Extraction, chemical composition, use in induced protection and cross-reactive antigens between exopolisaccharides from Tremella fuciformis Berk and Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye
Exopolysaccharides (PS) are the major components on the surface of bacteria and also produced by fungi. These molecules are important in human health, in order to control diabetes as well as protect plants against attacks of foliage diseases. The objective of the present work was to study the partial chemical structure of the carbohydrate, use in control disease in plants and cross-serological relationship (cross-reactive antigens between isolates from fungi (Tremella fuciformis (Tf) and bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Xcc)). Tf was developed in culture medium containing sorghum seeds during 20 days, and Xcc in the PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium for an 8 days period. The polysaccharide was removed from the culture medium, precipitated with ethanol, and quantified total sugar. By TLC was observed that 2 isolates presented galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose in different proportions. Fucose and ribose was not found in the PS from Xcc but present in Tf. In ELISA, antiserum to Xcc revealed an antigenic homologous reaction with the same bacteria and heterologous with Tf. Barley plants pretreated with PS from Tf and later challenged with conidia from B.sorokiniana, demonstrated protection against the pathogen. Results suggested that PS from Tf presented induction of protection. Both PS (antigens) present an identical epitope demonstrated by reaction in Elisa test. The antibody against Xcc was specific for an epitope and bounded to another antigen due to having similar chemical properties.
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Abstract— Roots of Panax notoginseng were fermented with 30 fungi respectively. Almost one-third of the products showed increasing antibacterial activity. All products could inhibit GST-CDC25 phosphatase as a potential antitumor agent. HPLC profiles proved that components of unfermented P. notoginseng and fermented P. notoginseng have obviously changes.
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Abstract— Roots of Panax notoginseng were fermented with 30 fungi respectively. Almost one-third of the products showed increasing antibacterial activity. All products could inhibit GST-CDC25 phosphatase as a potential antitumor agent. HPLC profiles proved that components of unfermented P. notoginseng and fermented P. notoginseng have obviously changes.
www.biolifejournal.com.
Biolife is an open access, online, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to all the Biology and Life Sciences
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
The purpose of the present study was to explore the influences roasting on the radical scavenging activity and total Phenolic content on selected seeds. Fresh seeds of Prunus domestice, Prunus armeniace and Prunus persica were selected from the local market. The selected seeds were heated on the hotpot at a temperature 160 °C for 1 to 3 hours, respectively and one group were remain irrespective of any treatment (control). It was observed that roasting of fruit seeds produce different effects on total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant capacity was measured against the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) whereas the reducing capacity was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Total phenolic content in Prunus domestica was highest at 160 °C when heated for 1 hour (554 mg/100g), similarly the total phenolic content in the Prunus armeniaca was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g) while the Total phenolic content in the Prunus persica was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g). Radical scavenging activity in the Prunus domestica was highest when heated for 1 hour (48 %). Similarly radical scavenging activity in the Prunus armeniaca was highest during heated for 1 hour (86 %) while radical scavenging activity in the Prunus persica was at maximum (43 %) at 2 hour treatment. It is suggested that different effect were produced when different fruit seeds were roasted at a single temperature, Therefore different optimum temperature and conditions are required for roasting different seeds.
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbs...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, two pure monoterpenes: Citronellol and geraniol were tested for their fumigant toxicity, repellent activity, and antifeedant activity against two stored product insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Monoterpenes tested showed varying degrees of toxicity against different species of stored product pests but were highly dependent on dosage and exposure duration. Geraniol was found to be highly effective against both S. oryzae and T. castaneum than citronellol. 0.02 μl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30 ± 0.11 after a short duration of 6 h that reached 52.76 ± 0.28% after an increased exposure of 72 h against S. oryzae while citronellol showed least activity producing a mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 at 0.02 after 72 h of exposure. Similarly for T. castaneum geraniol produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at 0.2 μl/ml after 72 h and citronellol even at a highest dose of 0.2 μl/ml caused 30.77 ± 0.49% mortality after 12 h. Geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent activity at 1 μl/cm2 after 1 h whereas repellency of 48.60 ± 1.4% was obtained by citronellol against T. castaneum after same concentration and time period citronellol and geraniol at a highest concentration of 1 μl/cm2 gave 56.61 ± 3.4 and 50.56 ± 1.1% repellency, respectively, after 5 h against S. oryzae. Feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 78.95 ± 0.09 and 67.59 ± 0.17% was obtained for citronellol and geraniol at a high concentration of 30 μl/g against T. castaneum. Citronellol showed 52.80 ± 0.32% FDI, followed by geraniol with 49.28 ± 0.17 FDI % against S. oryzae.
