1) The document describes research on enriching a bacterial consortium capable of degrading the organochlorine pesticide lindane.
2) The consortium was enriched for 9 months using mixtures of commercial formulations of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides.
3) This enriched consortium was able to degrade between 55.6-90.45% of 5-30 ppm lindane within 6 days, with optimal degradation occurring at 30°C and pH 6.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Anti-Adhesion and Anti-Biofilm Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used In Hemodia...IJERA Editor
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to a surface and included in an extracellular matrix making it resistant to exogenous deleterious agents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm effect of five commercials disinfectants having different active principles (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, isopropyl alcohol and ethanol) on four Staphylococcus strains isolated from hemodialysis unit surfaces. The disinfectants anti-adhesive effect was estimated to an exceeding rate 70% for the various studied dilutions and 90% towards the pure products. Whereas the anti-biofilm effect showed an elimination rate varying between 10 % and 95 % according to the following parameters: active principle, time of contact, concentration and bacterial strain. Our study demonstrated that all tested products have an interesting anti-adhesive effect and that the peroxide of hydrogen is endowed with important anti-biofilm efficiency, followed by the alcoholic products and the sodium hypochlorite.
Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Asparagus Racemosus Willd–A Medici...IJSTA
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd, a medicinal plant, against various bacteria and fungi. Crude extracts were obtained from the plant's leaves using solvents like petroleum ether, methanol, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and water. The effect of these extracts was tested on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas), and the yeast Candida utilis using an agar well diffusion method. The methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. The study supports the traditional use of the whole plant as a
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifungal activity of fractions isolated from the hexane extract of Acacia nilotica bark. Crude hexane extract and 11 fractions were tested against three fungal pathogens (Alternaria brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani). Fraction 2 showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth for A. brassicae and R. solani, while Fraction 1 was most effective against F. oxysporum. Fraction 2 demonstrated the strongest overall antifungal activity. The antifungal properties may be due to compounds such as carbohydrates, sterols, triterpenoids and anthraquinone present in the
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
Optimization of key process variables for enhanced refamycin b production in ...ijabjournal
In the present study of solid media conditions for the refamycin B yield by solid state fermentation was studied and optimized using both classical method and statistical design of experiments). Statistical analysis of the results of Plackett–Burman showed that the lower level of initial moisture , initial pH, barbital, glucose and to solid media, or increase in the concentration of xylose in the range tested, results in significant effect in refamycin B yield of AmycolatopsisrifamycinicaMTCC 14 by solid state
fermentation. The effect of change in the levels of initial moisture, initial pH, barbital, glucose and xylose
on the rfefamycin B yield was studied using central composite design methodology. Statistical analysis of
the data showed that all the independent process had significant effect on refamycin B yield. The interaction between initial moisture and initial pH, between initial moisture and barbital, between initial moisture and glucose, between initial moisture and xylose, between initial pH and xylose, between barbital and glucose, between barbital and xylose, and between glucose and xylose were significant when the response was refamycin B.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS PLANTS EXTRACTSsin74
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various plant extracts against common pathogenic microorganisms. The study tested aqueous extracts of myrtle, harmal, henna, thyme, and fenugreek against bacteria (Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E. coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus) and the yeast Candida. The myrtle extract showed the strongest inhibition of all microbes at 5% concentration. The harmal extract inhibited bacteria at 10% concentration except Candida which was inhibited at 20%. The henna extract inhibited bacteria at 20% except Candida was resistant. Thyme only inhibited 2 bacteria at 20% while others were resistant. Fen
Future of Cold Plasma in Food Processing SITHUHan3
Cold plasma is a disruptive technology that can effectively decontaminate foods like strawberries while maintaining quality. Regulatory approval is a key challenge and involves establishing safety through various pathways depending on the country. The design of plasma machines for food processing requires an understanding of plasma chemistry and consideration of hygienic operation, analytics, and scalability. Standard reference plasma sources help advance research by allowing comparison of operating conditions and effects.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Anti-Adhesion and Anti-Biofilm Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used In Hemodia...IJERA Editor
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to a surface and included in an extracellular matrix making it resistant to exogenous deleterious agents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm effect of five commercials disinfectants having different active principles (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, isopropyl alcohol and ethanol) on four Staphylococcus strains isolated from hemodialysis unit surfaces. The disinfectants anti-adhesive effect was estimated to an exceeding rate 70% for the various studied dilutions and 90% towards the pure products. Whereas the anti-biofilm effect showed an elimination rate varying between 10 % and 95 % according to the following parameters: active principle, time of contact, concentration and bacterial strain. Our study demonstrated that all tested products have an interesting anti-adhesive effect and that the peroxide of hydrogen is endowed with important anti-biofilm efficiency, followed by the alcoholic products and the sodium hypochlorite.
Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Asparagus Racemosus Willd–A Medici...IJSTA
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd, a medicinal plant, against various bacteria and fungi. Crude extracts were obtained from the plant's leaves using solvents like petroleum ether, methanol, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and water. The effect of these extracts was tested on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas), and the yeast Candida utilis using an agar well diffusion method. The methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. The study supports the traditional use of the whole plant as a
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifungal activity of fractions isolated from the hexane extract of Acacia nilotica bark. Crude hexane extract and 11 fractions were tested against three fungal pathogens (Alternaria brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani). Fraction 2 showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth for A. brassicae and R. solani, while Fraction 1 was most effective against F. oxysporum. Fraction 2 demonstrated the strongest overall antifungal activity. The antifungal properties may be due to compounds such as carbohydrates, sterols, triterpenoids and anthraquinone present in the
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
Optimization of key process variables for enhanced refamycin b production in ...ijabjournal
In the present study of solid media conditions for the refamycin B yield by solid state fermentation was studied and optimized using both classical method and statistical design of experiments). Statistical analysis of the results of Plackett–Burman showed that the lower level of initial moisture , initial pH, barbital, glucose and to solid media, or increase in the concentration of xylose in the range tested, results in significant effect in refamycin B yield of AmycolatopsisrifamycinicaMTCC 14 by solid state
fermentation. The effect of change in the levels of initial moisture, initial pH, barbital, glucose and xylose
on the rfefamycin B yield was studied using central composite design methodology. Statistical analysis of
the data showed that all the independent process had significant effect on refamycin B yield. The interaction between initial moisture and initial pH, between initial moisture and barbital, between initial moisture and glucose, between initial moisture and xylose, between initial pH and xylose, between barbital and glucose, between barbital and xylose, and between glucose and xylose were significant when the response was refamycin B.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS PLANTS EXTRACTSsin74
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various plant extracts against common pathogenic microorganisms. The study tested aqueous extracts of myrtle, harmal, henna, thyme, and fenugreek against bacteria (Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E. coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus) and the yeast Candida. The myrtle extract showed the strongest inhibition of all microbes at 5% concentration. The harmal extract inhibited bacteria at 10% concentration except Candida which was inhibited at 20%. The henna extract inhibited bacteria at 20% except Candida was resistant. Thyme only inhibited 2 bacteria at 20% while others were resistant. Fen
Future of Cold Plasma in Food Processing SITHUHan3
Cold plasma is a disruptive technology that can effectively decontaminate foods like strawberries while maintaining quality. Regulatory approval is a key challenge and involves establishing safety through various pathways depending on the country. The design of plasma machines for food processing requires an understanding of plasma chemistry and consideration of hygienic operation, analytics, and scalability. Standard reference plasma sources help advance research by allowing comparison of operating conditions and effects.
