Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Very useful for the beginners in the field of heat and the mass transfer field. It also gives the idea about the different modes of heat transfer and the measurement of energy transfer rate.
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Very useful for the beginners in the field of heat and the mass transfer field. It also gives the idea about the different modes of heat transfer and the measurement of energy transfer rate.
Our monitoring team works in a cycle of 4 phases: Definition, Collection, Visualization and Action. We've found it effective to be clear about what phase we are in to help communicate our needs as well as our progress. This talk was presented as a lightning talk at Monitorama 2015 by Melanie Cey
Warming the earth and the atmosphere.pptxGlendelCaroz
Warming the Earth's Atmosphere: Causes, Effects, and Solutions
The phenomenon of atmospheric warming, commonly referred to as global warming or climate change, has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. It is primarily driven by human activities that increase the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to significant and potentially irreversible changes in climate patterns. This essay explores the causes, effects, and potential solutions to this critical issue.
Causes of Atmospheric Warming
The primary cause of atmospheric warming is the enhanced greenhouse effect, which occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. The most significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and fluorinated gases. Human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have dramatically increased the levels of these gases. Key contributors include:
Burning of Fossil Fuels: The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and transportation is the largest source of CO₂ emissions.
Deforestation: Trees absorb CO₂, and large-scale deforestation reduces the planet's capacity to absorb this greenhouse gas, while the burning and decomposition of trees release additional CO₂.
Agriculture: Agricultural practices, such as livestock farming, produce significant amounts of methane and nitrous oxide.
Industrial Processes: Various industrial activities release GHGs, including the production of cement, steel, and chemicals.
Effects of Atmospheric Warming
The impacts of atmospheric warming are profound and widespread, affecting natural ecosystems and human societies globally. Some of the most significant effects include:
Rising Temperatures: Global average temperatures have increased, leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves. This can result in health problems, reduced agricultural yields, and increased energy demand.
Melting Polar Ice and Glaciers: Higher temperatures cause the melting of ice in polar regions and glaciers, contributing to sea level rise. This threatens coastal communities with increased flooding and erosion.
Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess CO₂ by the oceans leads to acidification, which adversely affects marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons.
Extreme Weather Events: There is an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heavy rainfall. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, disrupt food and water supplies, and displace populations.
Ecosystem Disruption: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter habitats and affect biodiversity, leading to shifts in species distributions and the potential extinction of vulnerable species.
Solutions to Mitigate Atmospheric Warming
Addressing atmospheric warming requires a multi-faceted approach that combines mitigat
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. 17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Energy Transfer as Heat
u Heat is the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in the objects’ temperature.
u Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms or molecules in a substance.
u Three mechanisms of energy transfer as heat are conduction, convection, and radiation.
u Conduction
• Conduction is the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity.
u Convection
• Convection is the transfer of heat by mass movement or circulation within a substance.
Energy Transfer as Heat
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
u Electromagnetic Waves
• The sun emits light and heat as well as the ultraviolet rays that cause a suntan. These forms of energy are only part of a large array of
energy emitted by the sun, called the electromagnetic spectrum.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
u Radiation
• Radiation is the transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves that travel out in all directions.
2. • Unlike conduction and convection, which need material to travel through, radiant energy can travel through the vacuum of space.
• All objects, at any temperature, emit radiant energy.
• Hotter objects radiate more total energy per unit area than colder objects do.
• The hottest radiating bodies produce the shortest wavelengths of maximum radiation.
• Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are good emitters as well.
What Happens to Solar Radiation?
u When radiation strikes an object, there usually are three different results.
1. Some energy is absorbed by the object.
2. Substances such as water and air are transparent to certain wavelengths of radiation.
3. Some radiation may bounce off the object without being absorbed or transmitted.
Solar Radiation