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
www.biolifejournal.com.
Biolife is an open access, online, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to all the Biology and Life Sciences
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
The purpose of the present study was to explore the influences roasting on the radical scavenging activity and total Phenolic content on selected seeds. Fresh seeds of Prunus domestice, Prunus armeniace and Prunus persica were selected from the local market. The selected seeds were heated on the hotpot at a temperature 160 °C for 1 to 3 hours, respectively and one group were remain irrespective of any treatment (control). It was observed that roasting of fruit seeds produce different effects on total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant capacity was measured against the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) whereas the reducing capacity was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Total phenolic content in Prunus domestica was highest at 160 °C when heated for 1 hour (554 mg/100g), similarly the total phenolic content in the Prunus armeniaca was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g) while the Total phenolic content in the Prunus persica was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g). Radical scavenging activity in the Prunus domestica was highest when heated for 1 hour (48 %). Similarly radical scavenging activity in the Prunus armeniaca was highest during heated for 1 hour (86 %) while radical scavenging activity in the Prunus persica was at maximum (43 %) at 2 hour treatment. It is suggested that different effect were produced when different fruit seeds were roasted at a single temperature, Therefore different optimum temperature and conditions are required for roasting different seeds.
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbs...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, two pure monoterpenes: Citronellol and geraniol were tested for their fumigant toxicity, repellent activity, and antifeedant activity against two stored product insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Monoterpenes tested showed varying degrees of toxicity against different species of stored product pests but were highly dependent on dosage and exposure duration. Geraniol was found to be highly effective against both S. oryzae and T. castaneum than citronellol. 0.02 μl/ml geraniol produced a mortality of 26.30 ± 0.11 after a short duration of 6 h that reached 52.76 ± 0.28% after an increased exposure of 72 h against S. oryzae while citronellol showed least activity producing a mortality of 52.76 ± 0.28 at 0.02 after 72 h of exposure. Similarly for T. castaneum geraniol produced 68.75 ± 0.55% mortality at 0.2 μl/ml after 72 h and citronellol even at a highest dose of 0.2 μl/ml caused 30.77 ± 0.49% mortality after 12 h. Geraniol produced 42.56 ± 1.9% repellent activity at 1 μl/cm2 after 1 h whereas repellency of 48.60 ± 1.4% was obtained by citronellol against T. castaneum after same concentration and time period citronellol and geraniol at a highest concentration of 1 μl/cm2 gave 56.61 ± 3.4 and 50.56 ± 1.1% repellency, respectively, after 5 h against S. oryzae. Feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 78.95 ± 0.09 and 67.59 ± 0.17% was obtained for citronellol and geraniol at a high concentration of 30 μl/g against T. castaneum. Citronellol showed 52.80 ± 0.32% FDI, followed by geraniol with 49.28 ± 0.17 FDI % against S. oryzae.
Insecticidal Potential of Two Monoterpenes against Tribolium Castaneum (Herbs...
Similar to Extraction, chemical composition, use in induced protection and cross-reactive antigens between exopolisaccharides from Tremella fuciformis Berk and Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
Proteomic analysis of the interaction between the plant growth promoting fhiz...kys9723331
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) facilitate the plant growth and enhance their
induced systemic resistance (ISR) against a variety of environmental stresses. In this study,
we carried out integrative analyses on the proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome to investigate
Arabidopsis root and shoot responses to the well-known PGPR strain Paenibacillus
polymyxa (P. polymyxa) E681. Shoot fresh and root dry weights were increased, whereas root
length was decreased by treatment with P. polymyxa E681. 2DE approach in conjunction
with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed a total of 41 (17 spots in root, 24 spots in shoot)
that were differentially expressed in response to P. polymyxa E681. Biological process- and
molecular function-based bioinformatics analysis resulted in their classification into seven different
protein groups. Of these, 36 proteins including amino acid metabolism, antioxidant,
defense and stress response, photosynthesis, and plant hormone-related proteins were upregulated,
whereas five proteins including three carbohydrate metabolism- and one amino
acid metabolism-related, and one unknown protein were down-regulated, respectively. A good
correlation was observed between protein and transcript abundances for the 12 differentially
expressed proteins during interactions as determined by qPCR analysis. Metabolite analysis
using LC-MS/MS revealed highly increased levels of tryptophan, indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN),
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and camalexin in the treated plants. Arabidopsis plant inoculated
P. polymyxa E681 also showed resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. Taken together these
results suggest that P. polymyxa E681 may promote plant growth by induced metabolism and
activation of defense-related proteins against fungal pathogen.