This document summarizes a presentation on anti-sprouting agents for crops like potatoes and onions. It discusses what causes sprouting, its significance, and crops that require inhibitors. It then describes different types of inhibitors like chlorpropham, maleic hydrazide, mecoprop, and various essential oils. Various studies on specific inhibitors and their modes of action are also summarized. Alternatives to chlorpropham currently in development or use include other chemicals, essential oils, irradiation, and combinations of multiple agents.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of neem extract against 13 microbial pathogens of animal origin, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Results showed that neem extract had greater antibacterial activity at lower concentrations of 10-50% compared to higher concentrations. Diluted neem extract was more effective against gram-negative bacteria, inhibiting the growth of several species. Neem extract significantly reduced bacterial counts in ground beef and inhibited the growth of E. coli O157 inoculated in ground meat. The study concluded that neem extract has potent antimicrobial properties at low concentrations and can decrease microbial contamination in foods.
Assessment of the Genotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Several Vegetables,...AMERICA CASTAÑEDA
It has been demonstrated that the juices from several vegetables, spices and herbs protect against certain carcinogens. The antioxidant capacity of several vegetables has been documented. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the genotoxicity of celery, coriander, epazote, parsley and watercress using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on the wings of Drosophila melanogaster using Standard (ST) and High Bioactivation (HB) crosses with regular and high levels of metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, respectively. The protective effects of the extracts against 4-Nitroquinoline n-Oxide (4NQO) 4NQO, an oxidant compound, and Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating agent, were evaluated. Both promutagens were employed alone as
positive controls and in combination with the extracts. The majority of the extracts were non-genotoxic, although several positive results were observed. Parsley induced spots at all concentrations assayed in the ST cross and at the lowest concentration in the HB cross. Watercress, coriander and epazote produced some significant results in both crosses. CP in combination with the highest extract concentration exhibited a potentiation-synergistic effect while an inhibition-antagonic effect with 4NQO. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were investigated using the colorimetrical DPPH oxidative assay. The radical scavenging activity order from the highest to the lower was watercress > parsley > coriander > celery > epazote.
Secondary metabolites used to treat infections caused by microbial pathogens. It can cause illness to humans and animals. This study was carried out to screen for potential antimicrobial producing microbes from soil samples collected from different area of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand, India. Dermatophytes are a major group of closely pathogenic fungi that infect skin, hair and nails in humans and animals. In the present study, a trial was done to find out a new antimicrobial agent producing bacteria from soil samples. Antifungal activity of each bacterial isolate against dermatophytic fungus was performed with dual culture and agar well diffusion methods using SDA medium. All the isolated bacterial colonies were observed for primary screening for their anti-dermatophytic activity against the pathogenic species of dermatophytes Trichophyton (MTCC-272), Epidermophyton, (MTCC-465), Microsporum (MTCC-964), Candida albicans, and A. niger were screened by well diffusion methods. Among the total 75 bacterial isolates, only 15 of them were capable of synthesizing antimicrobial metabolites in primary screening. Out of these fifteen isolated bacterial sp. only four Bacterial colonies were found to most potent that was obtained from agricultural region of Srinagar Garhwal, in Uttarakhand found to exhibit the highest antagonistic and anti-dermatophytic activity against most of the used pathogenic dermatophytes in the study. The Physiochemical and biochemical characters of the isolated bacterial species were matched with Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. Then antifungal activity was measured in different pH and temperature range parameter. Thus, isolated strain was given the suggested name PA-4(a), PA-2(a), PA-2 (PK-1), and PA-1(E). This study indicates that microorganisms isolated from agriculture land of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand (India) soil could be an interesting source of antimicrobial bioactive compound.
Key-words- Secondary metabolites, Antibiotic, Soil Bacteria, Dermatophytes, Antagonistic activity
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the Production of Prodi...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
In the present study it has been investigated that Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has
good potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the screened media components,
maltose was the best carbon source for the production for this strain. The fermentation
media supplemented with maltose (2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at 28°C
gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390 unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g
L-1 after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red pigment, produced by bacterial
species Serratia marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was found to exhibit
antibacterial, antimycotic, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties. A
lot of attention is now paid to the biotechnological synthesis of the colours through the
microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture, microbial fermentation and gene
manipulation have been investigated with respect to the production of biopigments.
However, extensive safety testing of such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other applications.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Allium sativum (garlic) has potential as a biological control agent. The document reviews the biology of garlic and studies on its ability to control pests and pathogens. Garlic extracts have shown to inhibit fungal growth and reduce disease severity in tomatoes and downy mildew of cucumbers. Crude garlic extract provided over 90% control of sorghum ergot under greenhouse and field conditions. Results indicate garlic extracts are promising as natural, effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling agricultural diseases and insects.
Bioprocess development for enhanced spore production in shake flask and pilot...iosrjce
1) The document describes a study that optimized the production medium and cultivation conditions for enhanced spore production of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in shake flasks and a 16-L bioreactor.
2) In shake flask experiments, the maximal cell dry mass was 4.26 g/L at 36 hours and maximal spore production was 3.29×106 spores/mL.
3) In the 16-L bioreactor under uncontrolled pH, the maximal cell dry mass was 4.14 g/L at 36 hours and maximal spore production was 3.7×106 spores/mL, representing increases of 23% and 47% respectively over the controlled pH
Potential of Secondary Metabolites Isolated From Clausena dentata in Endosulf...iosrjce
In recent times the usage of plant secondary metabolites for degradation of pesticide is cheaper and
safer to environment. The present paper mainly focused on isolation of secondary metabolites from Clausena
dentata and its degradation potential of endosulfan pesticide. The significant degradation was found in
saponins for both 1000 and 2000 µg/ml concentration of endosulfan with 1 and 2 ml of secondary metabolites
with corresponding P value =< 0.0001. Amongst all secondary metabolites the saponins and terpenoids are
degrade endosulfan efficiently.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of organic extracts from Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii plants against Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from foods. Four S. aureus strains produced biofilm as detected by two methods. Extracts showed antibacterial activity against tested S. aureus strains, with M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX extract exhibiting the strongest inhibition at 1000 μg/ml. This extract was also effective against the non-biofilm producing control strain. In general, MBC values were slightly higher than MIC values. The results suggest these plant extracts may provide natural alternatives for controlling biofilm-producing S. aureus in the food industry.
Microbial strain selection techniques are used to genetically modify microorganisms for improved industrial applications. Strains can be improved through environmental and nutritional optimization as well as genetic manipulation methods like mutagenesis, transduction, transformation, conjugation and protoplast fusion. The goals of strain improvement are to increase productivity, growth rate, substrate utilization and product yield while reducing costs. Improved microbial strains have various applications in medicine, agriculture and industry for the production of enzymes, antibiotics, amino acids and biofuels.
This study assessed the potential antifungal activity of extracts from four species of Himalayan lichens. Lichen samples were extracted using acetone, methanol, and chloroform solvents. The extracts were tested for antifungal activity against seven pathogenic fungi using a disc diffusion assay. Acetone and methanol extracts showed differential inhibitory effects against the fungi compared to chloroform extracts and a synthetic antifungal. Principal component analysis revealed acetone and methanol extracts were more effective against some Fusarium species than the positive control. The results suggest lichen extracts may have potential as natural fungicides.
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Add: 119A Tran Binh Trong, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Hotline: 0776 950 960
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Sprint is a telecommunications company headquartered in Kansas that offers wireless and wireline services. It was founded in 1899 and acquired Nextel Communications in 2005. In 2010, SoftBank purchased Sprint for $21.6 billion and has helped improve Sprint's financial performance, reducing its losses. However, Sprint remains third largest wireless carrier in the US behind AT&T and Verizon due to expensive bills, insufficient network coverage, and dropped calls. The document proposes expanding Sprint's tower and coverage, renewing its brand and services, and increasing advertising to improve its competitive position.
