values to them.
This document provides information on various data types, variables, and structures in Visual Basic, including:
- The differences between information and data, with data being information formatted for computer software.
- Common variable types like Integer, String, and Date that can be declared and initialized.
- Mathematical and string methods that can be used to manipulate variable values.
- Control structures like If/Then/Else statements, loops, and Select Case that allow conditional execution of code.
- Collections like arrays and ArrayLists that can store and manage multiple values.
The document covers many fundamental concepts in Visual Basic programming for representing and manipulating data.
Structured Languages- Need and Characteristics of OOP, Data Types and Modifiers, Arrays, Classes, Objects, Pointers, References, Difference between Pointers and References, Inheritance, Constructors, Destructors, and Polymorphism.
The document discusses key concepts related to data structures and algorithms in C including:
1. Data structures allow for efficient storage and retrieval of data through logical organization and mathematical modeling.
2. Algorithms must be correct, finite, and efficient to solve problems by taking input and producing output through a defined sequence of steps.
3. Common data structures covered include arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, and graphs. Abstract data types allow separation of implementation from interface.
The document discusses key concepts related to data structures and algorithms in C including:
1. Data structures allow for efficient storage and retrieval of data through logical organization and mathematical modeling.
2. Algorithms must be correct, finite, and efficient to solve problems by taking input and producing output through a defined sequence of steps.
3. Common data structures covered include arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, and graphs. Abstract data types allow separation of implementation from interface.
Introduction to Data structure and algorithm.pptxline24arts
This document discusses data structures and algorithms. It begins by outlining the key topics that will be covered, including explaining data structures, their operations and classifications, algorithm time complexity, and calculating time complexity. It then defines fundamental concepts like data, entities, records and files. The rest of the document provides examples of different data structures and algorithms, and analyzes their time complexities using Big O notation. It explains concepts like linear, logarithmic and quadratic time complexity through worked examples.
Data structures cs301 power point slides lecture 01shaziabibi5
This lecture covers data structures and their implementation in C++. It discusses how data structures organize data to make programs more efficient. Common data structures that will be covered include dynamic arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs. The lecture emphasizes that each data structure has costs and benefits depending on the problem, and the goal is to select the most appropriate structure. It also introduces arrays as a basic built-in data structure in many languages and how dynamic arrays can be used when the size is unknown at compile time.
JLK Chapter 5 – Methods and ModularityDRAFT January 2015 Edition.docxvrickens
JLK Chapter 5 – Methods and ModularityDRAFT January 2015 Edition pg. 25
An Introduction to
Computer Science with Java, Python and C++
Community College of Philadelphia edition
Copyright 2017 by C.W. Herbert, all rights reserved.
Last edited October 8, 28, 2019 by C. W. Herbert
This document is a draft of a chapter from An Introduction to Computer Science with Java, Python and C++, written by Charles Herbert. It is available free of charge for students in Computer Science courses at Community College of Philadelphia during the Fall 2019 semester. It may not be reproduced or distributed for any other purposes without proper prior permission.
Please report any typos, other errors, or suggestions for improving the text to [email protected]
Chapter 5 – Python Functions and Modular Programming
Contents
Lesson 5.1User Created Functions in Python2
Python Function Parameters2
Value returning functions3
Example – Methods and Parameter Passing5
9
Lesson 5.2Top-Down Design and Modular Development10
Chapter Exercises13
User Created Functions in Python
So far we have only created software with one continuous Python script. We have used functions from other python modules, such as the square root method from the math class math.sqrt(n). Now we will begin to create our own functions of our own.
A Python function is a block of code that can be used to perform a specific task within a larger computer program. It can be called as needed from other Python software. Most programming languages have similar features, such as methods in Java or subroutines in system software.
The code for user-defined functions in Python is contained in a function definition. A Python function definition is a software unit with a header and a block of Python statements. The header starts with the keyword def followed by the name of the function, then a set parenthesis with any parameters for the function. A colon is used after the parentheses to indicate a block of code follows, just as with the if and while statements. The block of code to be included within the function is indented.
Here is an example of a Python function:
# firstFunction.py
# first demonstration of the use of a function for CSCI 111
# last edited 10/08/2o19 by C. Herbert
function
definition
def myFunction():
print ( "This line being printed by the function MyFunction.\n")
# end myFunction()
### main program ###
function used by the main part of the script
print("Beginning\n")
myFunction()
print("End\n")
# end main program
Functions can used for code that will be repeated within a program, or for modular development, in which long programs are broken into parts and the parts are developed independently. The parts can be developed as Python functions, then integrated to work together by being called from other software.