This study was initiated in order to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance of J. curcas to Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Artificial inoculations were done on young seedlings leaves of 8 J. curcas local accessions from Burkina Faso including 4 resistant and 4 susceptible. Two extractions were made for the evaluation of each biochemical parameter: one on the 1st day before and the second on the 7th day after inoculation. The study revealed that the response of J curcas to L. threobromae infection is depending to the resistance or the susceptibility of accessions. It showed an increase in the content of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and also an increase of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. In susceptible accessions, the study revealed a decrease in the photosynthetic pigments and an increase in MDA content comparatively to resistant accessions. The ACP performed on the basis of the evaluated biochemical parameters showed that the axis F1 allows the separation of the resistant and the susceptible accessions, and indicated that the resistance of accessions result in the activation of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and stimulation of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. The F2 axis is associated with sugars content and, chymotrypsin inhibition and SOD activities. In susceptible accessions, an increase in MDA content and SOD activity were observed. This study represents an important step in combating leaf fungal diseases by opting to the green technology and by breeding for genotypes with inducing natural defense compounds.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Development of a Bioactive Food Additive for Controlling of Fungal GrowthIJEAB
Fresh foods have a great importance in human nutrition. However, they are marketed with greatly reduced shelf life mainly due to fungal spoilage. In this work, cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma asperellum T00 (TCWDE) were immobilized onto cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) in order to evaluate the potential use of this material as food additive aiming to increase the shelf life by inhibiting fungal growth. Results from factorial design (32) evidenced that the best conditions for TCWDE immobilization was achieved with 20 min of reaction using 1 mmol L-1 of NaIO4. On these conditions it was observed 91% of retention yield for NAGase (30.1 ± 0.38 U mL-1), 41% for chitinase (0.67 ± 0.05 U mL-1), and 24% for β-1,3-glucanase (0.017± 0.001 U mL-1). CGP/TCWDE was effective for growth inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. and the inhibition mechanism seems to involve changes in the cell wall of those microorganisms. Finally, the CGP/TCWDE presented high stability after drying, maintaining enzymatic and biological activity after 200 days of storage at room temperature (25 ºC).
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential value for the treatment of human cancers.
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
Similar to Extraction, chemical composition, use in induced protection and cross-reactive antigens between exopolisaccharides from Tremella fuciformis Berk and Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (20)
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Extraction, chemical composition, use in induced protection and cross-reactive antigens between exopolisaccharides from Tremella fuciformis Berk and Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.2 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1452
Extraction, chemical composition, use in induced
protection and cross-reactive antigens between
exopolisaccharides from Tremella fuciformis
Berk and Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri
(Hasse) Dye
Erna Elisabeth Bach1*
, Nilsa S.Y.Wadt2
,Vinicius O. Cardoso2
, Edgar Matias Bach Hi 3
,
Andresa Zamboni1
1
UNINOVE, Department of Healthy, Biomedicin; R. Dr. Adolfo Pinto, 109, Barra Funda, CEP 01156-050, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil;
2
UNINOVE, Department of Healthy, Pharmacy; R. Dr. Adolfo Pinto, 109, Barra Funda, CEP 01156-050, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil;
3
UNILUS, Núcleo Acadêmico em Bioquímica Experimental (NABEX), Santos, São Paulo.
Abstract — Exopolysaccharides (PS) are the major
components on the surface of bacteria and also produced
by fungi. These molecules are important in human health,
in order to control diabetes as well as protect plants
against attacks of foliage diseases. The objective of the
present work was to study the partial chemical structure
of the carbohydrate, use in control disease in plants and
cross-serological relationship (cross-reactive antigens
between isolates from fungi (Tremella fuciformis (Tf) and
bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Xcc)). Tf
was developed in culture medium containing sorghum
seeds during 20 days, and Xcc in the PDA (potato
dextrose agar) medium for an 8 days period. The
polysaccharide was removed from the culture medium,
precipitated with ethanol, and quantified total sugar. By
TLC was observed that 2 isolates presented galactose,
glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose in different
proportions. Fucose and ribose was not found in the PS
from Xcc but present in Tf. In ELISA, antiserum to Xcc
revealed an antigenic homologous reaction with the same
bacteria and heterologous with Tf. Barley plants
pretreated with PS from Tf and later challenged with
conidia from B.sorokiniana, demonstrated protection
against the pathogen. Results suggested that PS from Tf
presented induction of protection. Both PS (antigens)
present an identical epitope demonstrated by reaction in
Elisa test. The antibody against Xcc was specific for an
epitope and bounded to another antigen due to having
similar chemical properties.