Softbank, a Japanese wireless provider, is considering acquiring Sprint, a US telecom company, to expand globally. Key points of the analysis include:
- Softbank has a successful track record in Japan and is seeking international growth
- Sprint needs capital investment to turnaround its subscriber losses in the US market
- A combined Softbank-Sprint would create the largest telecom provider in Japan and give Softbank a strong US presence through Sprint's network and ownership of Clearwire
- Valuation analyses estimate the combined company's value at $4.46 to $7.78 per share, including $3 billion in annual synergies from cost savings and operational efficiencies.
This document summarizes a presentation on anti-sprouting agents for crops like potatoes and onions. It discusses what causes sprouting, its significance, and crops that require inhibitors. It then describes different types of inhibitors like chlorpropham, maleic hydrazide, mecoprop, and various essential oils. Various studies on specific inhibitors and their modes of action are also summarized. Alternatives to chlorpropham currently in development or use include other chemicals, essential oils, irradiation, and combinations of multiple agents.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of neem extract against 13 microbial pathogens of animal origin, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Results showed that neem extract had greater antibacterial activity at lower concentrations of 10-50% compared to higher concentrations. Diluted neem extract was more effective against gram-negative bacteria, inhibiting the growth of several species. Neem extract significantly reduced bacterial counts in ground beef and inhibited the growth of E. coli O157 inoculated in ground meat. The study concluded that neem extract has potent antimicrobial properties at low concentrations and can decrease microbial contamination in foods.
Assessment of the Genotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Several Vegetables,...AMERICA CASTAÑEDA
It has been demonstrated that the juices from several vegetables, spices and herbs protect against certain carcinogens. The antioxidant capacity of several vegetables has been documented. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the genotoxicity of celery, coriander, epazote, parsley and watercress using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on the wings of Drosophila melanogaster using Standard (ST) and High Bioactivation (HB) crosses with regular and high levels of metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, respectively. The protective effects of the extracts against 4-Nitroquinoline n-Oxide (4NQO) 4NQO, an oxidant compound, and Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating agent, were evaluated. Both promutagens were employed alone as
positive controls and in combination with the extracts. The majority of the extracts were non-genotoxic, although several positive results were observed. Parsley induced spots at all concentrations assayed in the ST cross and at the lowest concentration in the HB cross. Watercress, coriander and epazote produced some significant results in both crosses. CP in combination with the highest extract concentration exhibited a potentiation-synergistic effect while an inhibition-antagonic effect with 4NQO. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were investigated using the colorimetrical DPPH oxidative assay. The radical scavenging activity order from the highest to the lower was watercress > parsley > coriander > celery > epazote.
Secondary metabolites used to treat infections caused by microbial pathogens. It can cause illness to humans and animals. This study was carried out to screen for potential antimicrobial producing microbes from soil samples collected from different area of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand, India. Dermatophytes are a major group of closely pathogenic fungi that infect skin, hair and nails in humans and animals. In the present study, a trial was done to find out a new antimicrobial agent producing bacteria from soil samples. Antifungal activity of each bacterial isolate against dermatophytic fungus was performed with dual culture and agar well diffusion methods using SDA medium. All the isolated bacterial colonies were observed for primary screening for their anti-dermatophytic activity against the pathogenic species of dermatophytes Trichophyton (MTCC-272), Epidermophyton, (MTCC-465), Microsporum (MTCC-964), Candida albicans, and A. niger were screened by well diffusion methods. Among the total 75 bacterial isolates, only 15 of them were capable of synthesizing antimicrobial metabolites in primary screening. Out of these fifteen isolated bacterial sp. only four Bacterial colonies were found to most potent that was obtained from agricultural region of Srinagar Garhwal, in Uttarakhand found to exhibit the highest antagonistic and anti-dermatophytic activity against most of the used pathogenic dermatophytes in the study. The Physiochemical and biochemical characters of the isolated bacterial species were matched with Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. Then antifungal activity was measured in different pH and temperature range parameter. Thus, isolated strain was given the suggested name PA-4(a), PA-2(a), PA-2 (PK-1), and PA-1(E). This study indicates that microorganisms isolated from agriculture land of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand (India) soil could be an interesting source of antimicrobial bioactive compound.
Key-words- Secondary metabolites, Antibiotic, Soil Bacteria, Dermatophytes, Antagonistic activity
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Effect of Various Substrate and Process Parameters on the Production of Prodi...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
In the present study it has been investigated that Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 has
good potential for Prodigiosin production. Among the screened media components,
maltose was the best carbon source for the production for this strain. The fermentation
media supplemented with maltose (2%) and NaCl (0.5%) at pH 6.8-7.0 incubated at 28°C
gave maximum prodigiosin production (1390 unit/cell) with the biomass content of 3.45 g
L-1 after 96 hrs of incubation period. Prodigiosin, a red pigment, produced by bacterial
species Serratia marcescens, belongs to the family of tripyrrole was found to exhibit
antibacterial, antimycotic, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and anti-malarial properties. A
lot of attention is now paid to the biotechnological synthesis of the colours through the
microorganisms. Plant cell and tissue culture, microbial fermentation and gene
manipulation have been investigated with respect to the production of biopigments.
However, extensive safety testing of such products is required before they are given
clearance as safe food additives or other applications.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Allium sativum (garlic) has potential as a biological control agent. The document reviews the biology of garlic and studies on its ability to control pests and pathogens. Garlic extracts have shown to inhibit fungal growth and reduce disease severity in tomatoes and downy mildew of cucumbers. Crude garlic extract provided over 90% control of sorghum ergot under greenhouse and field conditions. Results indicate garlic extracts are promising as natural, effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling agricultural diseases and insects.
Bioprocess development for enhanced spore production in shake flask and pilot...iosrjce
1) The document describes a study that optimized the production medium and cultivation conditions for enhanced spore production of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in shake flasks and a 16-L bioreactor.
2) In shake flask experiments, the maximal cell dry mass was 4.26 g/L at 36 hours and maximal spore production was 3.29×106 spores/mL.
3) In the 16-L bioreactor under uncontrolled pH, the maximal cell dry mass was 4.14 g/L at 36 hours and maximal spore production was 3.7×106 spores/mL, representing increases of 23% and 47% respectively over the controlled pH
Potential of Secondary Metabolites Isolated From Clausena dentata in Endosulf...iosrjce
In recent times the usage of plant secondary metabolites for degradation of pesticide is cheaper and
safer to environment. The present paper mainly focused on isolation of secondary metabolites from Clausena
dentata and its degradation potential of endosulfan pesticide. The significant degradation was found in
saponins for both 1000 and 2000 µg/ml concentration of endosulfan with 1 and 2 ml of secondary metabolites
with corresponding P value =< 0.0001. Amongst all secondary metabolites the saponins and terpenoids are
degrade endosulfan efficiently.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of organic extracts from Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii plants against Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from foods. Four S. aureus strains produced biofilm as detected by two methods. Extracts showed antibacterial activity against tested S. aureus strains, with M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX extract exhibiting the strongest inhibition at 1000 μg/ml. This extract was also effective against the non-biofilm producing control strain. In general, MBC values were slightly higher than MIC values. The results suggest these plant extracts may provide natural alternatives for controlling biofilm-producing S. aureus in the food industry.
