The Royal Academies of Art established state control over artistic production in France and England in the 17th-18th centuries. They dictated standards and conventions through annual salon exhibitions, training methods that emphasized copying classical sculptures and paintings over nature, and a hierarchy of genres that ranked history painting highest. This system promoted ideals of beauty and style over realism until the Realists and Impressionists rebelled in the 19th century.
Art History in Renaissance time. feautring Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botiicelli
This is made for our class reporting,but my professor changed his mind, so maybe it would be of help to others if I share it.
Art History in Renaissance time. feautring Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botiicelli
This is made for our class reporting,but my professor changed his mind, so maybe it would be of help to others if I share it.
ROSA BONHEUR, Plowing in the Nivernais, 1849Rosa Bonheur.docxdaniely50
ROSA BONHEUR, Plowing in the Nivernais, 1849
Rosa Bonheur was one of the most renowned animal painters in history. Her earliest training was received from her father, a minor landscape painter, who encouraged her interest in art in general and in animals as her exclusive subject. He allowed her to keep a veritable menagerie in their home, including a sheep that is reported to have lived on the balcony of their sixth-floor Parisian apartment.
Bonheur's unconventional lifestyle contributed to the myth that surrounded her during her lifetime. She smoked cigarettes in public, rode astride, and wore her hair short. To study the anatomy of animals, Bonheur visited the slaughterhouse; for this work, she favored men's attire and was required to obtain an official authorization from the police to dress in trousers and a smock. Because of this recognition from official sources, she was then awarded a commission from the French government to produce a painting on the subject of plowing. Exhibited in the Salon of 1849, it firmly established her career in France.
Figure 22-31 ROSA BONHEUR, The Horse Fair, 1853–1855. Oil on canvas, 8’ 1/4” x 16’ 7 1/2”. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
The artist was praised by Napoleon III and Delacroix for her very realistic, yet passionate, studies of animals. This was a sensation at the 1853 Salon. It was reworked until 1855 and then it toured England and the U.S. for three years. She sold the painting and its reproduction rights. When an engraving was made of the work, it made the owner of the painting a lot of money since many people bought inexpensive reproductions of it. Her art, as did most Academic art, reached a broad audience through the mass medium of the print.
NIEPCE, View from His Window at La Gras, c. 1826
The very first photograph ever taken. Niepce used a mixture of natural, light-sensitive elements on a piece of pewter placed in a camera obscura and left it to daylight exposure. It rendered this image called a heliograph because it was exposed to the sun. Helio = sun, graph = writing, in other words, “sun writing.” Photo = light, thus photography is “light writing.”
Even though this image is blurry and hazy, we can still see the rooftops, trees, and sky.
LOUIS DAGUERRE, Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c. 1838
In 1839, Louis Daguerre patented his process of fixing images on a copper plate called a daguerreotype. It is the earliest form of creating portraits. These portraits were placed under glass, framed and placed in a hinged box for the owner to cherish. Daguerreotypes are one-of-a-kind and cannot be duplicated. The image rendered in this fashion was extremely crisp and detailed. Tt came in different sizes from very small (2” x 2 1/2”) to what we would consider to be a normal sized picture for a portrait, (6 1/2” x 8 1/2”).
However, this image is not of a person/persons. It is of a busy street scene, yet there are almost no people (there’s a person getting his shoes shined in .
Academic art, or academicism or academism, is a style of painting, sculpture, and architecture produced under the influence of European academies of art. Specifically, academic art is the art and artists influenced by the standards of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts,
This is the first of four Powerpoint on US gallery to be released on the next few day. In 1974 Norton Simon agreed to take over the Pasadena Art Museum, giving his collection a permanent home. In 1995, the museum began a major renovation and design. It also included a new theatre. Norton Simon started collecting seriously in 1964, when he purchased the entire European collection of the Duveen Brot. Today, his collection on European paintings is broadly based and methodological. The collection covers the whole span of European painting developments from the early Renaissance to modern days. All the mainstream movements are represented by works from the masters. However, one noticeable absence are paintings from America. In 1970s the collection started to include Asian Arts. Today, there are some 4,000 works in the collection. On European paintings the collection would complement to that of the more well-known Paul Getty Museum. Ion paintings, it must rank as one of the best on the west coast of America.