Keywords— Polysaccharides, fungi, bacterial, cross-
reactive antigen.
I. INTRODUCTION
Natural biopolymers (polysaccharides - PS) have a
potential application in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals
and oil industries. The macromolecules are water soluble
which may be ionic or non-ionic in nature, and which
increase the viscosity of the medium in conjunction with
different physical and chemical agents. Because of their
wide diversity in physical structure and properties, they
can change the rheological properties and texture of the
products in which they are incorporated into [1]. In recent
years, there has been a major emphasis on the search for
novel microbial polysaccharides, and a wide variety of
microbial strains are reported to produce polysaccharides
with varied compositions and useful properties [2].
Tremella fuciformis (family Tremellaceae, order
Tremellales, class Basidiomycetes) is probably one of the
most beautiful fungi growing in subtropical and tropical
areas, or even temperate zones. It was first found in
Brazil but has developed to an artificially cultivated
species in Taiwan, China and some other countries in
Asia [3]. This mushroom is called snow fungus, white
jelly mushroom, and have been used as food and folk
medicines for centuries in Asian countries [4, 5].
At the moment in Brazil, Tremella fuciformis (Tf) was
grown in medium with sorghum for obtained PS. The
polysaccharide was given by gavage for rats when
induced by streptozotocin in order to develop type 1
diabetes mellitus (DM1) for a period of 30 days. Results
indicate that PS is beneficial in control of DM1 when the
level from blood glucose is up to 130mg/dL accomplished
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.2 ISSN: 2456-1878
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by reducing cholesterol, triglyceride, GPT, urea and
increasing HDL cholesterol [6, 7].
Another important application from PS was with
promoted induction of protection against disease in plants.
Bach et al. [8] demonstrated that PS from Tf in three
concentrations, stimulated the ability of plants to
compensate the damaging effects of the pathogens
(Bipolaris sorokiniana) on barley plant (Variety BRS
Brau) metabolism. The same protection was observed
with xantham gum from Xanthomonas campestris pv.
citri (Xcc), Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris and
commercial xantham gum against the same disease on
barley and wheat plants [9, 10].
About chemical structure of the PS obtained from dried
Tf, commercially avaliable in China, and extracted by
boiling water, determined that it consists of a linear
backbone of (1→3) α-D-mannan with side chains
composed of glucuronic acid, xylose and fucose [11, 12].
Xanthomonas produced xanthan gum and is an important
industrial biopolymer as example food. According to
several authors, the PS are antigenic macromolecules and
may be related to pathogenicity [13 - 15].
The objective from the present work was to study the
partial chemical structure of the carbohydrate and
investigate the use under greenhouse conditions as an
inducer of protection in barley plants (cultivar Embrapa
BRS Elis) against pathogen. Another method for
identification PS was study the cross-serological
relationship (cross-reactive antigens between isolates
from fungi (Tremella fuciformis Tf) and bacterial
(Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri Xcc). This could aid in
the possible explanation for its use in control of diseases
both for the use in plants such as for humans beings.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of polysaccharide from Tremella
fuciformis
Tremella fuciformis received from Brasmicel, were
cultured in potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 8 days, and
then transferred to plastic bag containing sorghum seeds.
The bags were incubated during 45 days for micelial
growth in chamber with controlled temperature (27±10
C)
and dark. For production of polysaccharides (PS), a solid
medium was made and added 100g of sorghum seeds
(Embrapa seed variety 308) that was first cooked in water
and after crushed in a blender in 400mL of water and
boiled again. The mixture was filtered through sieve,
gauze, cotton cloth, completely to 500mL water and
supplemented with 0.5g of agar. After boiled, the
solution was transferred to bottles and sterilized [8].
Sorghum seeds with mycelium were inoculated to bottle
with solid medium and incubated for 10, 20, 30 days in
chamber with controlled temperature (25 ± 10
C) and dark.