Microbial strain selection techniques are used to genetically modify microorganisms for improved industrial applications. Strains can be improved through environmental and nutritional optimization as well as genetic manipulation methods like mutagenesis, transduction, transformation, conjugation and protoplast fusion. The goals of strain improvement are to increase productivity, growth rate, substrate utilization and product yield while reducing costs. Improved microbial strains have various applications in medicine, agriculture and industry for the production of enzymes, antibiotics, amino acids and biofuels.
This study assessed the potential antifungal activity of extracts from four species of Himalayan lichens. Lichen samples were extracted using acetone, methanol, and chloroform solvents. The extracts were tested for antifungal activity against seven pathogenic fungi using a disc diffusion assay. Acetone and methanol extracts showed differential inhibitory effects against the fungi compared to chloroform extracts and a synthetic antifungal. Principal component analysis revealed acetone and methanol extracts were more effective against some Fusarium species than the positive control. The results suggest lichen extracts may have potential as natural fungicides.
Ảnh hưởng của màu sắc đèn led trong kĩ thuật nấm đông trùng hạ thảoHo Chi Minh
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Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Sprint is a telecommunications company headquartered in Kansas that offers wireless and wireline services. It was founded in 1899 and acquired Nextel Communications in 2005. In 2010, SoftBank purchased Sprint for $21.6 billion and has helped improve Sprint's financial performance, reducing its losses. However, Sprint remains third largest wireless carrier in the US behind AT&T and Verizon due to expensive bills, insufficient network coverage, and dropped calls. The document proposes expanding Sprint's tower and coverage, renewing its brand and services, and increasing advertising to improve its competitive position.
Softbank, a Japanese wireless provider, is considering acquiring Sprint, a US telecom company, to expand globally. Key points of the analysis include:
- Softbank has a successful track record in Japan and is seeking international growth
- Sprint needs capital investment to turnaround its subscriber losses in the US market
- A combined Softbank-Sprint would create the largest telecom provider in Japan and give Softbank a strong US presence through Sprint's network and ownership of Clearwire
- Valuation analyses estimate the combined company's value at $4.46 to $7.78 per share, including $3 billion in annual synergies from cost savings and operational efficiencies.
The Capstone Project for the Specialization: International Marketing & Cross Industry Growth. The project analyzes Softbank Group Corporation which consists of:
1. Milestone 1: Situation Analysis
2. Milestone 2: Marketing Mix Analysis
3. Milestone 3: Cross Country Innovation
4. Milestone 4: Cross Industry Innovation
At&t and Sprint Merger and Organizational ChangeTerry Coulon
AT&T and Sprint both pursued major mergers in 2005 in an attempt to become the top wireless provider in the US. AT&T merged with Cingular Wireless, gaining over 46 million subscribers, while Sprint merged with Nextel Wireless. Both mergers aimed to increase market share, but Sprint struggled with cultural clashes between the companies that hindered innovation. In the following years, AT&T benefited from exclusive deals with the iPhone, while Sprint declined in customer service quality. Now, Sprint is trying to recover by selling off the Nextel portion and merging with Softbank, while AT&T remains a top competitor through network performance.
SoftBank is a large Japanese telecommunications and internet corporation established in 1981. It provides services across mobile communications, broadband, e-commerce, internet, and more through major subsidiaries like SoftBank Mobile, Yahoo Japan, and Sprint Corporation. SoftBank aims to contribute to peoples' happiness through innovative information services and has expanded globally through strategic acquisitions of companies like Sprint and Supercell. It continues growing its business in areas like mobile, online commerce, and cloud services.
SoftBank is an internet and telecommunications group led by the charismatic Masayoshi Son. As an investment company, SoftBank achieved a 9-times return on invested capital. SoftBank succeeded to turn around the Japan's third largest mobile operator, acquired in 2006 from Vodafone, and recently acquired SPRINT. SoftBank aims to be Number 1 on global telecommunications with a 30 year plan.
This market research analyses the SoftBank Group, corporate strategy, investments, acquisitions, financial results and market share data.
If you would like to read further, take a look at the notes to see our further analysis.
Brand Management Final Project - Sprint Brand Audit
The University of Texas at Austin
McCombs School of Business
SoftBank ARM TechCon Keynote Masayoshi SonThe World Bank
The document discusses how sensors and sensing technology have accelerated biological and technological evolution. It traces how eyes as biological sensors 500 million years ago triggered the Cambrian explosion of species diversity. Similarly, the rise of sensing technologies like IoT are shaping artificial intelligence and accelerating human evolution. The document predicts that the combination of AI and over 1 trillion IoT devices will be a key driver of future human evolution and could even result in a technological singularity or birth of superintelligence.
Sprint – Strategy Analysis by JNZnetworks.comJamshed Nazar
Sprint's wireless network design is more complex than competitors due to its use of multiple frequency bands and technologies. It relies heavily on its 2500MHz spectrum for LTE but this requires special phones and has coverage limitations compared to lower frequency bands used by competitors. Sprint's network is only competitive in dense urban areas where capacity is key, but it still needs underlying 1900MHz and 800MHz networks for broader coverage. This complexity adds to Sprint's costs and limitations in its data service compared to other carriers. Sprint needs to simplify its network design and acquire more low-band spectrum to improve coverage and competitiveness across different geographic areas.
Sprint is proposing a three-year sponsorship of the Triple Crown horse races between 2015-2017 to increase their market share nationally. Their objectives are to sustain existing customers, increase conversions from competitors, and boost regional and national market share. Strategies include signage, promotions, and on-site activations at the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes to leverage the large television audiences and attendees of these major horse racing events.
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized the fungus Aspergillus flavus TEAK 07 for its ability to decolorize the reactive textile dye Reactive Red 120. A. flavus TEAK 07 showed greater decolorization efficiency than the reference strain. The study optimized various factors affecting decolorization, finding pH 5.5 and 28°C provided optimal conditions. Glucose and ammonium nitrate served as the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Seed germination tests showed the decolorized dye was less toxic than the original dye.
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document studied the effect of different media, pH levels, and temperatures on the growth and sporulation of Fusarium udum, the fungus that causes wilt disease in pigeonpeas. Laboratory experiments found that potato dextrose agar and Richard's agar media supported the best fungal growth. Optimal pH levels for growth were 6.0 and 6.5, while a temperature of 30°C resulted in maximum growth over a seven day period. Understanding the environmental factors that influence the fungus can help in developing management strategies against the disease.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
11.protective effect of phyllanthus niruri on dmba croton oil mediated carcin...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the protective effects of Phyllanthus niruri extract (PNE) on skin carcinogenesis and oxidative damage in mice induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and croton oil.
2) PNE significantly reduced tumor incidence, burden, volume and weight compared to the carcinogen control group. It also prolonged the latent period of tumor occurrence.
3) PNE protected against losses in antioxidant levels like glutathione, vitamin C and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver and skin caused by DMBA/croton oil. It also reduced lipid peroxidation levels.
4) PNE administration
Protective effect of phyllanthus niruri on dmba croton oil mediated carcinoge...Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the protective effects of Phyllanthus niruri extract (PNE) on skin carcinogenesis induced by DMBA/croton oil in mice.
2. PNE significantly reduced tumor incidence, burden, volume and weight compared to the carcinogen control group. It also prolonged the latent period of tumor occurrence.
