The document discusses the artistic and intellectual developments that occurred in the Dutch Republic during the 17th century. It explores how the Dutch gained independence from Spain and the formation of the Dutch Reformed Church. It also examines the scientific revolution with figures like Descartes, Kepler, Galileo and Leeuwenhoek. In art, it analyzes genres like still life and landscape painting as well as masters like Vermeer, Rembrandt and Hals. In music, it discusses Sweelinck, Bach and the North German School. Overall, it summarizes the forces and influences that shaped Dutch culture and society during this period.
The Burgundian Netherlands refers to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) and northern France when ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the late 14th-15th centuries. Under Burgundian rule, the region became one of Europe's richest centers of cloth production, trade, and art patronage. Artists like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling were attracted to the Burgundian court and cities like Bruges. Their realistic style differed from the classical ideals of Italian Renaissance art, focusing more on religious experience and accurate depictions of local life.
The Renaissance was a period between the 14th and 16th centuries that saw a revival of art and intellectual thought rooted in classical antiquity. Notable early Renaissance artists included Giotto, Donatello and Brunelleschi in Florence. The High Renaissance of the 15th century was marked by artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian. Mannerism followed as a brief period characterized by elongated figures and flattened space. Key developments included increased naturalism, linear perspective techniques, and elevating the status of artists.
The document provides information about the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in Italy in the late middle ages and later spread to other parts of Europe. Key aspects included:
- Renaissance means "rebirth" and represented a cultural and artistic rebirth between the 14th to 17th centuries.
- It began in Florence, Italy and developed techniques like linear perspective in art.
- The movement eventually spread to Northern Europe, France, Germany and other regions through trade and the printing press.
- Areas of focus included humanism, art, science, religion, and increased self-awareness.
- Important figures included Leonardo da Vinci, who produced works like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
The Rebirth Moves North: The Art of the Northern RenaissanceProfWillAdams
The Renaissance in Northern Europe had key differences from Italy, being driven more by religious reform against the Catholic Church than humanism. Realism and detailed naturalism were more common, as were portraits of the middle class. Flemish masters like Van Eyck and Van der Weyden pioneered oil painting techniques and included hidden details. Matsys combined realism with symbolism. Northern Mannerism developed under Francis I in France. Dürer and Cranach documented the German Reformation, while Bosch and Bruegel critiqued society. El Greco reflected Spain's religious tensions through elongated figures.
Dutch genre painting flourished after the Thirty Years' War as the Dutch Republic grew wealthy through trade. With the Protestant faith banning religious images, artists turned to depicting everyday middle class scenes that reflected Calvinist values like hard work and modest prosperity. Genre works included portraits, landscapes showing the industrious Dutch landscape, and still lifes sometimes including vanitas symbols about the transience of life. These paintings served as morality lessons on virtuous behavior based on the Protestant work ethic.
Leonardo da Vinci was a quintessential Renaissance man who made significant advances in multiple areas. He pioneered the study of movement, emotion, oil painting technique, and uniting the human and divine. As a painter, sculptor, architect, astronomer, scientist, engineer and inventor, Leonardo combined interests in art, religion and science. He was a pioneer in capturing movement, emotion, and human psychology in his works. His most famous painting, the Mona Lisa, exemplifies his mastery of techniques like sfumato and pyramidal composition to express the sitter's mysterious inner nature.
The rise of portraiture during the Renaissance was significant because it reflected the increasingly secular and humanist worldview that focused on individuals and their lives rather than religion. Patrons also began commissioning portraits and secular works of art for personal fame and prestige rather than just religious works. This led to a rise in independent portrait commissions and subjects from mythology, and art eventually began being made simply for its own aesthetic value.
The document discusses the rivalry between Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci during the High Renaissance period in Italy. It describes their differing views on painting versus sculpture, with Leonardo believing painting was superior as it allowed one to create entire worlds, while Michelangelo preferred sculpture as it focused on the human form. The document also analyzes Michelangelo's famous works, the Pieta and David, noting his emphasis on idealized and dynamic figures to represent inner states of being.
The Burgundian Netherlands refers to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) and northern France when ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the late 14th-15th centuries. Under Burgundian rule, the region became one of Europe's richest centers of cloth production, trade, and art patronage. Artists like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling were attracted to the Burgundian court and cities like Bruges. Their realistic style differed from the classical ideals of Italian Renaissance art, focusing more on religious experience and accurate depictions of local life.
The Renaissance was a period between the 14th and 16th centuries that saw a revival of art and intellectual thought rooted in classical antiquity. Notable early Renaissance artists included Giotto, Donatello and Brunelleschi in Florence. The High Renaissance of the 15th century was marked by artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian. Mannerism followed as a brief period characterized by elongated figures and flattened space. Key developments included increased naturalism, linear perspective techniques, and elevating the status of artists.
The document provides information about the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in Italy in the late middle ages and later spread to other parts of Europe. Key aspects included:
- Renaissance means "rebirth" and represented a cultural and artistic rebirth between the 14th to 17th centuries.
- It began in Florence, Italy and developed techniques like linear perspective in art.
- The movement eventually spread to Northern Europe, France, Germany and other regions through trade and the printing press.
- Areas of focus included humanism, art, science, religion, and increased self-awareness.
- Important figures included Leonardo da Vinci, who produced works like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
The Rebirth Moves North: The Art of the Northern RenaissanceProfWillAdams
The Renaissance in Northern Europe had key differences from Italy, being driven more by religious reform against the Catholic Church than humanism. Realism and detailed naturalism were more common, as were portraits of the middle class. Flemish masters like Van Eyck and Van der Weyden pioneered oil painting techniques and included hidden details. Matsys combined realism with symbolism. Northern Mannerism developed under Francis I in France. Dürer and Cranach documented the German Reformation, while Bosch and Bruegel critiqued society. El Greco reflected Spain's religious tensions through elongated figures.
Dutch genre painting flourished after the Thirty Years' War as the Dutch Republic grew wealthy through trade. With the Protestant faith banning religious images, artists turned to depicting everyday middle class scenes that reflected Calvinist values like hard work and modest prosperity. Genre works included portraits, landscapes showing the industrious Dutch landscape, and still lifes sometimes including vanitas symbols about the transience of life. These paintings served as morality lessons on virtuous behavior based on the Protestant work ethic.
Leonardo da Vinci was a quintessential Renaissance man who made significant advances in multiple areas. He pioneered the study of movement, emotion, oil painting technique, and uniting the human and divine. As a painter, sculptor, architect, astronomer, scientist, engineer and inventor, Leonardo combined interests in art, religion and science. He was a pioneer in capturing movement, emotion, and human psychology in his works. His most famous painting, the Mona Lisa, exemplifies his mastery of techniques like sfumato and pyramidal composition to express the sitter's mysterious inner nature.
The rise of portraiture during the Renaissance was significant because it reflected the increasingly secular and humanist worldview that focused on individuals and their lives rather than religion. Patrons also began commissioning portraits and secular works of art for personal fame and prestige rather than just religious works. This led to a rise in independent portrait commissions and subjects from mythology, and art eventually began being made simply for its own aesthetic value.
The document discusses the rivalry between Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci during the High Renaissance period in Italy. It describes their differing views on painting versus sculpture, with Leonardo believing painting was superior as it allowed one to create entire worlds, while Michelangelo preferred sculpture as it focused on the human form. The document also analyzes Michelangelo's famous works, the Pieta and David, noting his emphasis on idealized and dynamic figures to represent inner states of being.
