Cold plasma is a disruptive technology that can effectively decontaminate foods like strawberries while maintaining quality. Regulatory approval is a key challenge and involves establishing safety through various pathways depending on the country. The design of plasma machines for food processing requires an understanding of plasma chemistry and consideration of hygienic operation, analytics, and scalability. Standard reference plasma sources help advance research by allowing comparison of operating conditions and effects.
this presentation speaks about the extrusion technology and incorporation of fruits and vegetable for enhancing the nutritional of the extruded food product.
Oxygen is life, but in the case of foods, it is not so. When harvested, fresh fruits and vegetables
are at the peak of their quality. Their quality cannot be improved; it can only be deteriorated or
maintained. Fresh, high-quality products are the primary requirements for the national and international food industry during this current era. After harvesting, especially for fresh fruits and vegetables, continue their respiration process. The respiration rate has to be reduced to maintain quality, especially when the products are stored for an extended period or shipped to distant markets. The best way to preserve quality and extend shelf life is by cooling, and another method used to extend shelf life is the modification of the atmosphere surrounding the product. Also known as “CA storage” in the produce business, Controlled atmospheric storage is the storage in which external control systems control the atmosphere of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (and sometimes other gases). Outside air consists of approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.045% carbon dioxide (CO2). CA lowers the oxygen level generally to 0.5-2.5%, depending on the type of product and the variety. CA conditions extend the shelf life of fruit and vegetables with a factor of 2 to 4.
this presentation speaks about the extrusion technology and incorporation of fruits and vegetable for enhancing the nutritional of the extruded food product.
Oxygen is life, but in the case of foods, it is not so. When harvested, fresh fruits and vegetables
are at the peak of their quality. Their quality cannot be improved; it can only be deteriorated or
maintained. Fresh, high-quality products are the primary requirements for the national and international food industry during this current era. After harvesting, especially for fresh fruits and vegetables, continue their respiration process. The respiration rate has to be reduced to maintain quality, especially when the products are stored for an extended period or shipped to distant markets. The best way to preserve quality and extend shelf life is by cooling, and another method used to extend shelf life is the modification of the atmosphere surrounding the product. Also known as “CA storage” in the produce business, Controlled atmospheric storage is the storage in which external control systems control the atmosphere of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (and sometimes other gases). Outside air consists of approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.045% carbon dioxide (CO2). CA lowers the oxygen level generally to 0.5-2.5%, depending on the type of product and the variety. CA conditions extend the shelf life of fruit and vegetables with a factor of 2 to 4.
Cold Plasma - A Novel Method of Food Preservationankit dayal
Cold Plasma Sterilization is an method of food preservation. This technology can help to attain newer height and can explore indefinite scope of food preservation for the benefit of people.
Non thermal processing of food- Pulsed electric field and visible lightT. Tamilselvan
In this presentation i gave an intro to non thermal processing methods in food and their advantages and disadvantages and have brief working of Pulsed electric field and pulsed visible light over other methods.
High pressure processing (HPP) is a method of preserving and sterilizing food, in which a product is processed under very high pressure, leading to the inactivation of certain microorganisms and enzymes in the food
antimicrobial packaging a type of active packaging in which antimicrobial agents are added to a conventional packaging or it maybe a inheriant just like chitosan. its is considered third type of packaging to prevent microbial decay and hence enhance selflife of package
The encapsulation technology is implemented for ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, phytonutrients, antioxidants, enzymes, probiotics and essential oils, which are highly volatile.
To Read More : https://bit.ly/3tYLY3w
Challenges using Multiple Single-use Systems: Functionality versus Extractabl...MilliporeSigma
As single-use technologies continue to expand in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, the risk assessment for extractables and leachables becomes increasingly complex. Join this webinar to obtain guidance on how to perform risk evaluation on a process with multiple single-use components.
A Single-Use System (SUS) is typically designed for a specific process step. In many cases, single-use components are chosen based on their functionality. The challenge arises when there are multiple processing steps-- as the different applications and product matrices are evaluated, the complexity of the risk assessment increases. Complexity includes component evaluation, process conditions, and model solvents streams which ultimately relates to the patient safety risk.
This webinar will evaluate the different single-use components with respect to compatibility and extractables and leachables. A case study will be used to demonstrate the complexity and potential concerns when performing a risk evaluation on the manufacturing process.