After the period, PS was removed and solution was
reduced to half-volume by vacuum evaporation. This
reduced volume was, then, treated with cold ethanol
(70%) to polysaccharide precipitation. To facilitate the
precipitation (ppt), the solution was kept at 4o
C for an
additional 24 h and then centrifuged at 4000g for 10 min
at 18o
C, and the precipitates were collected, washed twice
with alcohol and then solubilized in water. After, the gum
was submitted to dialysis in bags with 10.000 daltons
against buffer phosphate pH=7 (0.05mol/L) for retired
phenols. Tests were performed to quantify beta glucan
and total sugar. Beta-glucan was determined by Lever
method [16] involving the beta-glucanase enzyme
(Sigma). For standard in test, was used laminarin that said
one unit of enzyme can be liberated 1 M of glucose/min
at 37C [17]. For total sugar the method used was
Anthrone [17-19].
The PS was loaded onto a Sepharose CL_4B column (2.4
cm x 100 cm, Pharmacia) and eluted with the same buffer
at a flow rate of 2ml/min. The carbohydrate moiety in the
PS was monitored by absorbance at 480 nm. A pool
fractions from 10, 12 and 14mL was quantify by
Anthrone.
Preparation of Suspension of pathogen
The pathogen used was B.sorokiniana obtained from
infected barley leaves (Fundação Guarapuava- Agraria,
Paraná) and grown on plates using potato dextrose agar
(PDA). After 10 days of incubation, conidia, removed by
brushing the surface of the agar, were suspended in 10 ml
of sterile water and filtered through gauze. The
concentration of conidia was adjusted to 105
conidia per
ml and Tween 20 (poly-oxyethylene sorbitan monolauret,
Sigma Chemical Co) was added to give a final
concentration of 0.05% [20, 21].
Preparation of barley and treatments
Barley plants (Embrapa Elis – from Foundation Agraria,
state of Paraná), were grown in clay pots (15cm diameter,
ten seeds) contained red soil fertilized (NPK 10:10:10 and
micronutrients) in a greenhouse under a 12h photoperiod
(approximately 190IE/m2
/s) for approximately 3 weeks
when plants reached the tillering stage (stage 5) [22].
Groups of 10 plants was used in each treatment and
replicated three times. The data were submitted to
variance analysis. Plants were arranged in a complete
randomized block design and the combination of
challenger and protector in each treatment. Plants were
maintained at room temperature and a 12h photoperiod
(7.35Wm-2 of fluorescent light) throughout each
treatment unless indicate otherwise [20]. Approximately
10ml of the conidia suspension, PS of Tf, or water were
used in each treatment. Treatments were: (a) healthy:
3. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
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plants were sprayed with water; (b) Inducer: plants were
sprayed with PS of Tf (conc 2mmol of sugar); (c)
pathogen inoculated: plants were pulverized with the
conidial suspension of the pathogen; (d) 24 hour Inducer-
pathogen: first treated with PS and 24 hours later
inoculated with the conidial suspension; (e) 48 hour
Inducer-pathogen: as in group d but inoculated with the
conidial suspension 48 hours after inducer; (f) 72 hour
Inducer-pathogen: as in group d but inoculated with the
conidial suspension 72 hours after inducer. During the
first 24 hours after inoculation with the pathogen, all
plants were kept in the dark at room temperature in a
humid chamber (80% relative humidity). After that, plants
were transferred to the greenhouse. Protection level was
evaluated 7 days after inoculation with the pathogen,
based on the number of infected leaves in ten plants [20,
21].
Preparation of polysaccharide and antisera for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri
Bacterial cells were grown for 8 days on potato dextrose
agar (PDA) in Petri disches at 27o
C in the dark. The PS
was removed from surface with water. One hundred mL
of solution were centrifuged (7,000g- 20min),
supernatants were reduced to half-volume by vacuum
evaporation at 40o
C and precipitated with 75% ethanol.
The precipitates were dried under a N2 stream and
dissolved in distillate water. Beta glucan and total sugar
was measured as described for Tremella.
Antisera for Xanthomonas campestris pv.citri pathotype
A were produced in New Zealand White rabbits (approx.
2kg) in Biological Institute, São Paulo, Brazil in year
2000. Rabbits were immunized with one single 1.0 mL
intra-lymph node injection of 900ug of glucose
equivalents emulsified with an equal volume of Freund
complete adjuvant (Difco). Sera were collected from the
marginal ear veins 20 days after the injection [23].
Immunoglobulin (Ig) was precipitated from rabbit sera
with 100% sat. ammonium sulfate, repeated twice, and
dissolved in 0.85% NaCl solution followed by dialysis
against the same solution. Enzyme conjugation was
performed by adding 0.5mL of Ig (1 mg/mL) to 0.09 mL
of alkaline phosphatase (Boehringer) followed by dyalisis
against 2mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 plus 0.85%
NaCl and 0.8mL of 0.25% glutaraldehyde for 1h at 4o
C.