Jan Van Eyck (1385-1441) was a Flemish painter who served as court painter to the Count of Holland. Some of his most famous works include the Ghent Altarpiece and the Arnolfini Portrait. He was influential as one of the first Western artists to use oil-based pigments in his paintings and the first to sign his name on a portrait. Modern theorists have proposed that Van Eyck's realistic style was achieved through using convex mirrors to trace projected forms, though this claim is disputed. The document provides biographical information about Jan Van Eyck and discusses his artistic accomplishments and innovative techniques.
Rembrandt van Rijn was one of the greatest Dutch masters of the Baroque period. He worked in a wide range of subjects including portraits, history paintings, and biblical scenes. Rembrandt had a deeply personal interpretation of religious subjects, seeking to portray biblical figures as real people. He was renowned for his use of chiaroscuro and his dramatic manipulation of light and shadow to convey emotion and psychology. Later in life, Rembrandt's style became looser and more expressive as he sought to capture fleeting moments. His self-portraits provide intimate insights into the artist and how his mood changed over his lifetime. Jan Vermeer was another great Dutch painter who specialized in tranquil domestic interior scenes lit by even
This document provides an overview of key figures and developments in the Northern Renaissance. It discusses influential humanists like Erasmus who produced critical editions of the New Testament and criticized the Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther is also covered. Important Northern Renaissance artists discussed include Jan van Eyck, known for pioneering oil painting techniques, Hieronymus Bosch whose works addressed human folly, and Albrecht Durer, a renowned printmaker. William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, and developments in Northern art and theater are also summarized.
After the death of Louis XIV in 1715, French aristocracy abandoned Versailles for Paris salons which provided relief from rigid court life. This new culture of leisure for aristocracy gave rise to Rococo style characterized by delicate patterns, pastel colors reflecting pampered lifestyle. Rococo paintings by artists like Fragonard depicted romantic intrigues of aristocracy through playful erotic scenes pleasing the eye rather than providing intellectual enrichment. However, Rococo style later fell out of favor with rise of Enlightenment thinkers criticizing it as frivolous.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art in Holland and Flanders between the 16th and 17th centuries. It discusses the historical context of the Dutch gaining independence from Spain in 1648. It then profiles several prominent Dutch Baroque artists from the period, including Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck, Jan Bruegel the Elder, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer. For each artist, it provides brief biographical information and images to highlight characteristics of their work.
The document discusses artistic movements between 1730-1830 including Rococo, Enlightenment, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism. Rococo art emphasized natural forms, delicate ornamentation, and themes of love. During the Enlightenment, philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau influenced ideas and Neoclassical art depicted historical and moral themes with classical influences. New technologies in iron, steam, and photography developed during this period, driving the Industrial Revolution.
This document provides an overview of important artists and works from the Renaissance through Rococo periods in Europe. It discusses seminal pieces such as Masaccio's Holy Trinity and Michelangelo's David. Key movements like the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo are defined. Influential artists including Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio, Rembrandt and Fragonard are mentioned. Important techniques in painting like chiaroscuro, sfumato and tenebrism are also summarized.
The Royal Academies of Art established state control over artistic production in France and England in the 17th-18th centuries. They dictated standards and conventions through annual salon exhibitions, training methods that emphasized copying classical sculptures and paintings over nature, and a hierarchy of genres that ranked history painting highest. This system promoted ideals of beauty and style over realism until the Realists and Impressionists rebelled in the 19th century.
This document discusses the characteristics and major artists of Baroque art in 17th century Italy and Spain, including Bernini, Borromini, Caravaggio, and Velazquez. It focuses on their architectural works like St. Peter's Basilica and churches, as well as paintings depicting religious subjects. The Baroque style was influenced by the Catholic church and used dramatic lighting, movement, and emotion to convey religious themes and glorify wealthy patrons.
Michelangelo spent around 4 years painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel between 1508-1512. He painted nine scenes from the Book of Genesis as well as figures including prophets and sibyls. Twenty years later, he painted "The Last Judgment" on the altar wall, completing his work in the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo's frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, especially the ceiling, are considered among the greatest works of Renaissance art and had an immense influence on later Western art. The frescoes established Michelangelo as one of the greatest artists of the High Renaissance.
Late Gothic art in Northern Europe from 1400-1500 was shaped by political and economic forces. Wealthy rulers like the Dukes of Burgundy funded lavish illuminated manuscripts and altarpieces featuring donors. Artists like the Van Eyck brothers developed new techniques like oil painting and linear perspective to depict sacred and secular subjects with illusionistic realism. Portraiture also grew more common as the wealthy merchant class commissioned works that integrated them. Meanwhile, printmaking advanced significantly in Germany through works like the Nuremberg Chronicle.
1) Nanni di Banco's relief Sculptors at Work depicts stoneworkers and sculptors working side by side, showing that in the early Renaissance there was no distinction between manual and creative labor.
2) In the Middle Ages, artists were considered skilled craftsmen similar to other laborers, but during the Renaissance artistic skills began to be seen as intellectual work.
3) As artists gained prestige and celebrity status, they began portraying themselves as gentlemen through self-portraits, reflecting their new social standing.
The document provides an overview of the High Renaissance period in Italy from 1500-1600. It focuses on the major artistic developments and achievements of masters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Bramante. During this period, Florence was initially the epicenter of the Renaissance before being surpassed by Rome, where many large architectural projects were undertaken. The document examines key works and innovations of the major artists, including Leonardo's sfumato technique, Raphael's synthesis of styles, Michelangelo's masterful sculptures and Sistine Chapel frescoes, and Bramante's classical central-plan designs.
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet considered one of the greatest artists of the European Renaissance. He created famous works like the statue of David and frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Throughout his long career he was employed by powerful patrons like the Medicis and the Popes, creating monumental sculptures and architectural works for the Catholic Church like the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Michelangelo had an immense influence on other Renaissance artists and changed the course of painting in the West with his masterful depictions of the human form.
Michelangelo was one of the most famous artists of the Italian Renaissance. He was born in 1475 in Caprese, Italy and apprenticed as a painter before studying sculpture. Michelangelo had a remarkable career creating famous works such as the David statue, Pieta, and paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel including The Creation of Adam and The Last Judgment. Throughout his life he worked in sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry, living most of his career in Rome where he died in 1564 at the age of 88.
The document summarizes how art changed from the Renaissance to Romanticism era. During the Renaissance, art focused on classicism and featured works by legendary artists like Da Vinci. Architecture used Greek elements. Art became more free and perspective advanced. Music developed balanced rhythm and form. Great literature emerged. The Baroque era saw grand, dark architecture and contrast in painting. Music used polyphony and new instruments. Rococo featured detailed, bright art. Romanticism allowed emotion in art and featured subjective painting and program music. Literature expressed social issues and unique novels emerged.
How art changed from Renaissance to Romanticismkimj61023
The document summarizes how art changed from the Renaissance to Romanticism era. During the Renaissance, art focused on classicism and featured prominent artists like Da Vinci. Architecture used Greek pillars and domes. Art became more free from religion. Music progressed with balanced rhythm. Great literature works emerged. The Baroque era saw grand, dark architecture and contrast in painting. Music used basso continuo and polyphony. Rococo featured detailed, bright art. Romanticism allowed emotion in art, with architecture focusing on nature and primitive styles. Music used free form and program music. Literature explored social issues and characters' inner lives.
The document discusses the rise of Neoclassical art in Europe and America between 1700-1800. It explores how the rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum sparked interest in classical art. Neoclassical art featured classical subject matter and formal elements. In France, artists like David painted grand historical scenes with balanced compositions. Neoclassical architecture used classical orders and was inspired by Palladio, seen in buildings like the Pantheon. The style also spread to America as the Federal style, exemplified in buildings like Monticello.