3. PNE administration protected against losses in antioxidant levels like glutathione, Vitamin C and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase caused by DMBA/croton oil. It also reduced lipid peroxidation levels. PNE reverted pathological changes in skin and liver.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
Extraction, chemical composition, use in induced protection and cross-reactiv...IJEAB
Exopolysaccharides (PS) are the major components on the surface of bacteria and also produced by fungi. These molecules are important in human health, in order to control diabetes as well as protect plants against attacks of foliage diseases. The objective of the present work was to study the partial chemical structure of the carbohydrate, use in control disease in plants and cross-serological relationship (cross-reactive antigens between isolates from fungi (Tremella fuciformis (Tf) and bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Xcc)). Tf was developed in culture medium containing sorghum seeds during 20 days, and Xcc in the PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium for an 8 days period. The polysaccharide was removed from the culture medium, precipitated with ethanol, and quantified total sugar. By TLC was observed that 2 isolates presented galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose in different proportions. Fucose and ribose was not found in the PS from Xcc but present in Tf. In ELISA, antiserum to Xcc revealed an antigenic homologous reaction with the same bacteria and heterologous with Tf. Barley plants pretreated with PS from Tf and later challenged with conidia from B.sorokiniana, demonstrated protection against the pathogen. Results suggested that PS from Tf presented induction of protection. Both PS (antigens) present an identical epitope demonstrated by reaction in Elisa test. The antibody against Xcc was specific for an epitope and bounded to another antigen due to having similar chemical properties.
The document summarizes a study that examined the inhibitory effects of extracts from Rheum ribes (rhubarb) roots and stems on pathogenic fungi and cancer cell lines. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts found secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenols, and fatty acids. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts were tested for their antioxidant effects in vitro. The alcoholic extracts showed greater inhibition of fungal growth than the aqueous extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Both root and stem extracts appeared to effectively inhibit fungal growth, though the stem extracts showed greater efficacy. The study evaluated the extracts' potential as natural antifungal and anticancer agents.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
1. The study isolated 32 bacterial strains from chlorpyrifos contaminated soil that were able to degrade chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon source.
2. Four strains - SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2, and SWLH2 - were able to degrade up to 92% of 100 mg/L chlorpyrifos within 18 days under shaking conditions at 30°C and neutral pH.
3. Analysis showed the biodegradation was directly correlated to bacterial growth, indicating it was a growth-linked process. 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strains as Enterobacter spp. (SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2) and Agrobacterium (SWLH
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medi...researchplantsciences
This document describes an in vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina, an endangered medicinal plant. The protocol standardized the sterilization of nodal explants using 0.1% mercuric chloride for 5 minutes with hot water pretreatment, achieving 100% aseptic cultures. Testing various growth regulator combinations showed the highest explant response (78.33%) and multiple shoot formation occurred on medium supplemented with 1mg/l BAP, 1mg/l KIN, and 0.5mg/l GA3. The protocol provides an efficient method for large-scale micropropagation of this endangered species for conservation and cultivation purposes.
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
The study analyzed 48 pesticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, and herbicides in 60 samples of 20 vegetables collected from Lucknow, India using the QuEChERS extraction method and gas chromatography. 23 pesticides were detected in the vegetable samples at levels ranging from 0.005-12.35 mg/kg. Some vegetables like radish, cucumber, cauliflower, cabbage, and okra contained pesticide residues above the Indian maximum residue limits for pesticides in foods. The study assessed the pesticide contamination of vegetables commonly consumed in Lucknow.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
The study analyzed antibiotics in hospital effluents, their contribution to urban wastewater, and removal during wastewater treatment. High concentrations of antibiotics including azithromycin, clarithromycin, and ciprofloxacin were found in hospital effluents, contributing 13-28% of the antibiotic load to wastewater treatment plants. Conventional treatment removed 79% of antibiotics in summer but only 36% in winter. Azithromycin and clarithromycin posed a high risk to aquatic organisms after treatment in winter. Improved treatment is needed to better remove antibiotics.
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Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.505.015
Degradation of Lindane by Sludge Enriched on Mixed Commercial
Formulations of Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticides
Satish Kumar, Rajkumar Bidlan* and Jai Gopal Sharma
Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi- 110042, India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Introduction
Among all classes of synthetic pesticides,
organochlorines have found indiscriminate
applications in the last century. DDT
(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and HCH
(hexachlorocyclohexane) were the major
OCP (organochlorine pesticides) used by
many developed and developing countries.
Lindane (- HCH) and DDT were detected
in the water, sediments and biota of certain
provinces in China even after 30 years of
their ban (Grung et al., 2015). According to
an estimate by Weber et al. (2008),
approximately 6 million tonnes of
HCH isomers have been dumped into the
environment. Vankarand Sahu (2011) have
detected the average lindane levels of 10.03
ppm in a study conducted near the HCH
dumping site by an HCH manufacturing unit
in the Lucknow district (Uttar Pradesh state)
of India. Lindane has been a causative agent
to many health problems including
respiratory disorders (Simonich and Hites,
1995; ATSDR, 2005; Ye et al., 2013).
GABA neurotransmitter is influenced by
lindane, affecting the vital organs like liver,
kidney and the nervous system (Agrawal
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 5 (2016) pp. 138-152
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Lindane Hexachlorocyclohexane) is detected in the environment even after
three decades of its cessation of use. It is also found in milk, blood and food
samples indicating the vastness of biomagnification. Organophosphates and
pyrethroids are the other classes of pesticides being used frequently nowadays
leading to further risk enhancement. Microbial degradation is the cost effective and
safe strategy that can be developed and adapted for improving the environmental
health by remediating lindane contamination. We enriched a bacterial population
consisting of morphologically 47 distinct bacteria using commercial formulations
of organophosphates and pyrethroids mixture. This consortium showed 55.6% -
90.45 % degradation of 5-30ppm lindane by 6 days. The temperature and pH
optima were found to be 30o
C and 6 respectively. When this consortium was
induced with lindane in broth only four cultures survived while 24 isolates showed
the ability to clear lindane film on a nutrient agar plate. This is the first report with
a microbial population enriched completely on mixtures of commercial
formulations of organophosphate and pyrethroid classes of pesticides and used for
degrading a pure isomer of an organochlorine pesticide.
Keywords
HCH, Lindane,
Biodegradation,
Microbial
Consortium,
Pesticide,
Organophosphate,
Pyrethroid,
Organochlorine.
Accepted:
12 April 2016
Available Online:
10 May 2016
Article Info
2. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5): 138-152
139
and Shahi, 2015). Reduction ingermination
of certain food crops in thepresence of HCH
was observed by Bidlan et al., (2004).
Lindane was also found in coffee samples of
Romania (Stanciu et al., 2008). Nitrifying
and denitrifying bacteria are also negatively
affected by the presence of lindane (Tolido
et al., 1993; Saez et al., 2006). Severe
toxicity of lindane in fishes and gilthead
seabream was demonstrated by Johnson and
Finley (1980) and Oliva et al. (2008)
respectively. Reports in the year 2000
(Cerkvenik et al.; Noren and Meironyte)
showed the presence of organochlorine
pesticides in cow and human milk from
Slovenia and Sweden respectively.
Concentrations exceeding the WHO/FDA
limits of lindane have been detected in at
least 50% of the of buffalo milk samples in
national capital regions of India (Aslam et
al., 2013). Similarly, milk samples from
Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh state of India) were
shown to have more than the maximum
residue limit (MRL) of HCH (Nigam and
Siddiqui, 2001); an increase by three times
from the earlier studies by Saxena and
Siddiqui (1982) indicating the increasing
levels of HCH in the environment with time
due to its liberal applications. According to a
report from Centre for Science and
Environment (CSE, India) 100% samples of
blood from villages of Punjab state of India
harboured lindane (Mathur et al., 2005). The
use of pesticides seems to be unavoidable in
the present scenario where new and resistant
insect population is developing leading to
heavy crop and economic losses.