ART MOVEMENTS_PAINTINGS and designs for artRaiyyanKhalak
The Art Moment is a contemporary art movement characterized by its emphasis on experimentation, innovation, and boundary-pushing creativity. It encompasses a wide range of media, styles, and ideas, challenging conventional norms and igniting new forms of expression. It emerged in response to shifting societal values and technological advancements.
Similar to Baroque 7: The Royal Academies of Art (20)
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
2. Henri Testelin, Colbert Presenting Members of the Royal Academy of Science to Louis XIV in 1667
In 1648 Louis XIV founded the French Royal Academy of Art (Académie Royale de
Peinture et de Sculpture), under the direction of Charles Le Brun, first painter to the king
3. Henri Testelin, Colbert Presenting Members of the Royal Academy of Science to Louis XIV in 1667
The purpose was to establish state control over the production of art, which the king
recognized as a valuable tool of state propaganda
4. Nicolas Langlois (1640-1703) Exposition des ouvrages de peinture et de sculpture
dans la galerie du Louvre en 1699
The first academy exhibitions were held in a “room” or “salon” of the Louvre, which later
became an annual event known as the “Salon”
5. Nicolas Langlois (1640-1703) Exposition des ouvrages de peinture et de sculpture
dans la galerie du Louvre en 1699
Works submitted to these state-sponsored exhibitions were juried to ensure that
Academic standards were enforced, and any work that did not meet official standards
was rejected
6. François Joseph Heim, Charles V Distributing Awards to Artists at the Close of the Salonof 1824, 1827
The annual salon exhibition continued well into the 19th century, and represented the
mainstream establishment values that the Realists and Impressionists would rebel
against
7. The English Royal Academy of Art was founded in London in 1768, and was modeled on
its French counterpart
8. Henry Singleton, The Royal Academicians in General Assembly, 1795
Royal Academy of Art Collections
These academies established “rules” that would have a long lasting influence on
European art for the next two centuries – especially rules governing the way artists were
trained
9. Life drawing class at Vassar, c. 1930
Today, art students are taught to draw from “direct observation,” as seen in this life
drawing class from Vassar College in the 1930s – but that is not how students at the
Academy Schools were taught
10. Samuel F.B. Morse, Gallery at the Louvre
Instead, students were trained to copy from plaster casts of classical sculptures and
Old Master paintings – as seen in this painting by Samuel Morse, which shows
students copying works of art in the Louvre
11. Samuel F.B. Morse, Gallery at the Louvre
In other words, they were taught to copy art, rather than nature
12. Angelica Kauffman, Design, 1778-1780
Royal Academy of Art Collection
The purpose of this method was to train students to internalize the
idealizing conventions of past masters, who themselves had learned by
studying Classical art
13. When students were allowed to work from the live model, they were trained to “improve”
upon nature by making the figures look like classical sculptures, as seen in this study by
Jaques Louis David,who was anaward winning student at the Ecole des Beaux Arts
Jacque Louis David, Patrocolus, 1780
Musée Thomas Henry, Cherbourg
Web Gallery of Art
14. Nature was considered to be too ugly for “fine art”
Jacque Louis David, Patrocolus, 1780
Musée Thomas Henry, Cherbourg
Web Gallery of Art
15. Charles Gleyre, Le
Coucher de Sappho,
1867
This tradition continued well into the 19th century, when Claude Monet was
training at the Academy. His teacher, Charles Gleyre (whose painting is
pictured here), made this comment about a drawing Monet was working
on in class:
16. Charles Gleyre, Le
Coucher de Sappho,
1867
“Not bad! Not bad at all, that thing here, but it is too much in the character of the mode
. . . All that is very ugly. I want you to remember, young man, that when one executes
figure, one should always think of the antique. Nature, my friend, is all right as an
element of study, but it offers no interest. Style, you see, style is everything.”