Ig and conjugates were diluted 1:2 and antigens (PS) were
used in the concentration of 1mmol of glucose
equivalents/mL. Normal sera were prepared with the same
method as negative control.
Treatment of antigens with sodium periodate
The method was based in Bach and Guzzo [13] when
1mmol of glucose/mL of each PS, as measured by the
anthrone test [19] and treated with 0.05mol sodium
periodate. Another group of equally treated samples were
then reduced with sodium borohydride (Sigma) and
subjected to hydrolysis with 0.03mol acetic acid for 1h
(Hydrolyzed sample). Control samples were treated with
ethylene glycol prior to the periodate treatment.
Periodate-treated, hydrolyzed and control samples were
used as antigen for serological tests by ELISA test.
Elisa Test
Antigens (PS) from Xcc and Tf were tested by double
antibody sandwich-ELISA [24] and the experimental
conditions for the serological reactions and
immunoglobulins was based in Bach and Alba [23] and,
Bach and Guzzo [13]. ELISA values were obtained by
measuring absorbance at 405nm. The concentration of PS
from Tf and Xcc used in work was equivalent to 1mmol of
glucose.
Chromatography Thin layer (TLC)
The sugar was analyzed by thin layer chromatography
(TLC) carried out on Merck silica gel 60 F254 plates (20
cm x 20 cm). Aliquots of standards solutions of glucose,
galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, ribose and fucose
(10mg/mL of each from Sigma) were applied as spots at
the origin on a plate and developed with butanol: acetic
acid: water (4:1:1 by vol.) in a pre-saturated
chromatography chamber. The thin layer chromatography
plates were dried at 60°C and the sugars were visualized
at 254nm UV light and after detected by spraying
chromatograms with 5% ethanolic sulphuric and heating
in the oven at 100°C until clear sugars spots appeared [25,
26]. The CPATLAS program was used to determine the
area of spots and relative front from each standard of
developed chromatoplate. 10mmol from PS samples
were treated with 100uL of beta glucanase (10UI) and
200uL of alfa glucanase (10UI) from Sigma in presence
of citrate buffer (50mM, pH=5) and after 10min at 37C,
was submitted to boiling for one hour at 100C. Those was
separated in TLC.
III. RESULTS
Extraction of polysaccharide and concentration of
beta glucan
When isolates of Tf and Xcc grown in medium, was
observed as loose slime secreted by the microorganisms.
After precipitation and solubilized in water we have a
gum solution. Table 1 compared concentration of sugars
present in PS from Xcc and from Tf. Tf polysaccharide
increased until day 20, being after it decreased, most
likely due to the increased oxidation, or enzyme presence.
Present sugars were Alfa-glucose (millimol) and Beta-
glucan.
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Table.1: Concentration of beta-glucan linked-(1,3)(1,6) and total sugars from preparations of samples from Tremella
fuciformis (Tf) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Xcc).
Polysaccharide from mg Beta-glucan/mL mmol total sugar
Tf (10days) 85.2 +/- 0.586a* 12.5d
Tf (20days) 153.6 +/- 0.625c 28.0a
Tf (30days) 130.5 +/- 0.615b 27.3c
Xcc 120.8 +/- 0.666d 21.4b
*Different letters on columns indicate statistically significant differences among groups (p< 0.01; ANOVA + Student´s test).
In parallel studies with suspension of Tf was observed
presence of spores. The appearance in 10 days was ovoid
like yeasts. In 20 and 30 days the appearance was type
yeast elongated. In work we used for studies Tf from 20
days because PS presented white color and from 30 days
PS was transformed a brown color.
Gel Filtration of PS
The PS from Tf 20 days and from Xcc was monitored by a
gel filtration in a Sepharose CL_4B column, by which one
polysaccharide was eluted as shown in Fig. 1. Peaks from
tubes 0-4 included external volum. Pool fractions (tubes
5,6,7) from Tf presented 5.12mmol of glucose and from
Xcc only 2.04mmol of glucose.
Fig.1: Elution profile of polysaccharides produced from Tremella fuciformis (20days) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri
in Sepharose CL-4B chromatography.
Thin Layer Chromatography
By TLC was possible to observe that isolates from Xcc and Tf contain galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose in
different proportions but similar. Fucose and ribose was not found in the PS from Xcc (Table 2).