The new generation of pesticides is also
being brought into the market to combat this
problem. Overall, the crops and health in all
the biotic spheres areaffected negatively by
the use of synthetic pesticides. Thus, it
becomes imperative to develop strategies
that can take care of these unprecedented
levels of pesticides in our environment and
help keep the nature clean and green. Here
we report enriching a bacterial population
that is resistant to a mixture of commercial
formulations of non-organochlorine classes
of pesticides and its efficacy towards lindane
mineralisation.
Materials and Methods
Chemicals
Lindane (97%) was procured from Sigma
Aldrich Co. (USA). Chlorpyriphos,
propenofos cypermethrin, deltamethrin-
triazophos and lambda-cyhalothrin were
procured from Hindustan Pulverising Mills
(HPM) Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd. (India).
Dichlorvos and cypermethrin were
purchased from insecticide India Ltd (India)
and Bharat Insecticides Limited (India)
respectively. o-tolidine was purchased from
Thomas Baker. All other chemicals were of
analytical grade and purchased from
standard companies.
Minimal Medium
The minimal medium was prepared
according to Bidlan and Manonmani (2002).
Sample Collection and Preparation
Sewage and sludge were collected from
surrounding areas of Delhi Technological
University, Delhi, India (77.217 E long./
28.667 N lat.), considering the fact that the
wastes/effluents are dumped into these water
bodies by almost every sector. The samples
were maintained cold (4 o
C) until further
processing. Samples were mixed thoroughly
just before use and filtered through
Whatman No.1 filter paper. The filtrate was
used as the source of native microbial
population for the enrichment of pesticide
tolerant microbes.
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140
Enrichment of Consortium
To 20 ml sewage filtrate 80 ml distilled
water and 0.5 g peptone was added. After
shaking (120 rpm) for 24 h at room
temperature (RT, 25- 30 o
C), 2 ppm (2 mgL-
1
) of each pesticide’s EC was added and kept
for shaking for 1 week. The cells were
harvested and placed into a fresh 0.2%
peptone with 2 ppm pesticide formulation
mixture and kept shaking at RT. This
process continued for a month with a
gradual reduction in the supplied peptone
concentration to 0.05%. After a month’s
treatment under these conditions, the
pesticide concentrations were increased
gradually up to 500 ppm of each of the
commercial formulations. This process took
9 months. The viability of the microbes was
regularly checked during the complete
course of the process.
Inoculum for Degradation Studies
The consortium enriched by gradually
increasing concentrations of commercial
formulations of organophosphate and
pyrethroid pesticides with naturally
established ratio (after 9 months), was
inoculated into nutrient broth (NB) and
incubated for 24 h at RT. 5 ppm of lindane
(as Dimethyl formamide solution, DMF)
was added to the growing culture and was
induced for 72 h at RT. This was harvested
by centrifugation, washed twice in minimal
medium and used as inoculum for
degradation studies.
Effect of Temperature on the
Degradation of Lindane
The induced consortium was inoculated to
20ppm lindane in minimal medium (in
triplicates) maintained and incubated at
temperatures 10o
C through 50o
C for 0, 3 and
6 days. The growth and degradation of the
added 20ppm lindane were analysed for
optimum temperature.
Effect of pH on Degradation of Lindane
0.1M phosphate buffers with pH 5, 6, 7 and
8 were prepared. 5 ml of each buffer was
placed separately in triplicate test tubes and
10 ppm lindane (as DMF solution) was
added. The induced consortium was
inoculated to these tubes and incubated at
RT. Controls for each pH and sampling
periods were also placed without inoculum.
The residual lindane and the growth were
analysed.
Screening for Lindane-degrading Strains
on Solid Medium
The pure cultures were isolated from the 9-
month enriched consortium by repeated
streaking on nutrient agar plates. Each
culture was streaked for dense growth onto a
fresh nutrient agar and allowed to grow for
24h. The plates were then sprayed with
0.5% lindane (in acetone) under aseptic
conditions; acetone was allowed to
evaporate leaving a thin lindane film behind.
The plates were incubated at RT for another
48 h and observed for the zone of clearance
in the lindane film dueto degradation by
respective cultures.
Establishment of Cultures in Broth
The pure cultures from the original (9-month
enriched) consortium were remixed in equal
proportions of OD600 and allowed to grow at
RT in 1/50 nutrient broth for 72 h so that the
natural proportion is established amongst the
populations. At the end of 72 h of growth, 5
ppm of lindane (as DMF solution) was
added to the culture. This was further
incubated at RT for 72 h. The process was
repeated for 3 cycles. The culture was
streaked on nutrient agar plates for growth
for 24-48 h to obtain the finally enriched
lindane tolerant bacteria.
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141
Analytical
Determination of Growth
One ml of sample was taken for
spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis-
NIR lambda950) and read at 600 nm against
minimal media blank.
Extraction of Lindane
The samples were first acidified by adding
2-3 drops of concentrated HCl immediately
after the sampling. The acidified sample was
transferred into a glass separating funnel and
extracted twice with equal volume of
dichloromethane. The organic layer,
carrying lindane, was passed through
anhydrous sodium sulphate after standing
for 5 minutes to separate the two layers. The
organic layers for each sample were pooled
and allowed to evaporate at RT followed by
transferring to a microcentrifuge tube using
acetone. The acetone was allowed to
evaporate. The residual lindane was re-
dissolved in a known volume of acetone for
analysis by chromatography.
Thin Layer Chromatography
The residual lindane was estimated by using
thin layer chromatography on silica gel G
coated plates. The 20 x 20 cm2
plates were
prepared by spreading a uniform layer of
0.25 mm thickness silica gel G using a
spreader. The plates were allowed to dry at
RT and activated at 105 o
C for one hour. A
predetermined volume of the extracted
lindane (in acetone) was spotted, developed
in cyclohexane: n-hexane (4:1) solvent
system as mobile phase till the solvent front
reached 2/3 height of the plate. The plates
were removed and the solvent was allowed
to evaporate at RT. Lindane spots were
detected by spraying 2% o-tolidine (in
acetone) and exposing the plates to bright
sunlight. The spots, peacock- green in
colour, were delineated using a needle and
the intensity observed and the spot area
calculated. The square root of the area under
each spot was linearly related to the
logarithm of lindane concentration. The
known amounts of lindane were spotted as
standards for generating the reference curve.
Gas Chromatography
The residual lindane was confirmed and
quantified by injecting known volume of
appropriately diluted sample- extract
dissolved in acetone into the gas
chromatograph (Fison 1000 series) equipped
with 63
Ni electron capture detector and SS
column (200 cm x 2 mm) packed with 1.5%
OV-17 plus 1.95 QF-1 on chromosorb- W,
80-100 mesh. The column, injector and
detector were maintained at 230, 230 and
320 o
C respectively with a flow rate of
carrier gas nitrogen at 50 ml min-1
. Under
these conditions, the retention time of
lindane was 3.99 min. The detection limit of
lindane by GC is 2 pg and above under the
given set of conditions.
Results and Discussion
Enriched Population
At the end of 9 months of enrichment,
morphologically 47 distinct bacteria were
obtained on nutrient agar plates. These were
purified by repeated streaking and
maintained on nutrient agar with 5 ppm
pesticide- mixture. All the 47 isolates were
again mixed in equal quantities to
reconstitute the consortium (undefined) and
used for screening.