The document provides information about arts of the Renaissance period from 1400-1600. It discusses three famous Renaissance artists - Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael - and some of their most famous works. Michelangelo's works discussed include the Pieta, David, Bacchus, Dying Slave, Dawn, and Dusk sculptures. Leonardo da Vinci's works mentioned are The Last Supper mural, Mona Lisa painting, Vitruvian Man drawing, and Virgin of the Rocks painting. Raphael's works highlighted are The Sistine Madonna painting and The School of Athens fresco. The document also briefly covers the early Renaissance sculptor Donatello and some of
The document summarizes the key characteristics and themes of Romanticism between 1790-1850. Some of the main ideas include: (1) Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism and classicism, emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature; (2) Artists were seen as romantic heroes and geniuses who stood apart from society as critics; (3) Nature was glorified for its beauty but also its terrifying power over humanity; (4) The supernatural, dreams, and the subconscious mind were explored through art and literature.
The document provides an overview of Rococo art and culture in Europe between 1715-1785. It discusses key characteristics of Rococo painting, architecture, and music. Rococo painting emphasized frivolous subject matter and the pursuit of pleasure, as seen in the works of Watteau, Boucher, and Fragonard. Rococo architecture featured curvilinear styles and ornate decoration of interiors. The development of classical symphonic music and genres like the string quartet also occurred during this period. The document additionally examines the philosophies of the Enlightenment thinkers and increasing cultural exchange between Europe and China.
The document provides an overview of Rococo art and culture in Europe between 1715-1785. It discusses key characteristics of Rococo painting, architecture, and music. Rococo painting emphasized frivolous subjects and the pursuit of pleasure. Architecture took on curving styles and landscapes featured serpentine walkways. Classical music rose with larger orchestras and new genres like the string quartet and symphony. Philosophes like Diderot and Voltaire championed freedom of thought and reason. China also influenced European art through its export of porcelain and inspiration of Chinoiserie design.
Jan Van Eyck (1385-1441) was a Flemish painter who served as court painter to the Count of Holland. Some of his most famous works include the Ghent Altarpiece and the Arnolfini Portrait. He was influential as one of the first Western artists to use oil-based pigments in his paintings and the first to sign his name on a portrait. Modern theorists have proposed that Van Eyck's realistic style was achieved through using convex mirrors to trace projected forms, though this claim is disputed. The document provides biographical information about Jan Van Eyck and discusses his artistic accomplishments and innovative techniques.
Rembrandt van Rijn was one of the greatest Dutch masters of the Baroque period. He worked in a wide range of subjects including portraits, history paintings, and biblical scenes. Rembrandt had a deeply personal interpretation of religious subjects, seeking to portray biblical figures as real people. He was renowned for his use of chiaroscuro and his dramatic manipulation of light and shadow to convey emotion and psychology. Later in life, Rembrandt's style became looser and more expressive as he sought to capture fleeting moments. His self-portraits provide intimate insights into the artist and how his mood changed over his lifetime. Jan Vermeer was another great Dutch painter who specialized in tranquil domestic interior scenes lit by even
This document provides an overview of key figures and developments in the Northern Renaissance. It discusses influential humanists like Erasmus who produced critical editions of the New Testament and criticized the Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther is also covered. Important Northern Renaissance artists discussed include Jan van Eyck, known for pioneering oil painting techniques, Hieronymus Bosch whose works addressed human folly, and Albrecht Durer, a renowned printmaker. William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, and developments in Northern art and theater are also summarized.
After the death of Louis XIV in 1715, French aristocracy abandoned Versailles for Paris salons which provided relief from rigid court life. This new culture of leisure for aristocracy gave rise to Rococo style characterized by delicate patterns, pastel colors reflecting pampered lifestyle. Rococo paintings by artists like Fragonard depicted romantic intrigues of aristocracy through playful erotic scenes pleasing the eye rather than providing intellectual enrichment. However, Rococo style later fell out of favor with rise of Enlightenment thinkers criticizing it as frivolous.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art in Holland and Flanders between the 16th and 17th centuries. It discusses the historical context of the Dutch gaining independence from Spain in 1648. It then profiles several prominent Dutch Baroque artists from the period, including Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck, Jan Bruegel the Elder, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer. For each artist, it provides brief biographical information and images to highlight characteristics of their work.
The document discusses artistic movements between 1730-1830 including Rococo, Enlightenment, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism. Rococo art emphasized natural forms, delicate ornamentation, and themes of love. During the Enlightenment, philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau influenced ideas and Neoclassical art depicted historical and moral themes with classical influences. New technologies in iron, steam, and photography developed during this period, driving the Industrial Revolution.
This document provides an overview of important artists and works from the Renaissance through Rococo periods in Europe. It discusses seminal pieces such as Masaccio's Holy Trinity and Michelangelo's David. Key movements like the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo are defined. Influential artists including Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio, Rembrandt and Fragonard are mentioned. Important techniques in painting like chiaroscuro, sfumato and tenebrism are also summarized.
The Royal Academies of Art established state control over artistic production in France and England in the 17th-18th centuries. They dictated standards and conventions through annual salon exhibitions, training methods that emphasized copying classical sculptures and paintings over nature, and a hierarchy of genres that ranked history painting highest. This system promoted ideals of beauty and style over realism until the Realists and Impressionists rebelled in the 19th century.
This document discusses the characteristics and major artists of Baroque art in 17th century Italy and Spain, including Bernini, Borromini, Caravaggio, and Velazquez. It focuses on their architectural works like St. Peter's Basilica and churches, as well as paintings depicting religious subjects. The Baroque style was influenced by the Catholic church and used dramatic lighting, movement, and emotion to convey religious themes and glorify wealthy patrons.
Michelangelo spent around 4 years painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel between 1508-1512. He painted nine scenes from the Book of Genesis as well as figures including prophets and sibyls. Twenty years later, he painted "The Last Judgment" on the altar wall, completing his work in the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo's frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, especially the ceiling, are considered among the greatest works of Renaissance art and had an immense influence on later Western art. The frescoes established Michelangelo as one of the greatest artists of the High Renaissance.
Late Gothic art in Northern Europe from 1400-1500 was shaped by political and economic forces. Wealthy rulers like the Dukes of Burgundy funded lavish illuminated manuscripts and altarpieces featuring donors. Artists like the Van Eyck brothers developed new techniques like oil painting and linear perspective to depict sacred and secular subjects with illusionistic realism. Portraiture also grew more common as the wealthy merchant class commissioned works that integrated them. Meanwhile, printmaking advanced significantly in Germany through works like the Nuremberg Chronicle.
1) Nanni di Banco's relief Sculptors at Work depicts stoneworkers and sculptors working side by side, showing that in the early Renaissance there was no distinction between manual and creative labor.
2) In the Middle Ages, artists were considered skilled craftsmen similar to other laborers, but during the Renaissance artistic skills began to be seen as intellectual work.
3) As artists gained prestige and celebrity status, they began portraying themselves as gentlemen through self-portraits, reflecting their new social standing.
The document provides an overview of the High Renaissance period in Italy from 1500-1600. It focuses on the major artistic developments and achievements of masters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Bramante. During this period, Florence was initially the epicenter of the Renaissance before being surpassed by Rome, where many large architectural projects were undertaken. The document examines key works and innovations of the major artists, including Leonardo's sfumato technique, Raphael's synthesis of styles, Michelangelo's masterful sculptures and Sistine Chapel frescoes, and Bramante's classical central-plan designs.