Table.2: Composition of the PS from Tremella and Xanthomonas obtained by TLC.
Isolates galactose Glucose mannose arabinose fucose xylose Ribose
Rf=0.16 Rf=0.18 Rf=0.20 RF=0.21 RF=0.27 RF=0.28 RF=0.31
T.
fuciformis
20days 3.54* 132.5 121.6 3.85 1.56 5.48 2.85
X. c. pv.
citri 3.85 147.8 125.4 3.15 x 6.48 X
* area of spots in CPATLAS.
Elisa test
Results obtained through ELISA from the combination of
PS from Xcc and the same antisera have specific reaction.
In contrast, negative reactions occurred with normal
serum when used in the test. Similarly, antigen from Tf
reacted specifically in heterologous antigen-antibody
combinations and give reaction in Elisa at 0.82. The
results can indicated that reaction was similar as observed
with antigen from Xcc or that was equivalent to 100% of
interaction. To confirm that the serological reaction
depends from the polysaccharides antigen, samples could
be treated with sodium periodate. Homologous and
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 5 10 15
A480nm
Fractions column (2mL)
T. fuciformis
X.c.pv.citri
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heterologous serological reactions were completely
abolished by treating the PS antigens with periodate for
antisera against Xcc. The carbohydrate contents in all
periodate treated samples decreased in comparison to the
non-treated samples. Reactions in Elisa test were not
recovered in homologous and heterologous reactions
(Table 3).
Table.3: Effect of periodate treatment on antigenicity of PS from Xanthomonas and Tremella and contents of carbohydrate
antigenic fractions.
Antigens Treatments
Antibody PS
from Xcc*.
Concentration of sugar
after treatment of periodate
control treated
Xcc Control 0.85 1mmol 1mmol
Treated 0.00 1mmol 0.28mmol
Hydrolyzed 0.00 1mmol x
Tf 20days control 0.82 1mmol 1mmol
treated 0.00 1mmol 0.18mmol
hydrolyzed 0.00 1mmol x
* Absorbance (A405) Elisa Test
Induction of protection
Barley plants when treated with PS from Tf presented protection ranged from 70 to 85% as compareted with infected leaves
(Table 4).
Table.4: Percentage of protection in barley leaves against B.sorokiniana by an PS from Tremella fuciformis at 2mmol of
sugar.
Treatments % protection*
tremella Control x
tremella 24h 70b
tremella 48h 80b
tremella 72h 85b
healthy x
infected 0a
See Materials and Methods for a description of each treatment. * mean percentage of protection from total of 10 plants per
treatment and three repetitions. ** a different letter in collums indicates a statistically significantly difference from the
infected plants (P<0.05)
IV. DISCUSSION
Polysaccharides have the highest capacity for carrying
biological information and differ greatly in their chemical
composition, molecular weight, conformation, glycosidic
linkage, and degree of branching, etc [27]. Weintraub [28]
working with immunology said that the surface
polysaccharide confers protection against the disease. The
immunological properties of PS from bacterial can be
used in vaccines, for study cross-reactive antigens,
serogrouping or serotyping systems and others. PS from
Xcc and Tf were used and demonstrated protection in
barley plants against infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana
[8-10, 13]. So the objective was to evaluate the presence
of crossed antigens.
The chemical composition and efficiency of extraction
processes of polysaccharides in fruiting bodies from T.
fuciformis were not completely clear because there are
different methods. In Brazil, it is difficult to find fruiting
bodies, and work in labor is possible when grown in
medium. Many solid medium were used, but the best was
made with sorghum seeds (variety 308-Embrapa).
Polysaccharides from Tf in this work, after precipitation
with alcohol, presented white color that can be
transformed in brown color in some days because enzyme
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peroxidase was presented and it acted in compound. After
washing, precipitate and dialysis, the compound became
white colored that can be kept in freeze for several years
[7, 8]. With PS from Xcc, the color after precipitation,
was white.
The concentration of beta glucan from Tf demonstrated
that increased until day 20, being after it decreased, most
likely due to the increased oxidation and correlated with
the color from precipitated after 20 days. About the
content of sugars Tf present more beta glucan and total
sugars when compared with Xcc (Table 1). The results
with production of polysaccharides with spores its
important and the appearance are according with those
observed by Chen & Hou [29]; Cho et al. [30] and
Seviour et al.[31]. Chen & Hou [29] said that spores
were broadly ellipsoid with 7-9 x 6-7um, smooth and
hyaline. According to Cho et al.[30] and Seviour et
al.[31], exopolysaccharide production from Tf revealed
that the morphological form grows in mainly three
different yeast-like forms: ovoid, elongated, and double
yeast forms. Cho et al.[29] said that it is noteworthy to
mention that the increased population of elongated yeast
probably contributed to an increased PS production. So, in
results (Table 1) we have formation of elongated form in
Tf in 20 days that coincide with a higher glucose
concentration.