Degradation of Lindane by the Original
Consortium
The consortium showed 55.61% - 90.35%
degradation of lindane (Fig.1). The initial
concentration of 5 ppm lindane was reduced
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142
to 9.65% at the end of 144 h of incubation
while initially added higher concentrations
of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ppm were reduced
to 10.65, 29.21, 29.94, 39.25 and 44.39%
during the same time. The corresponding
growth of the microbial consortium is shown
in Fig. 2(a &b). It was observed that the
growth of the consortium increased
drastically with increasing concentrations of
lindane. The six- fold increase in growth on
30ppm lindane by 18 h is a reflection of
utilisation of lindane as acarbon source by
the members of the consortium (Fig. 2b).
It was observed that the growth followed a
zig-zag pattern with the initial increase and
then decrease and again an increase. At the
end of 144 h, the final growth was
approximately 2 ½ - 3 ½ folds with respect
to the initial inoculum (Fig. 2a).
There appeared to be a direct correlation
between the concentration and the time for
degrading the initially supplied lindane. The
other common trend observed was that when
growth reduced, the degradation also
diminished in that phase. This was an
indication of the direct relationship between
consortium growth and lindane degradation.
Similar observations were made by Jilani
(2013).
Lindane Degradation at Different
Temperatures
The initially added 20 ppm of lindane was
degraded by 13.89% at both 10 o
C and 20 o
C
while 23.6% and 36.2% degradation was
observed at 40 o
C and 50 o
C respectively
(Fig. 3a).
Maximum degradation of 64.9% was seen at
30 o
C (Fig. 3a). The corresponding growth is
shown in Fig. 3b. Overall growth was
observed only at 30 o
C with 6.67% increase
and at 40 o
C with 34.6% increase in 6 days
of incubation. The added inoculum
decreased at other temperatures. Even
though the growth was better at 40 o
C than
30 o
C, degradation was better in the latter
case. The reason may be the temperature
optima for catabolic enzymes is in favour of
the 30 o
C. With 46% reduction in the
inoculum at 50 o
C, degradation was more
effective than 40o
C. This may be because of
the higher inoculum size provided to 50o
C
and also certain catabolic enzymes (from
certain member(s) of the consortium) might
have higher temperature optima.
The consortium comprises of different
cultures that may have different behaviour at
different temperatures andpH. In an earlier
study, Bidlan and Manonmani (2002) have
earlier detected the deradation of DDT from
4o
C to 50o
C but the most efficient
degradation was shown to be at 30o
C while
the efficient growth was observed at 37 o
C.
Lindane Degradation at Different pH
The consortium could degrade the initially
provided 10 ppm lindane by 13.9%, 18.9%,
23.6% and 50.5% at pH 5, pH 6, pH 7 and
pH 8 respectively by the end of 144 h (6
days) of incubation (Fig. 4a). The
corresponding growth pattern is shown in
Fig. 4b.
It was observed that the growth increased by
42.86%, 52.17%, 39.13% and 86.96% in the
first 3 days of incubation at pH 5, pH 6, pH
7 and pH 8 respectively that reduced to
14.29% for pH 5 and to 26.09% for other 3
pH respectively by the end of 6th
day of
incubation with respect to the initial
inoculum level. The maximum growth
increment in the first 3 days was at pH 8
followed by pH 6, pH 5 and pH 7
respectively while the reduction in next 3
days was least at pH 7 followed by pH 6, pH
5 and pH 8 with 33.33%, 50%, 66.67% and
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70% reduction respectively. The degradation
of lindane was more effective with an
increase in pH indicating a direct correlation
between studied pH levels and lindane
degradation.
Even though the growth in pH 8 decreased
maximum in last three days, yet the
degradation was more efficient suggestive
towards the secretory enzymes/enzyme
systems involved in lindane degradation
(this is our hypothesis and need further
studies to prove; though it is believed that
the degradative enzymes are non-secretory
through experiments with Pseudomonas
paucimobilis).
Bidlan and Manonmani (2002) and Bidlan
(2003) have earlier shown that the pH 7- 7.5
was more favourable for bioremediation of
DDT by Serratia marcescens DT-1P,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa DT- ct1 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa DT- ct2.
Sreedharan et al. (1999) demonstrated the
degradation of HCH in acidic soils with pH
above 3 using Pseudomonas paucimobilis.
More growth during the first 3 days in pH 8
in our case, could have enhanced the
enzyme production that continued to act
during the subsequent three days of
incubation, thereby degrading almost
87.29% of lindane as compared to first three
days. At pH 6 the degradation in last three
days was 225.32% as compared to the first
three days. Since the growth in pH 6 was
second to that of pH 8, the greater
degradation percentage in thesecond half as
compared to the first half might be due to
the pH optima for the catabolic enzymes.
The culture can be grown at pH 8 initially
and then the pH 6 can be provided for
efficient degradation. The pH 7 showed the
least increase in biomass in the first half but
it also showed the least decrease in the
biomass in thesecond half; thereby giving
the consortium optimum condition to
degrade 69.89% lindane in last three days as
compared to the first three days. Yet, the
most efficient degradation among different
pH provided was at pH 8. Earlier, Bidlan
and Manonmani (2002) found that the
degradation and growth reduced at pH
greater than 7.5.
Screening of the Individual Isolates for
Lindane Degradation on Agar
Cultures 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19,
20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 44
and 46 showed clearance of lindane film
(Fig. 5). This was an indication that the
cultures have the potential for degrading
lindane.
Screening of the Individual Isolates for
Lindane Degradation in Broth
It was observed that the lindane- induced
consortium had dominatingly 4 distinct
cultures. These cultures were purified,
designated as LR1, LR2, LR3 and LR4
respectively (Fig. 6) and maintained on
minimal agar supplemented with 1/50 NB
and 5 ppm lindane for future studies later.
Most reports show that the enrichment is
done with the same (parent) compound
(Manonmani et al., 2000; Bidlan, 2003;
Bidlan et al., 2004; Nagpal and Paknikar,
2006; Murthy and Manonmani, 2007;
Deepthi et al., 2007; Pannu and Kumar,
2014) or the analogues of the compound
(Focht and Alexander, 1970; Bartha, 1990)
that needs to be degraded by the microbes.
In contrast to the basic practice, our
approach was to adapt a technique that could
be beneficial in the present and future
scenario, keeping in view that most parts of
the world are now applying the
organophosphates and pyrethroids instead of
organochlorine pesticides.
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a
progressive fatal neurodegenerative human
disease has been associated with pesticide
exposure especially with organochlorines,
pyrethroids, herbicides and fumigants
(Kamel et al., 2012) and organophosphates
(Chen, 2012). Slotkin and Seidler (2009)
have demonstrated the neurological and
neurotoxic effects of organophosphates
while David et al. (2014) discussed the
teratogenic effect of paraoxon, an
organophosphate, on
neurodifferentiation.We wish to establish a
population tolerant to the existing
concentrations of non- organochlorine
pesticides in the environment and probably
still higher concentrations in future. Being
tolerant to these other classes of pesticides
will help the application of our cultures as
they would stay active and remediate the
organochlorine load already present in
nature. Apart from this, the same culture
might be able to remediate the loads from
other classes of pesticides.
Grung et al. (2015) stressed the need for
research on organophosphates since they are
the dominating group being used at present.