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet considered one of the greatest artists of the European Renaissance. He created famous works like the statue of David and frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Throughout his long career he was employed by powerful patrons like the Medicis and the Popes, creating monumental sculptures and architectural works for the Catholic Church like the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Michelangelo had an immense influence on other Renaissance artists and changed the course of painting in the West with his masterful depictions of the human form.
Michelangelo was one of the most famous artists of the Italian Renaissance. He was born in 1475 in Caprese, Italy and apprenticed as a painter before studying sculpture. Michelangelo had a remarkable career creating famous works such as the David statue, Pieta, and paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel including The Creation of Adam and The Last Judgment. Throughout his life he worked in sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry, living most of his career in Rome where he died in 1564 at the age of 88.
The document summarizes how art changed from the Renaissance to Romanticism era. During the Renaissance, art focused on classicism and featured works by legendary artists like Da Vinci. Architecture used Greek elements. Art became more free and perspective advanced. Music developed balanced rhythm and form. Great literature emerged. The Baroque era saw grand, dark architecture and contrast in painting. Music used polyphony and new instruments. Rococo featured detailed, bright art. Romanticism allowed emotion in art and featured subjective painting and program music. Literature expressed social issues and unique novels emerged.
How art changed from Renaissance to Romanticismkimj61023
The document summarizes how art changed from the Renaissance to Romanticism era. During the Renaissance, art focused on classicism and featured prominent artists like Da Vinci. Architecture used Greek pillars and domes. Art became more free from religion. Music progressed with balanced rhythm. Great literature works emerged. The Baroque era saw grand, dark architecture and contrast in painting. Music used basso continuo and polyphony. Rococo featured detailed, bright art. Romanticism allowed emotion in art, with architecture focusing on nature and primitive styles. Music used free form and program music. Literature explored social issues and characters' inner lives.
The document discusses the rise of Neoclassical art in Europe and America between 1700-1800. It explores how the rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum sparked interest in classical art. Neoclassical art featured classical subject matter and formal elements. In France, artists like David painted grand historical scenes with balanced compositions. Neoclassical architecture used classical orders and was inspired by Palladio, seen in buildings like the Pantheon. The style also spread to America as the Federal style, exemplified in buildings like Monticello.
The document provides information about arts of the Renaissance period from 1400-1600. It discusses three famous Renaissance artists - Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael - and some of their most famous works. Michelangelo's works discussed include the Pieta, David, Bacchus, Dying Slave, Dawn, and Dusk sculptures. Leonardo da Vinci's works mentioned are The Last Supper mural, Mona Lisa painting, Vitruvian Man drawing, and Virgin of the Rocks painting. Raphael's works highlighted are The Sistine Madonna painting and The School of Athens fresco. The document also briefly covers the early Renaissance sculptor Donatello and some of
The document summarizes the key characteristics and themes of Romanticism between 1790-1850. Some of the main ideas include: (1) Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism and classicism, emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature; (2) Artists were seen as romantic heroes and geniuses who stood apart from society as critics; (3) Nature was glorified for its beauty but also its terrifying power over humanity; (4) The supernatural, dreams, and the subconscious mind were explored through art and literature.
The document provides an overview of Rococo art and culture in Europe between 1715-1785. It discusses key characteristics of Rococo painting, architecture, and music. Rococo painting emphasized frivolous subject matter and the pursuit of pleasure, as seen in the works of Watteau, Boucher, and Fragonard. Rococo architecture featured curvilinear styles and ornate decoration of interiors. The development of classical symphonic music and genres like the string quartet also occurred during this period. The document additionally examines the philosophies of the Enlightenment thinkers and increasing cultural exchange between Europe and China.
The document provides an overview of Rococo art and culture in Europe between 1715-1785. It discusses key characteristics of Rococo painting, architecture, and music. Rococo painting emphasized frivolous subjects and the pursuit of pleasure. Architecture took on curving styles and landscapes featured serpentine walkways. Classical music rose with larger orchestras and new genres like the string quartet and symphony. Philosophes like Diderot and Voltaire championed freedom of thought and reason. China also influenced European art through its export of porcelain and inspiration of Chinoiserie design.
1. Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath during the Renaissance who perfected techniques like sfumato, aerial perspective, and linear perspective. However, he often did not finish projects and few of his works remain.
2. Scientific Revolution thinkers like Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Leeuwenhoek used careful observation and experimentation to develop scientific theories that challenged accepted beliefs and expanded knowledge of the natural world.
3. Enlightenment philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau influenced political and social thought by advocating rational thinking and limiting governmental power through concepts like separation of powers and popular sovereignty.
1. Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath during the Renaissance who perfected techniques like sfumato, aerial perspective, and linear perspective. However, he often did not finish projects and few of his works remain.
2. The Scientific Revolution began in the 16th century led by figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton. They used careful observation and experimentation rather than relying on ancient authorities, challenging ideas like the geocentric model of the universe.
3. Enlightenment philosophers like Descartes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau advanced ideas about rational thought and limiting governmental power, influencing concepts like separation of powers and social contracts between rulers and citizens.
1. Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath during the Renaissance who perfected techniques like sfumato, aerial perspective, and linear perspective. However, he often did not finish projects and few of his works remain.
2. The Scientific Revolution began in the 16th century led by figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton. They used careful observation and experimentation rather than relying on ancient authorities, challenging ideas like the geocentric model of the universe.
3. Enlightenment philosophers like Descartes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau advanced ideas about rational thought and limiting governmental power, influencing concepts like separation of powers and social contracts between rulers and citizens.
The Baroque period in art spanned from 1600-1750. It saw developments in motion, drama, light and color. In Italy, artists like Bernini and Caravaggio used these techniques. Their works emphasized emotion, movement and light/shadow effects. Outside Italy, Spanish artist Velazquez and Flemish artist Rubens incorporated Italian Baroque styles. In Holland, Vermeer and Rembrandt captured Dutch interests in genre scenes and psychology. French art under Louis XIV favored classicism as seen in Poussin's works. Major architectural works included St. Peter's Basilica and the Palace of Versailles. The Rococo style developed ornate, lighthearted works later in the Baroque period.
Chapter 10 11 baroque and enlightenmentKaren Owens
The Baroque period in art (1650-1750) was characterized by emotionalism, theatricality, and elaborate ornamentation. Mannerism (1500s-1600s) used complex compositions and artificial styles. El Greco's works vividly embodied mannerism. Bernini's David (1623) was hailed as the first Baroque sculpture for its dramatic depiction. Bernini also designed St. Peter's Basilica and square in Rome. Caravaggio brought realism to religious works, accentuating ordinary people. Artemisia Gentileschi was one of the few female painters of the time. The Enlightenment promoted reason and science over religion in the 1700s. Figures like Newton and philosophers
This document provides an overview of European art from the 15th to 18th centuries, beginning with the Northern Renaissance. Key developments include the influence of Italian Renaissance ideas on Northern European artists like Durer, the rise of printmaking and realism, and the effects of the Reformation and capitalism on art. The document then covers Mannerism, the Baroque styles in Italy and Spain characterized by elaborate compositions and drama, and the Baroque in Northern Europe as seen in the works of Rubens, Rembrandt, and Vermeer. Rococo art is described as delicate and sensual. Finally, Neoclassicism is presented as a rejection of the aristocracy in favor of democratic ideals inspired by antiquity. Major artists represented
The document provides an overview of the Baroque period from 1650-1750. It describes the Baroque style as extravagant, emotional, and theatrical. The Baroque period is divided into the Italian, Northern, and Aristocratic styles. Key artistic developments included the Counter-Reformation in the Catholic church, the development of opera and oratorio genres in music, and influential artists like Bernini, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Velázquez.