Python Function Parameters
Data can be passed to a Python function as a parameter of the function. Function parameters are variables listed in parentheses foll ...
Data science involves extracting knowledge from data to solve business problems. The data science life cycle includes defining the problem, collecting and preparing data, exploring the data, building models, and communicating results. Data preparation is an essential step that can consume 60% of a project's time. It involves cleaning, transforming, handling outliers, integrating, and reducing data. Models are built using machine learning algorithms like regression for continuous variables and classification for discrete variables. Results are visualized and communicated effectively to clients.
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines data structures as organized ways to store and access data to enable efficient operations. Common data structures include linked lists, trees, graphs, and stacks and queues. The document also defines algorithms as step-by-step instructions to solve problems and discusses ways to analyze their time and space complexity, such as using Big O notation. Specific algorithms covered include bubble sort, insertion sort, and quicksort.
This document discusses using variables and constants in Java, including:
- Declaring and initializing different variable types like int, float, and String
- Assigning values to variables and constants
- Using methods like getText() and setText() to work with text fields and text areas
- Adding buttons and adding listeners to buttons to detect click events
- Getting the system date using the Calendar class
Introduction to objects and inputoutput Ahmad Idrees
Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
Here are three classes that meet the requirements outlined in the homework:
1. Employee class with get/set methods for name, salary, and method to calculate yearly salary with a raise.
2. Invoice class with get/set methods for part number, description, quantity, price, and method to calculate invoice amount.
3. Date class with get/set methods for month, day, year, and method to display date in MM/DD/YYYY format.
Excel analysis assignment this is an independent assignment mejoney4
This document provides an Excel list of courses for the summer 2018 term including subject, course number, title, campus, schedule type, dates, times, locations, and other details. It shows accounting and business administration courses at the undergraduate level. The data could be used to analyze course enrollment trends, popularity of classes by concentration, and ratios of online versus on-campus courses.
C++ is an extension of C that allows for object-oriented programming. It introduces concepts like classes, inheritance, and polymorphism that make programs more modular and reusable.
Object-oriented programming focuses on defining data types that group together data representations and related functionality. Classes define these user-defined data types by bundling together data fields and functions that operate on those fields.
Polymorphism allows classes to define common interfaces for related behaviors while allowing derived classes to provide their own unique implementations. This allows code to work with general class types rather than fixed implementations.
The document discusses algorithms, data abstraction, asymptotic analysis, arrays, polynomials, and sparse matrices. It defines algorithms and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It explains how to design an algorithm and describes iterative and recursive algorithms. It defines data abstraction and gives an example using smartphones. It discusses time and space complexity analysis and different asymptotic notations like Big O, Omega, and Theta. It describes what arrays are, different types of arrays, and applications of arrays. It explains how to represent and add polynomials using linked lists. Finally, it defines sparse matrices and two methods to represent them using arrays and linked lists.
This document describes a course on data structures and algorithms. The course covers fundamental algorithms like sorting and searching as well as data structures including arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs. Students will learn to analyze algorithms for efficiency, apply techniques like recursion and induction, and complete programming assignments implementing various data structures and algorithms. The course aims to enhance students' skills in algorithm design, implementation, and complexity analysis. It is worth 4 credits and has prerequisites in computer programming. Student work will be graded based on assignments, exams, attendance, and a final exam.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
2. F a j u k o M i c h a e l
A d e w u m i E z e k i e l
E t u k u d o A n d y
A f i a K e n n e d y
3.
4. ORDER OF PRESENTATION
ETUKUDO ANDY-will introduce the project and talk
on the order in which the project will be presented and
also give a brief knowledge about his contribution in
the group for five (5) minutes.
ADEWUMI EZEKIEL- will present the project titled
“NUMERICAL DATA” and also give a brief knowledge
about his contribution in the group for seven (7)
minutes.
FAJUKO MICHEAL-will run the program that
concerns the project and also give a brief knowledge
about his contribution to the group for seven (7)
minutes.
Finally, AFIA KENNEDY-will talk on the conclusion
and how the project relates to our previous lectures
and also give a brief knowledge about his contribution
to the group for five (5) minutes.