Viel et al. (2015) discussed the cognitive
developmental disabilities in post- natal
stages of children due to the exposure of
pyrethroids leading to an urgent realisation
of considering the remediation for this
pesticide class as well. Our cultures from the
consortium may act upon these pesticides as
they were enriched by the mixture of
organophosphates and pyrethroids. The
probability of the application of our
consortium towards simultaneous
degradation of different classes of pesticides
cannot be ruled out. Selvi et al. (2013)
worked with DDT- degrading consortium to
study the degradation of the pesticide
isoprothiolane. Pino and Penuela (2011)
developed a microbial consortium with 12
different bacterial strains through
enrichment technique that could degrade
150 ppm each of chlorpyrifos and methyl-
parathion separately as well as
simultaneously. Liu et al. (2009) engineered
strain LZ1 of Stenotrophomonas species that
could produce the enzyme
organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). This
enzyme was capable of degrading p-
nitrophenol substituted organophosphates
and their products. The three
organophosphates paraoxon, parathion and
methylparathion degradation was enhanced
in the presence of 4-chlorophenol. Yang et
al. (2012) could co-express the lin
Aandmpdgenes in a cloned E. coli for
simultaneous degradation of organochlorine
(lindane) and organophosphate (methyl
parathion). This clone is good to work in a
bioreactor as it also expresses the green
fluorescent protein for detection. Our
consortium on the other hand, with longer
acclimatisation, may work in-situ. The need
of acclimatisation (pre-exposure or
induction) in bioremediation was earlier
emphasised by many researchers in the past
as well (Bidlan and Manonmani, 2002;
Bidlan, 2003; Jilani, 2013). Sonkong et al.
(2008) also demonstrated the effectiveness
of 72 h induction of inoculum to DDT in the
presence of glucose and yeast extract for
enhancing the degradation of DDT.
Successive exposure of culture to lindane
improved its ability to degrade the pesticide
(Wada et al., 1989; Bhuyan et al., 1992)
while the same with DDT did not yield any
improvement (Bidlan and Manonmani,
2002).
Microorganisms transform the complex
organic compounds to CO2 or other simple
organic compounds through their metabolic
enzymes. This reducing equivalents from the
oxidation are assimilated and results in the
growth of organisms that work out the
degradation (Latha, 2012). Our results also
reflect the similar view along with the other
hypothesis proposed here by us that the
degradation during the decline phase of
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145
growth may be due to the enzyme/ enzyme
systems already synthesised by the
microbial cells during their active growth
phase (need further studies to prove).
Baczynski et al. (2010) noted the initial
increase in growth with substantial decrease
and then the biomass remaining constant
until the end of the studies. The zig- zag
pattern of growth as in the present study was
also observed by Sander et al. (1991),
Bidlan and Manonmani (2002), Sonkonget
al. (2008) and Jilani (2013). Jilani (2013)
discussed the decline in the viable count due
to non- acclimation of the culture to the
pesticides while we hypothesise it
differently here; further studies might
establish the fact.
Fig.1 Degradation of Lindane by the Consortium Enriched on Mixture of Organophosphate
and Pyrethroid Pesticide (Commercial Formulation)
Fig.2a Growth of the Consortium on Different Concentrations of Lindane. The Consortium is
Enriched on Mixture of Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticide (Commercial
Formulation)
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146
Fig.2b Growth of the Consortium on Different Concentrations of
Lindane During the First 24 h
Fig.3a Degradation of Lindane by the Consortium. The Consortium was Inoculated to 20ppm
Lindane in MM and Samples were Drawn at 0 Days, 3 Days and 6Days for Analysis
Fig.3b Growth of the Consortium at Different Temperatures. The Consortium was Inoculated
to 20ppm Lindane in MM and Samples were Drawn at 0 Days, 3 Days and 6Days for
Analysis
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147
Fig.4a Effect of pH on Lindane Degradation by the Consortium. The Consortium was
Inoculated to 10ppm Lindane in MM and Samples were Drawn at 0 Days, 3 Days and 6Days
for Analysis
Fig.4b Effect of ph on Consortium (Biomass). the consortium was Inoculated to 10ppm
Lindane in MM and Samples were Drawn at 0 Days, 3 Days and 6Days for Analysis
Fig.5 Individual Strains were Sprayed with 0.5% Lindane Solution to form a Thin Film and
Incubated at R.T. The Cultures that have the Potential for Degrading Lindane Cleared the
Film
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Fig.6 Individual Strains that Ultimately Survived the Lindane Enrichment
Acclimation of consortium for DDT
degradation by Bidlan and Manonmani
(2002) also resulted in the ultimate survival
of four strains comprising Serratia
marcescens DT- 1P and other three
Pseudomonas strains. Pannu and Kumar
(2014) isolated 78 strains out of which only
9 strains could clear the lindane film after 7
days of incubation and only 3 strains RP-1,
RP-3and RP-9 were able to withstand 100
ppm of this insecticide. The other strains
were able to tolerate lindane concentrations
from 20- 60 ppm (parts per million= 1 x 10-
6
). Similar observations with limiting
cadmium were described by Kumar et
al.(2010). The cultures in pure form were
able to degrade lindane in agar medium
while in the broth where the cultures were in
mixed form, the total number of surviving/
actively growing cultures were observed to
be only four (Fig. 6). This might be due to
the interaction between the various types of
bacteria present. The two cultures viz. RL2
and RL4 were dominating and appeared
indiscriminately, overcasting the other
members of the consortium. This might be
due to the antibiotic or inhibitory factors
produced by the two cultures. The other two
cultures (RL1 &RL3) were able to resist
these factors along with the lindane; hence
survived.
The degradations of pesticides have been
achieved in many works in the past 50- 60
years. The time required and the percentage
of degradation varied from case to case. The
microbe used and the type of pesticide under
study play a vital role than the other
parameters like pH and temperature. Many
times the significant parameter described is
the inoculum size (Bidlan and Manonmani,
2002; Selvi et al., 2013). There might also
be the effect of a threshold level of the
initial pesticide concentration necessary for
the degradation below which the culture
induction is not possible. More
investigations may further support the
findings.
In conclusion, this is the first report of its
kind with a microbial population enriched
completely on mixtures of commercial
formulations of organophosphate and
pyrethroid classes of pesticides used for
degrading a pure isomer of an
organochlorine pesticide. The fact that our
consortium could degrade substantially the
initially supplied lindane concentrations
from 5 ppm through 30 ppm in a short
period of 6 days is a positive sign to apply it
for remediation of contaminated water
bodies; of course, after further vigorous
training (acclimation) of the consortium
with lindane in presence of the
organophosphates and pyrethroids. The
future environmental problem may arise
through the indiscriminate use of
organophosphates and pyrethroid pesticides.
LR1 LR3 LR4LR2
12. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5): 138-152
149
For such conditions prevailing in future, our
consortium and its application can become
the master stroke. The avenues are still open
for a better combinatorial bioremediation
strategy to save our biosphere in a healthy
way for the future generations.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Hon’ble
Vice Chancellor, Registrar, Dean-PG, Dean-
IRD and AR-IRD, Head of Biotechnology,
all from Delhi Technological University for
their constant support and encouragement
during this work. We also thank Mr. Jitendra
Singh and Mr. Chhail Bihari of
Biotechnology, DTU for their timely
support. The first two authors thank the
University Grants Commission, India for
providing the junior research fellowship and
post- doctoral fellowship respectively. Most
of the work could be conducted from the
contingency grants of UGC fellowships.
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How to cite this article:
Satish Kumar, Rajkumar Bidlan and Jai Gopal Sharma. 2016. Degradation of Lindane by
Sludge Enriched on Mixed Commercial Formulations of Organophosphate and Pyrethroid
Pesticides. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 5(5): 138-152.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.505.015