The document summarizes the Rococo art style that developed in Europe and America between 1700-1800. It explores the luxurious decorative interiors and salon culture of Rococo, as well as the transition to a neoclassical style influenced by Enlightenment ideals and interest in science/nature. Key elements included elaborate ornamentation, light colors, and an emphasis on pleasure. Artists like Watteau, Boucher, and Fragonard captured the Rococo spirit, while later works by Reynolds and Copley reflected the developing "natural" taste for more restrained classical and realistic styles.
This document provides an overview of European art from the 15th through 17th centuries, covering major artistic periods and styles including the Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo. It discusses influential Northern European artists like Jan van Eyck who pioneered oil painting techniques to achieve brilliant color. It also covers major works by artists such as Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, and others that advanced realism and secular subjects in painting during this period.
Art History Survey: 17th Century Art in EuropePaige Prater
This document provides an overview of European art and history from the Baroque period. It discusses key artistic styles, artists, and works from the 17th century in countries like France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. Major topics covered include the Counter Reformation, the development of Baroque art as Catholic propaganda, and influential artists like Caravaggio, Bernini, Rubens, Rembrandt, and Poussin. The document also briefly outlines scientific developments and provides biographical details of French kings like Louis XIV during this time period.
Slideshow complements Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Global) textbooks. Prepared for ART 102 - Montgomery County Community College - Jean Thobaben - Adjunct Instructor.
The document provides information on various topics related to art and culture in the late 19th century:
- The 1889 Paris Exposition highlighted new inventions and helped popularize the Eiffel Tower.
- Art Nouveau emerged as an international style that emphasized feelings, imagination, and dreams. Ibsen's play A Doll's House depicted the oppression of women in Victorian marriage.
- Post-Impressionist styles like Pointillism, the symbolic use of color by Van Gogh and Gauguin, and Cézanne's emphasis on color and structure developed. European imperialism in Africa was justified by social Darwinism.
Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter active in the early 1600s who combined elements of northern European and Italian artistic styles. He was highly prolific and influential, producing over 2,000 paintings in his career. Rubens received many commissions from European royalty to glorify their lives and rule. One such commission was a series of 21 paintings from 1622-1626 memorializing the life of Marie de' Medici. Rubens used allegorical figures, decorative splendor, and mythical imagery to bring a sense of grandeur to Marie's story. His combining of northern realism and Italian theatricality came to define the Flemish Baroque style.
Art and Culture - Module 11 - EnlightenmentRandy Connolly
Eleventh and final module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one ever so briefly covers the aesthetics of the Enlightenment. I only had a single lecture available to me so it only really covers the topic in a very cursory way.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
This document provides an overview of Impressionism including its prominent artists and techniques. It discusses how Monet sought to capture the effects of light and atmosphere in his series paintings. It also describes Morisot and Pissarro's emphasis on dissolving figures and never fully capturing views in their works. The document then covers Renoir, Degas, and Caillebotte's depictions of leisure and work, as well as Manet's adoption of Impressionist techniques. Key Impressionist works are also referenced.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art in the Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Republic during the 17th century. It discusses key Flemish artists like Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck who worked under Spanish rule in the Southern Netherlands. Rubens is noted for his energetic style and vast output, combining northern and southern European influences. The document also covers the Dutch Golden Age in the Protestant north, with genre painters like Frans Hals and Rembrandt capturing middle-class life. Rembrandt's psychological portraits and mastery of light are emphasized.
Similar to Sayre2e ch22 integrated_lecture_pp_ts-150663 (20)
This document contains copyright information and images from Pearson Inc. that depict important artworks and maps from the Renaissance period in Europe, including paintings, sculptures, and medals. The artworks shown include Michelangelo's Last Judgment and Victory, as well as works by Titian, Parmigianino, Bronzino, Lavinia Fontana, Cellini, Veronese, El Greco, and portraits of Lavinia Fontana and Artemisia Gentileschi. Maps show Spain in 1600 and the Empire of Charles V in 1521.
The document contains copyright information followed by descriptions of various portraits, maps, and illustrations related to Tudor England and Elizabethan England, including images of monarchs, notable figures, landmarks, and cultural works from the time period. Subjects mentioned include Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth I, William Shakespeare, and Pocahontas. The images described relate to royal portraits, London landmarks, maps of the time, Shakespeare's Globe theater, and Native American villages.
The document appears to be a collection of copyrighted images from a textbook published in 2012 by Pearson Inc. It includes over 30 images related to world history from the 15th to 18th centuries. The images depict artifacts, artworks, architecture and maps from cultures in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Europe during this time period.
This document provides copyright information and descriptions of various artworks, maps, and illustrations related to the Protestant Reformation and prominent figures like Martin Luther, Albrecht Dürer, and Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The works span from the 15th to 17th centuries and include paintings, prints, sculptures, and maps from artists based in Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy documenting important people, events, and developments during this period.
This document contains images and descriptions of artworks from northern Europe between the 15th and 16th centuries, including paintings, altarpieces, tapestries, and self-portraits. It focuses on Early Netherlandish artists like van Eyck, Campin, Bosch, and Dürer, as well as their depictions of religious scenes, portraits, and landscapes that demonstrated advancements in oil painting technique and naturalism. Diagrams are also included to illustrate altarpiece configurations, tapestry construction, and developments in the oil painting medium during this period. The artworks show the important financial, commercial, and artistic centers of northern Europe in the 15th-16th centuries.
The document provides copyright information and descriptions for over 30 works of art from the Renaissance period in Italy, including paintings, sculptures, architectural plans and diagrams, and musical scores. The works span from the 15th to 17th centuries and were created by major Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, Palladio, and Rembrandt. The works depict religious and mythological scenes, portraits, architectural plans and buildings from Rome and Venice.
The document contains images and descriptions of artworks from Florence and Milan between the 15th and early 16th centuries, including sculptures, paintings and architecture. Key pieces mentioned are Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise doors for the Baptistery in Florence, Brunelleschi's dome for the Florence Cathedral, Masaccio's frescoes including The Tribute Money, and works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and others. The artworks showcase the emergence of Renaissance styles and masters in 15th century Italy.
This document contains copyright information and descriptions of various works of art, maps, and diagrams from medieval and Renaissance Europe, focusing on Italy. The works described include paintings, frescoes, manuscripts, and other illustrations from the late 13th to early 15th centuries related to important sites, events, and figures of the time period like the republics of Florence and Siena, Ambrogio Lorenzetti's frescoes in Siena, Giotto's frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua, Dante and his Divine Comedy, and the spread of the Black Death. Locations, dates, sizes, and other details are provided for each work.
This document contains copyrighted images from Pearson Inc. showing various Gothic architectural structures and artworks from France, Italy and England dated between the 12th and 15th centuries. The images depict cathedrals, abbeys, stained glass windows, sculptures and paintings showing the evolution of Gothic style over this period.
The document is a collection of images and captions from a history textbook. It features over 50 images from various time periods and regions including:
- A 175 foot tall Buddhist statue from 3rd century Afghanistan
- A seated Buddha sculpture from 5th century China
- Maps showing the spread of Buddhism from 500 BCE to the 11th century
- Architectural plans and photographs of structures from China, India, Southeast Asia, Africa, Mesoamerica, and South America spanning several centuries.
- Sculptures, paintings, and artifacts from various Asian and African cultures.