In this webinar, you will learn:
- Risk assessment of extractables
- Single-use component evaluation
- Complexity when evaluating multiple assemblies
Challenges using Multiple Single-use Systems: Functionality versus Extractabl...Merck Life Sciences
As single-use technologies continue to expand in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, the risk assessment for extractables and leachables becomes increasingly complex. Join this webinar to obtain guidance on how to perform risk evaluation on a process with multiple single-use components.
A Single-Use System (SUS) is typically designed for a specific process step. In many cases, single-use components are chosen based on their functionality. The challenge arises when there are multiple processing steps-- as the different applications and product matrices are evaluated, the complexity of the risk assessment increases. Complexity includes component evaluation, process conditions, and model solvents streams which ultimately relates to the patient safety risk.
This webinar will evaluate the different single-use components with respect to compatibility and extractables and leachables. A case study will be used to demonstrate the complexity and potential concerns when performing a risk evaluation on the manufacturing process.
In this webinar, you will learn:
- Risk assessment of extractables
- Single-use component evaluation
- Complexity when evaluating multiple assemblies
Cold Plasma - A Novel Method of Food Preservationankit dayal
Cold Plasma Sterilization is an method of food preservation. This technology can help to attain newer height and can explore indefinite scope of food preservation for the benefit of people.
Non thermal processing of food- Pulsed electric field and visible lightT. Tamilselvan
In this presentation i gave an intro to non thermal processing methods in food and their advantages and disadvantages and have brief working of Pulsed electric field and pulsed visible light over other methods.
High pressure processing (HPP) is a method of preserving and sterilizing food, in which a product is processed under very high pressure, leading to the inactivation of certain microorganisms and enzymes in the food
antimicrobial packaging a type of active packaging in which antimicrobial agents are added to a conventional packaging or it maybe a inheriant just like chitosan. its is considered third type of packaging to prevent microbial decay and hence enhance selflife of package
The encapsulation technology is implemented for ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, phytonutrients, antioxidants, enzymes, probiotics and essential oils, which are highly volatile.
To Read More : https://bit.ly/3tYLY3w
Challenges using Multiple Single-use Systems: Functionality versus Extractabl...MilliporeSigma
As single-use technologies continue to expand in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, the risk assessment for extractables and leachables becomes increasingly complex. Join this webinar to obtain guidance on how to perform risk evaluation on a process with multiple single-use components.
A Single-Use System (SUS) is typically designed for a specific process step. In many cases, single-use components are chosen based on their functionality. The challenge arises when there are multiple processing steps-- as the different applications and product matrices are evaluated, the complexity of the risk assessment increases. Complexity includes component evaluation, process conditions, and model solvents streams which ultimately relates to the patient safety risk.
This webinar will evaluate the different single-use components with respect to compatibility and extractables and leachables. A case study will be used to demonstrate the complexity and potential concerns when performing a risk evaluation on the manufacturing process.
In this webinar, you will learn:
- Risk assessment of extractables
- Single-use component evaluation
- Complexity when evaluating multiple assemblies
Challenges using Multiple Single-use Systems: Functionality versus Extractabl...Merck Life Sciences
As single-use technologies continue to expand in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, the risk assessment for extractables and leachables becomes increasingly complex. Join this webinar to obtain guidance on how to perform risk evaluation on a process with multiple single-use components.
A Single-Use System (SUS) is typically designed for a specific process step. In many cases, single-use components are chosen based on their functionality. The challenge arises when there are multiple processing steps-- as the different applications and product matrices are evaluated, the complexity of the risk assessment increases. Complexity includes component evaluation, process conditions, and model solvents streams which ultimately relates to the patient safety risk.
This webinar will evaluate the different single-use components with respect to compatibility and extractables and leachables. A case study will be used to demonstrate the complexity and potential concerns when performing a risk evaluation on the manufacturing process.
In this webinar, you will learn:
- Risk assessment of extractables
- Single-use component evaluation
- Complexity when evaluating multiple assemblies
Upcoming USP 665 - Level of Characterization of Single-Use Systems Today and ...Merck Life Sciences
Register for the interactive, on-demand webinar now: https://bit.ly/USP665
Single-use plastic systems are being utilized more frequently especially for COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing. However, there are issues regarding standardization of quality information that limits implementation efficiencies. One of the challenges is the evaluation of leachables derived from a variety of different plastic components in a timely manner.