7. Arithmetic expression is a valid arrangement of variables,
constants , operators ,operands and parentheses.
e.g
This an expression=x²-(4bc)
where x=variables
B and c=constants
-sign =operators
()sign=parenthesis
4=operands
There are five (5) operations in arithmetic expression that can
be written in java the arithmetic operators are:
Addition(+)
Subtraction(-)
Multiplication(*)
Division(/)
Modulo division (%)
8. The Evaluation of the Arithmetic Expression
in java is shown below;
•10+25=35
•50-15=35
•6*3=18
•25/5=5
•9%2=1
9.
10. Precedence Rule
When two or more operators are present in an
expression, we determine the order of
evaluation by following the precedence rules.
Order of Precedence
Bracket( )
Unary operators such as minors sign (-) and plus sign
(+)
Multiplication operator such as multiplication (*),
Division (/) and modulo division (%)
Additive operator such as minors(-) and addition(+)
I call it BUMA
12. 1. Write the source code in a .java file
2. Compile the source code into byte code creating a .class file
3. JVM interprets the byte code into machine language as 1s and 0s
and the computer then executes the instructions
14. The Math class is a type of standard class in
the java.lang package. The Math class contains
methods that perform various mathematical
functions.
Example: Square Root
a = Math.sqrt(9.0)
a would receive the value of 3.
Example: Exponents
a = Math.pow(4.0, 2.0)
a would receive the value of 16.
where Math is the class, pow is the method
and the rest are the parameters.
15. Mathematical Syntax Operation Java Description
Math.sqrt(x) square root of x
Math.pow(x, y) x raised to the exponent y
Math.abs(x) absolute value of x
Some Math Class Methods
16. 16
( ( ( Math.pow( ( ( 1 + Math.sqrt( 5 ) ) / 2 ),fibonacciNum ) ) - ( Math.pow( ( ( 1-
Math.sqrt( 5 ) ) / 2 ), fibonacciNum ) ) ) / Math.sqrt( 5 ) );
Write a formula with the use of mathclass
method that accepts N and displays FN.
17.
18.
19. The DecimalFormat class (which is part of the
java.text package) is one way to format
numbers.
To format a number using the DecimalFormat class,
a number of steps are required. In the following
example, we will format a number to two decimal
places.
20. 1. Import the java.text.DecimalFormat class.
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
2. Now you must create a DecimalFormat object to format the text
according to a pattern that you specify.
// Declare and initialize DecimalFormat object
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat(“.00”);
df is the name given to the DecimalFormat object we have created
# is a placeholder object that will be removed if there is not a
digit at that location
0 is a placeholder that will show up as zero if a digit is not found at
that location
3. Now we can use the DecimalFormat object to format your
number.
System.out.println(df.format(234.5678));
The above expression outputs 234.57.
The format pattern #.00 asks that a number be converted into
four characters – i.e. one digit to the left of the decimal separator,
a decimal separator, and two digits on the right.
21. 21
DecimalFormat decFor = new DecimalFormat(String pattern);
If I wanted to format the number to zero decimal places,
my DecimalFormat object would be created as
follows:
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat(“#”);
System.out.println(df.format(234.5678));
The above program would output the number 234.5678
would be outputted as 235.
class
parameterVariable name
22. EXAMPLE
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
class Deci {
public static void main(String args[]) {
//formatting numbers up to 2 decimal places in Java
DecimalFormat df = new
DecimalFormat("######.00");
System.out.println(df.format(364565.14));
//formatting numbers up to 3 decimal places in Java
df = new DecimalFormat("######.000");
System.out.println(df.format(364565.14));
}
}
25. •The input returned from the input dialog box is a
string. If you enter a numeric value such as 123, it
returns “123”. To obtain the input as a number,
you have to convert a string into a number.
•To convert a string into an int value, you can use
the static parseInt method in the Integer class as
follows:
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
•where intString is a numeric string such as “123”.
26. To convert a string into a double value, you can use
the static parseDouble method in the Double class
as follows:
double doubleValue
=Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
where doubleString is a numeric string such as
“123.45”.
27.
28. It is an open code and ready to supply input
data. Typically it corresponds to keyboard input
or another input source specified by the user.
System.in means by inputting the attributes and
method or data.
NOTE -The data collected by the system.in
object is character data, even if they are
entered as numeric digits. Therefore if the
application performs any calculation, the input
character, it must first be converted to
primitive data type before it is used.