This document contains images and descriptions of artworks and architectural structures from medieval Europe from the 8th century to the 13th century. It includes Viking ships, illuminated manuscripts, sculptures, tapestries, cathedrals and other buildings in styles such as Anglo-Saxon, Carolingian, Romanesque, Norman and Gothic from locations across Britain, France, Germany and other parts of Europe showcasing the evolution of art and architecture over the medieval period.
The document is a collection of images from a textbook on Islamic art history between the 7th and 15th centuries CE. It includes photographs of important mosques and shrines such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Kaaba in Mecca, and the Great Mosque of Damascus. Manuscript illuminations show scenes from the life of Muhammad and Islamic poetry. Maps trace the expansion of Islam by the 9th century and trans-Saharan trade routes. Architectural details are presented from mosques, palaces and madrasas across the Islamic world, showing decorative elements like muqarnas and mosaic work.
This document contains images, drawings, and maps from various periods related to Jewish, Roman, Early Christian, Byzantine, and medieval history. It includes artifacts and architectural works such as the Second Temple of Jerusalem, the Arch of Constantine in Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, and mosaics from Ravenna depicting biblical scenes and portraits of Byzantine emperors. The works date from the 1st century CE to the 15th century and cover a wide geographic region, including the Middle East, Rome, Greece, and Venice.
The document contains images and descriptions of artifacts from early Chinese, Indian, and Buddhist civilizations. It includes descriptions of the Great Wall of China, oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty, ritual discs and bells from the Zhou Dynasty, paintings and sculptures from the Han Dynasty, and architectural features of the Great Stupa at Sanchi. The document also contains maps and images related to the Indus Valley civilization and artifacts found at sites like Mohenjo-Daro, as well as descriptions of the Lion Capital at Sarnath and structures along the Silk Road.
The document contains images and descriptions of various architectural structures from ancient Rome and Etruria between the 6th century BCE and 4th century CE. It includes collonaded streets, city plans, temples, sculptures, monuments, forums, baths, and domestic structures. The artistic and architectural achievements of ancient Roman civilization are showcased.
The document provides images and descriptions of numerous important works of ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and art from the 5th century BCE through the 1st century CE. It includes drawings and photographs of structures like the Parthenon and Erechtheion on the Acropolis in Athens, famous sculptures such as the Doryphoros and Laocoön, and artifacts like Greek vases, showing the evolution of Greek art and architecture over several centuries.
The document contains copyright information and descriptions of various Egyptian artifacts from different historical periods including funerary masks, paintings, statues, architecture, and other objects. The artifacts are from sites around Egypt and range in date from around 3000 BCE to 660 BCE, spanning many dynasties.
This document contains images, maps, and descriptions of artifacts from ancient Mesopotamian civilizations such as Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria dating from ca. 2600-500 BCE. It also includes some artifacts from other ancient Near Eastern civilizations such as Egypt, Persia, and Israel. The artifacts include sculptures, seals, standards, tablets, and architectural structures that provide insights into the art, writing systems, religions, and material culture of these early civilizations.
This document contains a series of images and descriptions related to prehistoric artworks and archaeological sites from around the world dating from 30,000 BCE to 1500 CE. It includes paintings of horses and other animals from the Chauvet Cave in France dated to around 30,000 BCE, sculptures like the Venus of Willendorf from Austria around 25,000-20,000 BCE, and structures like Stonehenge in England from around 2750-1500 BCE. The document covers prehistoric art and sites from Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America.
This document discusses postmodern architecture and art. It provides examples of postmodern buildings designed by architects like Frank Gehry, Santiago Calatrava, and Renzo Piano that are characterized by complex forms and a rejection of strict functionalism. It also discusses how postmodern art and literature reflect pluralism and diversity through varied styles, cultural influences, and new media like video and performance art. Globalization is noted as affecting indigenous cultures and the environment.
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
taittreya upanishad - tradition of yoga and Upanishads, this concept of panch...Karuna Yoga Vidya Peetham
In his search towards reality or the unchanging fundamental unit of this universe, a scientist started with the external gross world of solid matter which is simple and easy to see, divide, and do experiments with.
This search led him through steps of understanding of this entire world of matter starting from elements, molecules, atoms, protons, neutrons and electrons;
He further understood that it is all packets of energy.
The atoms conglomerate together to form various chemicals; our body is therefore a permutation and combination of various chemicals. (Packets of energy in various configurations) When they join together they form molecules, cells, tissues organs, etc.
These follow certain well defined laws of nature and are controlled by nervous (electrical) and chemical (hormones) mechanisms to bring about movement and action in each and every cell.
Thus annamaya kosha is the physical frame which the grossest of the five Koshas.
New York City love spells in Dallas, TX.spellshealer8
Get ex back TX (+256) 789- 682- 081 Love spells in Houston, TX Astrologer Psychic near me to remove negative energy. Protection spells by Spell Caster | Love Spells | Black Magic | the witchcraft. Black magic expert and voodoo love spells that work overnight to retrieve that love | Best Psychic in Houston with powerful voodoo to renew your relationship & make your relationship stronger. love spells to bring back the feelings of love for ex-lovers.
https://spellshealer8.wixsite.com/binding-powerful-los
Increase the intimacy, affection & love between you and your lover using voodoo relationship love spells in USA. money spells, easy love spells with just words, think of me spell, powerful love spell, spells of love, spells that work, love potion to attract a man, easy love spells with just words, pink candle prayer, white magic spells, call me spell, manifestation spell, gay love spells, Commitment spells, business spells and, how to bring back lost love in a relationship, Witchcraft love spells that work immediately to increase love & intimacy in your relationship. Attraction love spells to attract someone, stop a divorce, prevent a breakup & get your ex back.
REUNITE WITH AN EX LOVER IN 72 HOURS
If your lover is gone, don't be desperate anymore! You are a few clicks away from a prompt resolution of your problem: We will our spiritual powers to bring him/her back. This service has been the reason of so many happy endings that you should consider it as a serious solution. Let us show you our method with zero chances of rejection. Don't waste your precious time; get your lover back NOW!
MAKE HIM/HER LOVE ME
You love someone but this isn't mutual? Don't wait for the deluge and make him or her love you now. This service will create a great alchemy between this person and you. In just a few weeks, you can make the person you dream of falling in love with you. We recommend you to combine this service with a Marriage ritual if you want this person to commit you.
BREAK UP A RELATIONSHIP
The perfect service to break up a relationship you don't think legitimate. Your lover has gone with someone else? You love someone but this person is already involved in a relationship? Don't hesitate to break them up as this ritual and prayer is very powerful and will give very good results in a few weeks only.
STOP A DIVORCE NOW
Your husband or you wife is thinking about divorce but you don't want this to happen? Order this service now to reinforce the bonds of your relationship and save your marriage. This service will make him/her realize that a divorce would be a mistake and will strengthen love and passion. With permanent results, this service will guarantee a long lasting marriage and will make you happy.
FAITHFULNESS
Your partner cheats on you? This love ritual is definitely the one you need! Your lover will dream about you every night and will realize the pain you have been suffering since he/she
LOVE CHARMS
I DO ALL THE FOLLOWING SPELLS
*Binding Your
"Lift off" by Pastor Mark Behr at North Athens Baptist ChurchJurgenFinch
23 June 2024
Morning Service at North Athens Baptist Church Athens, Michigan
“Lift Off” by Pastor Mark Behr
Scriptures: Luke 24:50-53; Acts 1:6-11.
We are a small country Church in Athens Michigan who loves to reach out to others with the love of God. We worship an Awesome God who loves the whole world and wants everyone to see and understand what He has done for us. (1 Corinthians 15:1-4) We hope you are encouraging by our Sunday Morning sermon videos. If you are ever in the area, please feel free to attend our Sunday Morning Services at North Athens Baptist Church 2020 M Drive South, Athens, Michigan. If you have any question and would like to talk to Pastor Mark, or have prayer request please call the church at (269) 729-553
Sunday School: 9:30 a.m.