Gel permeation chromatography of the polysaccharides
on a Sepharose CL-4B column yielded two major peaks: a
narrower peak in fractions (tubes 0-4) and another broad
peak present in tubes 5-6 corresponded from 10 to 12mL.
In this separation can be see that have the same peaks for
Xcc and Tf that correspond to 5.12mmol of glucose for Tf
and 2.04mmol for Xcc.
By TLC was observed that PS from Xcc and Tf presented
in polymers the sugars as: glactose, glucose, mannose,
arabinose and xylose. The results with Tf in part are in
accord with several authors that estimated ratio of
mannose, fucose, xylose, and glucuronic acid is 9:1:4:3
making glucoronic acid accounted for 17.6% of the
polysaccharides [32-34]. Khondkar [34] was isolated PS
from liquid cultures of nine Tremella species grown in
Malt-yeast extract media for 6 days at 27o
C, and the
results demonstrated that the polysaccharides in aqueous
solution consisted of the following monomeric sugars:
fucose, ribose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose,
glucose and glucuronic acid. The backbones of the
polysaccharide structures consisted of α-(1→3)-links
while the side chains were β-linked. In results (Table 2)
from this work have not observed glucuronic acid.
Bach and Guzzo [13] worked with PS from Xanthomonas
campestris pv. citri and Xanthomonas campestris pv.
manihotis and observed the sugar compositions in isolates
that suggesting that antigenic determinants may depend
on the sequence of sugars, linkages, branching and
stereochemistry of PS. Lozano and Sequeira [35] said
that PS coats the outer membrane and seems to play a role
in the specific recognition mechanism between the
bacterial or fungal cell and the host cell walls. The PS can
also prevent the interaction to host cell wall.
For determinated serological relationships among the
preparations of PS, preliminary assays showed that
Ouchterlony double-diffusion technique detect a weak
cross-reactive antigens between Xcc and Tf. This indicates
that these substances occur in low concentration, both in
bacterial and fungi. For more contributions was made by
sensitive serological techniques like ELISA.
Table 3 demonstrated that have a clear indication that
cross-reactive antigens must be involved in this case. This
assumption is corroborated by the evidence that antiserum
to Xcc reacted with PS from Xcc (homologous reaction)
and also with PS from Tf (heterologous reaction). To
confirm that serological reaction depends from the
polysaccharides antigen, samples was treated with sodium
periodate. Sodium periodate oxidation eliminated all
serological reactions suggesting that, perhaps, periodate-
susceptible 1,2; 1,4; 1,3; 1,6 linked non-terminal residues
or non-reducing terminal units that could be present in
antigenic sites. It can be assumed that all antigenic
determinants did not recover serological activity after
reduction with sodium borohydride and mild acidic
hydrolysis, suggesting that perhaps the periodate
degradation led to splitting of the polysaccharide chain.
Apart from this, it can be concluded that PS have
antigenic determinants of Xanthomonas and Tremella and
with an identical epitope. The antibody against Xcc was
specific for an epitope and bounded to another antigen
due to having similar chemical properties.
The results presented in Table 4 indicate that protection
was conferred to barley plants when the inducer (PS) was
applied in the plant, and after 72h from the treatments the
protection was higher. This same effect was observed by
Bach et al [20], Castro and Bach [21] in work with other
elicitors.
V. CONCLUSION
The use of polysaccharides in agriculture aimed at disease
control on plants has been important as a alternative
control in biotechnology. The results suggest that PS from
Tremella can be induce protection against disease in
barley plants. In study from PS in the Xanthomonas-
Tremella, interaction there is a “key” cross-reactive
antigens. The hypothesis is that the molecular structures
of polysaccharides should be similar and have the same
common properties and both can be used for the same
aim: the plant protection against diseases or as a
medicinal usage.
7. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank CNPq for the financial
support (Process 474681/2013). Edison Souza
(Brasmicell) for give isolate from Tremella, Flávio
Dessaune Tardin, EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo, for give
sorghum seeds and Dr. Aluisio Alba for assistance with
the manuscript preparation and helpful discussions.
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