Since the USP <665> highlights a risk assessment approach with no typical pass/fail limit, approaches to decision-making based on the extractables data package will be reviewed. In addition, we will highlight legacy testing requirements which may not be necessary once USP <665> is implemented.
In this webinar, we will discuss:
- Regulatory expectations of extractables and leachables assessment today and tomorrow
- The right criteria that need to be assessed to select the type and quality of plastic materials for use in biopharmaceutical manufacturing
Upcoming USP 665 - Level of Characterization of Single-Use Systems Today and ...MilliporeSigma
Register for the interactive, on-demand webinar now: https://bit.ly/USP665
Single-use plastic systems are being utilized more frequently especially for COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing. However, there are issues regarding standardization of quality information that limits implementation efficiencies. One of the challenges is the evaluation of leachables derived from a variety of different plastic components in a timely manner.
Since the USP <665> highlights a risk assessment approach with no typical pass/fail limit, approaches to decision-making based on the extractables data package will be reviewed. In addition, we will highlight legacy testing requirements which may not be necessary once USP <665> is implemented.
In this webinar, we will discuss:
- Regulatory expectations of extractables and leachables assessment today and tomorrow
- The right criteria that need to be assessed to select the type and quality of plastic materials for use in biopharmaceutical manufacturing
CMC, post approval regulatory affairs, etcJayeshRajput7
this document covers points such as CMC, post approval regulatory affairs, regulation for combination products, and medical devices, common technical document (CTD) and electronic common technical document (eCTD) format, industry and FDA liasion, ICH guidelines of ICH Q,S,E,M, regulatory requirements of EU, MHRA, TGA and ROW countries.
Manufacturing Investigational Medicinal Products - Legislative and GMP requir...TGA Australia
Presentation on Legislative requirements, specific risks for IMP manufacturing, manufacturing authorisations, PIC/S Guide to GMP PE009-13 and common issues
pilot plant is a small system which is operated to find out about the behavior of a process before using it on a large industrial scale. so, this presentation tries to illustrate its objective and significance to understand the methodologies of various pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Similar to Future of Cold Plasma in Food Processing (20)
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
4. 1. Introduction
• Cold plasma is a disruptive technology to
many current food-manufacturing processes,
including thermal processing, chlorine wash,
chemical fumigation, etc.
• Success of a technology in the food industry
requires both disrupting the use of an
incumbent and introducing an alternative.
Consumers’ desire
high-quality, nutritious,
“fresh-like” foods with no
artificial preservatives or
chemicals for themselves
Other factors which are driving the interests of
food producers, processors, distributors, and
retailers in exploring and adopting cold plasma
technologies include:
(1) potential extension of product shelf life and
lower consumer food waste;
(2) maximum retention of food quality and lower
food processing and storage losses;
(3) low energy requirement, which is more
“green” than current technology;
(4) low operational and maintenance costs; there is
a need for simple systems with minimal
maintenance and sanitation requirements;
(5) enhanced chemical safety of foods, including
plasma inactivation and the removal of
pesticide and chemical residues; and
(6) green technology and environmental
sustainability
5. 1. Introduction
Strawberries
high-pressure processing (HPP)
pulsed
electric
field
(PEF)
UV light processing
cold
plasma
HPP is not suitable for high
porosity foods, which
includes strawberries
PEF and
ultrasound are
suitable for
liquid foods
“shadowing effect” is a major issue
in various gas mixtures, significantly
reduce bacterial and fungal counts on
strawberries, while retaining quality
parameters such as color, texture, and
sensory attributes, could reduce most
pesticide residues
Most plasma technologies require less
power for their operation, and being in a
gaseous state, they leave no harmful
chemical residues
(Misra et al., 2014a,c; Schnabel et al., 2015).
The three major challenges for widespread use of
atmospheric plasma as a food manufacturing tool
are:
(1) regulatory approval,
(2) designing the plasma source, and
(3) process control.
6. 2. Regulatory Approval
Example
Food regulations in the United States are a patchwork of
rules and regulations that have developed over time. For a
single food, there are numerous government agencies
that have inspection roles.