Morning Service: 10:45 a.m.
Full Morning Service on Facebook Live at: https://www.facebook.com/groups/nabc2020athensmichigan
Sermon Only Live on YouTube at: https://www.youtube.com/@NABC2020AthensMI
Sermon Only Audio of Morning Sermon at: https://soundcloud.com/user-591083416
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...OmarBarrezueta1
Esta lição é uma oportunidade para discutirmos um assunto multo mal interpretado no contexto cristão, que é o fato de algumas pessoas pensarem que o conhecer Jesus é ter a nossa vida mudada em todas as áreas, como se Deus tivesse o dever de transportar-nos deste mundo para um outro mundo onde muitas coisas maravilhosas que desejamos seriam reais. No entanto, a nossa fé não nos tira do mundo após nos convertermos; ao invés disso, permanecemos vivendo sob as mesmas circunstâncias. O propósito de Deus não é nos tirar do mundo, mas nos livrar das ações do maligno (Jo 17.15), Sendo assim, a vida eterna não significa estar fora da realidade deste mundo, mas conhecer o único Deus verdadeiro (Jo 17.3).
PHASE-IV
The very deep experience of silence helps to expand from the 3 - dimensional awareness of the body to all pervasive awareness. The bed of silence becomes deeper and more expansive - an ocean of silence with waves on it merge into complete silence called Ajapa state of the mind. This silence is the source of Creativity, Power, Knowledge and Bliss.
PHASE V
From this deep ocean of silence in the heart region, let one OM emerge as an audible sound which diffuses into the entire body and the space all around. Enjoy the beautiful vibrations.
Blink the eyes slowly, gently open the eyes and come out of meditation.
The Book of Revelation, filled with symbolic and apocalyptic imagery, presents one of its most striking visions in Revelation 9:3-12—the locust army. Understanding the significance of this locust army provides insight into the broader themes of divine judgment, protection, and the ultimate triumph of God’s will as depicted in Revelation.
Introduction
Mantra Yoga is an exact science. "Mananat trayate iti mantrah- by the Manana (constant thinking or recollection) of which one is protected or is released from the round of births and deaths, is Mantra." That is called Mantra by the meditation (Manana) on which the Jiva or the individual soul attains freedom from sin, enjoyment in heaven and final liberation, and by the aid of which it attains in full the fourfold fruit (Chaturvarga), i.e., Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. A Mantra is so called because it is achieved by the mental process.
The Revelation Chapter 7 Working Copy.docxFred Gosnell
John witnesses the sealing of God's 144,000 witnesses, and he hears the crying out or shouting of an unnumbered multitude of those who have been saved during the great tribulation.
This is an intermission scene before opening the seventh seal. We have seen six seals opened revealing of the events that would shortly occur. The first 4 reveal what was to occur in the great tribulation during the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in AD70.
The fifth seal reveals the question from those slain as to when the Lord would avenge their death. The sixth seal reveals the answer to them from the One on the throne and of the Lamb which would be the punishment of their persecutors and accomplices. John sees four messengers/angels holding back the four winds of the earth & keeping them from blowing on the earth, the sea or any tree. In this figurative language, these are not heavenly messengers/angels. These represent those who are trying to restrain the word of God everywhere. Their efforts are restrained by the messenger in verse 2, preventing them from holding back the 4 winds, the spread of the gospel of Christ by His messengers/angels. These 4 winds stand on the four corners of the earth, Rome’s worldwide influence to stop its spread. But the gospel will be preached in all the earth. See the study for the Bible passages that support this. John hears the commands given relating to the sealing of the servants of God and the figurative number representing them. John sees a great multitude standing before the throne of all nations and kindreds and people and tongues who are clothed with white robes. All the messengers/angels stood around the throne and the elders and the four beasts fell before the throne and worshipped God. One of the elders asks John what those were that were wearing white robes. John said he knew and the elder identifies them. The chapter ends with his explanation.
3. Calvinist Amsterdam: City of Contradictions
What forces were at work in Amsterdam in the seventeenth
century?
• Gaining Independence from Spain — From Spain, Philip II tried
unsuccessfully to impose Catholic rule on the north, but the Calvinists
roundly rejected this move. The United Provinces of the Netherlands
was formed after the “Spanish Fury.” The northern provinces felt that
Antwerp was too closely associated with the Spanish, Amsterdam
closed the port of Antwerp thus halting commerce. What Antwerp has
been to the sixteenth century, Amsterdam would be to the seventeenth.
• Tulipomania — Amsterdam’s commercial success and the wealth at
its disposal is captured in the great tulip “madness” of 1634-1637.
During those years, frenzied speculation in tulip bulbs nearly ruined the
entire Dutch economy.
4. • The Dutch Reformed Church: Strict Doctrine and
Whitewashed Spaces — The excesses of Dutch society so evident
in the tulip craze were strongly countered by the conservatism of the
Calvinist Dutch Reformed Church, which actively opposed speculation
in the tulip market. The doctrinal rigidity of the Reformed Church is
reflected in the austerity of its churches.
• Discussion Question: What does the Tulipomania episode suggest
about the mindset and values of a commercially-oriented society?
8. The Science of Observation
How did the developments in philosophy and science underpin the
Dutch attention to visual detail?
• Francis Bacon and the Empirical Method — One of the most
fundamental principles guiding the new science was the idea that,
through the direct and careful observation of natural phenomena, one
could draw general conclusions from particular examples. The leading
advocate of the empirical method was Francis Bacon.
• Rene Descartes and the Deductive Method — Descartes
proceeds to his conclusions through deductive reasoning. He began
with clearly established general principles and moved from those to the
establishment of particular truths. At the heart of Descartes’ thinking is
an absolute distinction between mind and matter, a system of
oppositions that has come to be known as Cartesian dualism.
9. • Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and the Telescope — Kepler
made detailed records of the movements of the planets, substantiating
Copernicus’s theory that the planets orbited the sun, not the Earth.
Galileo improved the design and magnification of the telescope. He
proposed that all objects, regardless of shape, size, or density, fall at
the same rate of acceleration.
• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, and the
Microscope — At the end of the sixteenth century, it was discovered
that if one looked through several lenses in a single tube, nearby
objects appeared greatly magnified. This discovery led to the
compound microscope. Van Leeuwenhoek was able to grain a lens
that magnified over 200 times. He was inspired by Robert Hooke.
• Discussion Question: What are the most important scientific discoveries
during the seventeenth century in the north?
15. Dutch Vernacular Painting: Art of the Familiar
How does the vernacular manifest itself in Dutch painting?
• Still Lifes — Paintings dedicated to the representation of common
household objects and food. Their subject is also the foolishness of
believing in an apparent ease of life.
• Landscapes — Landscape paintings reflect national pride in the
country’s reclamation of its land from the sea.
• Genre Scenes — Paintings that depict events from everyday life are
typical of genre scenes.
• Johannes Vermeer and the Domestic Scene — Vermeer was a
keen observer of his world. His paintings illuminate—and celebrate–
the material reality of Dutch life. His paintings of interiors are a
celebration of Dutch domestic culture.
16. • The Group Portrait — A large canvas commissioned by a civic
institution to document or commemorate its membership at a particular
time.
• Rembrandt van Rijn and the Drama of Light — In the hand of
Rembrandt, the group portrait took on an even more heightened sense
of drama such as The Night Watch (Captain Frans Banning Cocq
Mustering His Company). Of all the artists of his era, Rembrandt was
the most interested in self-portraiture; over 60 survive.