20. Charles Le Brun, Descent from the Cross, c. 1642-45
Victoria and Albert Museum
The category of History painting included religious subjects (which remained popular
Catholic France)
21. Charles Le Brun, Entry of Alexander into Babylon, 1664
And scenes from Classical History, such as this painting by Charles Le Brun depicting
Alexander the Great’s triumphant entry into Babylon
22. Charles Le Brun, The Deification of Aeneas, 1642-44
Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
Scenes from Classical mythology also fell into the category of History Painting
23. And scenes depicting the exploits of the king ranked equally with heroic stories from the
past
Charles Le Brun, Louis XIV Giving Orders of Attack in 1672, Galerie de Glaces,Versailles
24. Charles Le Brun, Louis XIV Arming Land and Sea, 1678-85
Galerie de Glaces, Versailles
This conveniently put the king at the same level as Jesus Christ, the Gods of Classical
mythology, and the great leaders of the ancient world
27. The Hierarchy of Genres also governed size: History Paintings were generally large in
scale because of the importance of the subjects, while lesser subjects were smaller in
scale
Gallery of Battles, Versailles
28. This can be seen in this engraving of the Salon of 1787
29. The large paintings are all “history paintings,” while the smaller pictures are probably still
lifes and landscapes
30. As for the portraits, their size corresponds to the rank and wealth of the sitters!
31. History Painting was painted in what was called “the Grand Manner,” which consisted of
figures and poses based on the ideal types from classical statuary
Charles Le Brun, Louis XIV Giving Orders of Attack in 1672, Galerie de Glaces,Versailles
32. In this painting, the figure of Louis XIV is based on a famous Roman statue of the
Emperor Augustus
Charles Le Brun, Louis XIV Giving Orders of Attack in 1672, Galerie de Glaces,Versailles
33. The “grand manner” is a lot like opera: it is an idealized and heroic style based on
classical art
34. I like to describe the Grand Manner style as “heroic people, in heroic poses, doing heroic
things”
Charles Le Brun, Louis XIV Giving Orders of Attack in 1672, Galerie de Glaces,Versailles
35. Louis Le Nain, Peasant Interior, c. 1640
Realism, on the other hand, was reserved for common people, and scenes of
everyday life
39. A famous debate emerged in the 17th century Academy about the merits of
color versus design
40. Angelica Kauffman, Design, 1778-1780
Royal Academy of Art Collection
Proponents of design argued that composition and design
appealed to the mind, and was therefore superior
41. Angelica Kauffman, Color, c. 1778-1780
Royal Academy of Art Collections
Color, they argued, was closer to “nature” than to “art,” and
appealed to the senses rather than the mind
42. Nicholas Poussin, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1633-34
Metropolitan Museum
Advocates of design championed the work of Nicholas Poussin, an austere and
intellectual painter who spent most of his professional career in Rome
43. Peter Paul Rubens, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1635-37
National Gallery
Proponents of color championed the work of Peter Paul Rubens, known for his
sensuous use of shimmering color
44. The debate between these two factions came to be known as the Rubenistes vs
the Poussinistes, and their rivalry was as fierce as the rivalry between political
parties today!
45. Nicholas Poussin, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1633-34
Metropolitan Museum
Poussin’s work was admired for its rationality and restraint; it appealed to the
mind rather than the senses
46. Nicholas Poussin, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1633-34
Metropolitan Museum
In spite of the violence of the subject matter, Poussin’s painting is restrained –
the colors are cool, rather than sensual, and the figure’s adopt poses that seem
rhetorical rather than natural
47. Nicholas Poussin, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1633-34
Metropolitan Museum
The composition imposes order over the chaos
48. It is similar to the way Le Notre imposed order on the gardens at Versailles
49. Peter Paul Rubens, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1635-37
National Gallery
Rubens was admired for his rich shimmering colors and dramatic compositions
50. Peter Paul Rubens, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1635-37
National Gallery
Rubens’ composition is explosive and dynamic, rather than rationally organized
and controlled
51. Peter Paul Rubens, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1635-37
National Gallery
And his colors are shimmering and sensuous, rather than cool and restrained
52. Peter Paul Rubens, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1635-37
National Gallery
And his colors are shimmering and sensuous, rather than cool and restrained
53. Jean-Honoré Fragonard
The Swing, 1766
Wallace Collection, London
With the emergence of Rococo painting in the 18th century, the
Rubenistes won the day
54. Eugene Delacroix, Self Portrait, 1837J.A.D. Ingres Self Portrait, 1804
But the debate over color and design will re-emerge in the 19th
century in the rivalry between Neoclassicism and Romanticism