The FDA has responsibility to ensure the safety of all
foods under the Federal Food
Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (FFDCA) and the Food
Additives Amendment of the
FFDCA in 1958 (FDA, 2015a).
• Each country has food regulations framework and
their own individual process for regulatory review
and approval of new technologies.
• Acceptance of data or conclusions reached from a
regulatory review may significantly differ
between countries
Others
• Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Section 201 (f) defines “food” as
articles used for food or drink for man
or other animals, chewing gum, and
articles used for components of any
such articles (FDA, 2015a).
• FSIS has the primary responsibility for
food safety of meat, poultry, and egg
products under the Meat Product
Inspection Act (1906) (FSIS, 2006a)
• Poultry Product Inspection Act (1957)
(FSIS, 2006b) and Egg Product
Inspection Act (1970) (FSIS, 2006c).
7. There are three main pathways for FDA regulatory review:
(1) Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Self-Affirmation;
(2) Food Contact Notification Petition; and
(3) Food Additives Petition.
FDA’s voluntary GRAS notification program was established in 1997
2. Regulatory Approval
asked for more information
and await further review.
manufacturer to make
a scientific assessment
of food technology or
food process
intervention
manufacturer of a GRAS
designated technology or
process intervention has
the option of going
directly to market or to
notify the FDA of its
GRAS self-determination
and await an FDA
review
Notification to the FDA allows
the FDA to accept the decision
with “no questions,”
8. 2. Regulatory Approval
• an indirect food additive, food contact substances (FCSs) are including packaging, that indirectly or
incidentally contact a food as a result of the manufacturing process, but are not directly added as
ingredients.
• Food contact notification is
required for new use of FCS (not
GRAS)
• But it is GRAS, no need of FCN
(2) intended use, use level (amount of the food
additive proposed for use), and labeling
(cautions, warnings, shelf life, directions for use)
(3) data establishing the intended effect
(physical, nutritional) or other technical
(4) a description of analytical methods to
determine the amount of the food additive in
the food;
(5) safety evaluation;
(6) proposed tolerances for the food
additive;
The information required for submission in a food
additive petition (FAP) review is similar to the FCN and
outlined in 21 CFR 571.1(c).
FAP requires: (1) Name and all pertinent information
concerning the food additive, including chemical identity
and composition of the additive or manufacturing
methods and controls if the chemical identity and
composition are not known;
9. (7) proposed regulation; and
(8) environmental assessment. Some of the data
requested for this review requires involvement
with other government agencies such as the
Occupational Health and Safety Administration
(OSHA) and the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
2. Regulatory Approval
• In the United States, the FDA has designated
ozone as GRAS, so any device claiming
ozone generation does not require FDA
regulatory review or approval. If one
generates reactive gas species other than
ozone, then the question of which path to
proceed for a regulatory review
• single biggest obstacle to the adoption of
plasma technology in the food industry is the
regulatory approval process
10. 3.1 FEATURES AND DESIGN OF THE MACHINE
• most research work concerned with atmospheric
cold plasma treatment of foods seeks to establish
the process conditions for maximum
microbiological decontamination and minimum
damage to the nutritional and sensorial quality of
foods.
• The first one - understanding the chemistry of
atmospheric cold plasmas, particularly air
plasmas.
• A simple air (oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor)
plasma has been documented to produce more
than 75 unique chemical species and involve 500
simultaneous chemical reactions, at four different
time scales (nanosecond, microsecond,
millisecond, and seconds).
• Second, plasma analytics - power
consumption, power density, voltage
gradient, excitation frequency, gas flow,
optical emission spectroscopy
measurement, absorption spectroscopy
measurement, to harmonize the research
efforts across the globe and accelerate
developments in plasma applications for
the food, bio and medical industries.
• Finally, the design of scaled-up plasma
processes and devices should not take
precedence over health and safety issues
of the operators and the work
environment
11. 3.1 FEATURES AND DESIGN OF THE MACHINE
• The first and foremost expectation of the food industry for a cold plasma processing machine
would be the ability it has to bring about the desirable effects in foods - antimicrobial action,
extension of shelf life, and operation at room temperatures.
• If plasma sources with such capabilities can be made commercially, plasma technology will find
broad acceptance.
• Plasmas generated in noble gas or gas mixtures other than air or common gases could prove to
be limited to processing high-value foods or functionalized ingredients.