• Discussion Question: What are the important characteristics of
seventeenth century northern painting?
26. Studio Technique Video: Intaglio: Etching with Acid and Drypoint Etching
MyArtsLabChapter 22 – The Secular Baroque in the North: the Art of Observation
27. Closer Look: Rembrandt,
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
MyArtsLabChapter 22 – The Secular Baroque in the North: the Art of Observation
30. The Baroque Keyboard
What are the characteristic features of Baroque keyboard music?
• Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck’s Fantasies for the Organ —
Sweelinck was the official organist of Amsterdam. He was famous for
his preludes and postludes to church services, which were virtuoso
improvisations. He was especially noted for his fantasias, keyboard
works that lack a conventional structure but follow the composer’s free
flight of fantasy.
• The North German School: Johann Sebastian Bach — Bach
sought to convey the devotional piety of the Protestant tradition through
his religious music. He wrote most of the music for the Lutheran church
services in Leipzig and he also composed a cantata, a multimovement
musical commentary sung by soloists and chorus usually accompanied
by the organ. Bach wrote instrumental music for almost all occasions,
including funerals, marriages, and civic celebrations. The six
Brandenburg concertos are among his most famous instrumental
works.
31. • Discussion Question: How do the composers of this era reflect the
vision of the church and at the same time become innovators of a new
and original music?
34. Closer Look: The Baroque Organ
MyArtsLabChapter 22 – The Secular Baroque in the North: the Art of Observation
35. Closer Look: Bach’s World
MyArtsLabChapter 22 – The Secular Baroque in the North: the Art of Observation
36. Active Listening Guide: Bach: Cantata No.
78 "Jesu, der du meine Seele", I
MyArtsLabChapter 22 – The Secular Baroque in the North: the Art of Observation
37. Active Listening Guide: Bach: Brandenburg
Concerto No. 2, III
MyArtsLabChapter 22 – The Secular Baroque in the North: the Art of Observation
38. Active Listening Guide: Bach: Fugue No. 5
in D major from Book 2 of The Well
Tempered Klavier
MyArtsLabChapter 22 – The Secular Baroque in the North: the Art of Observation
Jan Vermeer. The Geographer . 1668-69. 20-1/8" × 18-1/4”.
Jan Christaensz-Micker. View of Amsterdam . ca. 1630. 39-3/8" × 54”.
What forces were at work in Amsterdam in the seventeenth century? As Holland asserted its independence from Spain at the end of the sixteenth century, Amsterdam replaced Antwerp as the center of culture and commerce in the north. Its commercial ascendancy was underscored by the wealth at the city’s disposal during the tulipomania, or tulip madness, of 1634 to 1637. How were the forces that drove the tulip craze balanced by the conservatism of the Dutch Reformed Church?
Map: The United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1648.
Illustration from the Tulip Book of P. Cos . 1637.
Pieter Saenredam. Interior of the Choir of Saint Bavo’s Church at Haarlem . 1660. 22-7/8" × 21-5/8”.
How did developments in philosophy and science underpin the Dutch attention to visual detail? Developments in philosophy and science challenged the authority of both the Catholic and Protestant churches. In England, Francis Bacon developed the empirical method, a process of inductive reasoning. Bacon’s writings circulated widely in Holland, where, for over 20 years, René Descartes developed a separate brand of philosophy based on deductive reasoning. What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? Why would the Church— Catholic and Protestant alike—feel threatened by the philosophies of both Francis Bacon and René Descartes? Scientific discoveries supported the philosophies of Bacon and Descartes. Johannes Kepler described functional properties of the human eye, the optical properties of lenses, and the movement of the planets in the solar system. His friend Galileo Galilei perfected the telescope, described the forces of gravity, and theorized the speed of light. How would the Church react to Galileo’s discoveries? Meanwhile, in Holland, the microscope had been developed, and soon Antoni van Leeuwenhoek began to describe, for the first time, “little animals”—bacteria and protozoa—sperm cells, blood cells, and many other organisms.
Frans Hals. Portrait of René Descartes . 1649. 7-3/8" × 5-1/2”.
Illustration from René Descartes, Optics (La Dioptrique) , Leiden, 1637: The theory of the retinal image as described by Johannes Kepler. 1637.
An artist drawing in a large camera obscura.
Illustration from Robert Hooke's Micrographia, London, 1665: A flea . 1665.
Illustration from Robert Hooke's Micrographia, London, 1665: A slice of cork . 1665.
How does the vernacular manifest itself in Dutch painting? Still lifes, landscapes, and genre paintings, including many like Vermeer’s that depict domestic life, were especially popular. Most popular of all, however, were portrait paintings, including large-scale group portraits, such as those by Hals and Rembrandt, commemorating the achievements of community leaders, civic militia, and the like. How does the Dutch taste in painting reflect Francis Bacon’s philosophical principles? How do you account for the popularity of portraiture in Dutch society? How might you connect it to Descartes’s sense of self? Rembrandt van Rijn’s paintings are especially notable for their dramatic liveliness. How does his mastery of light and dark contribute to this?
Johannes Goedaert. Flowers in a Wan-li Vase with Blue-Tit . ca. 1660.
Jacob van Ruisdael. View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen . ca. 1670. 22" × 24-3/8”.
Jan Steen. The Dancing Couple . 1663. 40-3/8" × 56-1/2”.
Judith Leyster. The Proposition . 1631. 11-7/8" × 9-1/2”.
Jan Vermeer. Woman with a Pearl Necklace . ca. 1664. 22-5/32" × 17-3/4”.
Jan Vermeer. The Little Street . 1657-58. 21-1/16" × 17-1/8”.
Frans Hals. Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Civic Guard . 1616. 68-7/8" × 137-1/2”.
Rembrandt van Rijn. Captain Frans Banning Cocq Mustering His Company (The Night Watch) . 1642. 11’ 11" × 14’ 4”.
Rembrandt van Rijn. Christ Preaching (the “Hundred-Guilder Print”) . ca. 1648-50. 11" × 15-1/2”.
Rembrandt van Rijn. Closer Look: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp . 1632. 5’ 3-3/4" × 7’ 1-1/4”.
Rembrandt van Rijn. Slaughtered Ox . 1655. 37" × 27-1/8”.
What are the characteristic features of Baroque keyboard music? Keyboard music was a prominent feature of Dutch domestic life. What role did it play in the home? In Amsterdam, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, organist for 40 years at the Oude Kerk (Old Church), developed the distinctly Baroque brand of keyboard work known as the fantasy, or alternately, the prelude. These works were widely imitated across Europe, reaching a height in the composition of Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany. How would you characterize these keyboard works? Bach’s many compositions reflect one of the distinct features of Baroque music, the drive to create new and original compositions at a sometimes unheard-of pace. What did his Well-Tempered Clavier contribute to secular musical history?
Rembrandt van Rijn. Self-portrait . Signed and dated on the arm of the chair at right: Rembrandt/f .1658. 1658. 52-5/8" × 40-7/8”.
Jan Vermeer. Lady at the Virginal with a Gentleman (The Music Lesson) . ca. 1662-64. 29-1/8" × 25-3/8”.
Dirk Stoop. Clavichord with painted images. ca. 1660-80. 4" × 32-1/2" × 10-3/4”.
Rembrandt van Rijn. Continuity & Change: Descent from the Cross . ca. 1633. 35-1/4" × 25-5/8”.
Peter Paul Rubens. Continuity & Change: Descent from the Cross . 1611-14. 13’ 9-5/8" × 10’ 2”.