29. It is an open and ready to accept output
data. Typically it corresponds to display
output or another output destination
specified by the user. Writing character
to the system.out using method print()
or print() displays these character on
your screen.
30.
31.
32. 32
GregorianCalendar class is a type of standard class
used for manipulating calendar information such as
year, month, day, hour, minute and second from a
Date object..
Firstly, identifying the package in which a class
belongs is very important
Therefore
(Java.util.Gregorian-Calendar is a concrete
subclass of Calendar);
33. 33
However they are constant defined in the calendar class for
retrieving different fragment of calendar/time which are;
Parameters and Constant defined
year - the value used to set the YEAR time field
in the calendar.
month - the value used to set the MONTH time
field in the calendar. Month value is 0-based. e.g.,
0 for January.
WEEK-the constant value for the days of week.
date - the value used to set the DATE time field
in the calendar.
hour - the value used to set the HOUR_OF_DAY
time field in the calendar.
34. How to Constructs a GregorianCalendar
with given date and time set for the
default time
GregorianCalendar today = new
GregorianCalendar( );
public GregorianCalendar
(int year,
int month,
int date,
int hour,
int minute,
int second)
35. And it is possible to create a new GregorianCalendar
object that represents today as
Or specifically presenting the day as January7,
2014, by passing year, month, and day as the
parameters
e.g.
GregorianCalendar independenceDay = new
GregorianCalendar (2014, 3, 7);
The value of 3 in the second parameter means
April because the value of the January is 0; and
the value of February which is the second month
of the year is 1 so therefore; the, value of April
is 3
36.
37.
38. 38
Java Data Types
object
array interface class
primitive
integral boolean
byte char short int long
floating point
float double
39. When a new Data values is created, Java
allocates space from a pool of memory
called the stack to the variables
40. Java Primitive Data Types
Primitive data value is also known as
(numerical data value) used to compute the
sum and the difference of variables (x and
y) in a Java program
we must first declare what kind of data will
be assigned to them after assigning values
to them, then computing their sum and
difference is made possible, to declare
that the type of data assigned to them is
an integer, we write
int x, y;
41. After declaration is made, memory is
allocated to store data values for x and y.
These memory locations are called
variables, and x and y are the names we
associate with the memory locations.
When declaration is made, we can
assign only integers to x and y but not
real numbers.
However there are six numerical data
types in Java: byte, short, int, long,
float, and double.
42. The difference among these six
numerical data types are their range of
values they can represent
Also a data type with a larger range of
values is said to have a higher precision
data type.
Double has a higher precision than the
data type float.
43. Memory size for data types
Every data type has some memory size defined. This
enables that whenever a variable is declared, the memory
size is automatically defined
Default value:
Every primitive data type has default values defined. When
the programmer does not declare to assign any values to the
variables, these default values will be assigned by the
Virtual machine during the object instantiation.
Range of values the data types can represent
It is extremely important to understand what are the min
and max range of values a data type can be able to hold.
44. This is syntax for declaring primitive data value
<data type> <variables>;
num1 38
num2 96
Before:
num2 = num1;
num1 38
num2 38
After:
Int number1,number2;
number1 = 138;
number2 = number1
When number2 is declared
as a variable it overwrite the
reference in number1
45. Object Data type
These are also variables (they can be change) but the
only difference is the content because a variable in an
object contains an address where the object is stored.
Without executing a new command, no new object is
created, two variables can refer to the same object as
the object having two distinct names
Before a memory is allocated to an object in a program,
it must be declared and initialized
An object declaration simply declares the name
(identifier) that is used to refer to an object.
Where <object names> is a sequence of object names
separated by commas and <Class name> is the name of a
class to which these objects belongs. The name of an
object and the class to which the object belongs
46. This is the syntax for object declaration:
<Class name> <object names>;
When an address of an object is
executed and memory space is
allocated
When the class of an object is
executed there’s a space memory
allocated to it
48. From the open book test, we have been drilled to read
and understand the concept of java in chapter two of
McGraw introduction to java. From the first topic, we
learnt about the six programming phases which are;
understand the program, Plan the logic, Code the
program, Test the program etc and this was used while
practicing and working out the java program for each
of the bullet point in question. Class is also the
template in object-oriented programming and it can
also be related to pseudocode.