• In some applications, noble gases have benefits over air.
• An example of this includes the use of argon cold plasma for enhancing the extraction from
oleogeneous plant materials.
• The ability to process continuously at high speed and for several days to months with the least
maintenance and the machine design must be hygienic.
12. 3.1 FEATURES AND DESIGN OF THE MACHINE
• for a high-voltage plasma processing machine,
this may not be true considering the possibility of
arcing, induced/eddy currents in metallic parts.
• In addition, appropriate shielding, insulation and
good grounding is also to be ensured.
• a system needed to monitor the ambient “toxic”
gas levels in the vicinity of the machine, and an
active system to capture or destroy any residual
reactive gas species, eg, using carbon filters.
• it is worth mentioning some of the emerging
organizations involved in the fabrication of cold
plasma systems for applications in the food
industry
• Openair® non equilibrium plasma
technology for surface modification.
• This process is commercially used for
increasing the surface tension on bottle
caps, which allows printing with solvent-
free food-safe inks on high speed lines.
13. 3.2 REFERENCE PLASMA SOURCE
• Sandia National Labs developed the blueprints for
the GEC reference cell (Olthoff and Greenberg,
1995).
• The GEC reference cell is essentially a parallel-
plate, capacitively coupled, RF plasma reactor.
• The development of this standard reference cell
strongly boosted the study of plasma physics of the
etching chemistries and also helped to develop
diagnostics to be used on commercial plasma
systems.
Fig. Photograph of a “standard-configuration”
GEC Cell sustaining a 200 V, 133 Pa argon plasma.
Picture Ref: Olthoff, J. K., & Greenberg, K. E. (1995). The gaseous electronics conference RF reference cell—An
introduction. Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100(4), 327.
14. 3.2 REFERENCE PLASMA SOURCE
Fig. Schematic cross section diagram of a standard-
configuration Gaseous Electronics Conference RF
Reference Cell. Picture Ref: Olthoff, J. K., & Greenberg, K. E. (1995). The gaseous electronics conference RF reference cell—
An introduction. Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100(4), 327.
• The main chamber, ports, and manifold are
constructed of conventional stainless-steel ultrahigh
vacuum (UHV) components.
• The top and bottom of the chamber consist of 13 ¼ in
diameter flanges, and the inner chamber diameter is
25.1 cm.
• GEC Cell has two parallel-plate electrodes with a
diameter of 10.2 cm (4 in) and a fixed interelectrode
spacing of 2.54 cm.
• These electrodes are supported by ceramic or Teflon3
insulators that utilize Viton O-rings for vacuum seals.
15. • a movable electrode configuration which allows continuous adjustment of the interelectrode spacing
from 1.27 cm to 6.35 cm.
• Two 8 in ports provide optical access extending beyond the diameter of the electrodes, while four 2 ¾
in ports provide access to the discharge region for pressure gauges, residual gas analyzers, Langmuir
probes, and laser beams.
• Two 6 in ports are also provided, one of which is used for connection to a turbo molecular pump in
order to achieve base pressures near 10^-5 Pa.
• a pressure range of approximately 1 Pa to 133 Pa (approximately 8 mTorr to 1000 mTorr).
• gases: Ar, O2, N2, He, H2, SF6, CF4, C2F6, CHF3, Cl2, NF3, and various mixtures of these gases.
• ceramic insulators are quite expensive and suppliers continue to be difficult to find. Thus many of the
newest GEC Cells have been equipped with Teflon insulators.
3.2 REFERENCE PLASMA SOURCE
16. Fig. Some important variables governing the plasma treatment of food articles
17. Summary
• Cold plasma is disruptive technology and it can reduce bacterial and fungal counts on
strawberries, while retaining quality parameters such as color, texture, and sensory attributes,
could reduce most pesticide residues
• Design of machines need three considerations: chemistry, plasma analytics and design
(hygienic)
• Each country has a framework to approve the technology for the food industry including even
packaging
• Jets, barrier discharges and microwave plasma sources all have potential merit for the treatment
of foods due to wide variety of food products and their unique attributes (e.g, enzyme
inactivation, microbial reductions, pasteurization, sterilization).
• a range for each operational parameter (eg, power density, voltage, current, frequency, etc.)
should also be agreed upon