This document is a seminar report on cooling towers submitted by Saquib Mansoor Khan. It introduces cooling towers as important parts of industrial plants that reject heat into the atmosphere. There are three main types of cooling towers: natural draught, forced draught, and induced draught. Natural draught towers operate using natural airflow but have high costs, while forced draught towers use fans but can have issues with recirculation. Induced draught towers bring cooler air into contact with warmer water and allow for larger fans but require more power. Key terms related to cooling towers like fill, drift, approach, and cooling range are also defined.
Ventilating systems for electrical machinesPraveen Kumar
this presentation is about types of ventilation given to the electrical machines,an analysis for the best type,future improvements,and their importance in electrical machines
Application of refrigeration and air conditioningRavindra Kolhe
application of refrigeration and air conditioning which works on vapour compression cycle like refrigerator window air conditioner , water cooler, ice plant .
Ventilating systems for electrical machinesPraveen Kumar
this presentation is about types of ventilation given to the electrical machines,an analysis for the best type,future improvements,and their importance in electrical machines
Application of refrigeration and air conditioningRavindra Kolhe
application of refrigeration and air conditioning which works on vapour compression cycle like refrigerator window air conditioner , water cooler, ice plant .
AB Chillers is a flexible, futuristic and knowledge-based company delivering quality chillers. We are the 25 years chillers manufacturers in Coimbatore, India using best quality raw materials and contemporary technology under the guidance of our experts in Compliance with The Set Quality Standards.
For More Details Visit:
https://www.abchiller.in/
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1.Refrigeration System
Two types of valves are used on machine air conditioning systems:
Internally-equalized valve - most common
Externally-equalized valve special control
Internally-Equalized Expansion Valve
The refrigerant enters the inlet and screen as a high-pressure liquid. The refrigerant flow is restricted by a metered orifice through which it must pass.
As the refrigerant passes through this orifice, it changes from a high-pressure liquid to a low-pressure liquid (or passes from the
high side to the low side of the system).
Let's review briefly what happens to the refrigerant as we change its pressure.
As a high-pressure liquid, the boiling point of the refrigerant has been raised in direct proportion to its pressure. This has concentrated its heat content into a small area, raising the temperature of the refrigerant higher than that of the air passing over the condenser. This heat will then transfer from the warmer refrigerant to the cooler air, which condenses the refrigerant to a liquid.
The heat transferred into the air is called latent heat of condensation. Four pounds (1.8 kg) of refrigerant flowing per minute through the orifice will result in 12,000 Btu (12.7 MJ) per hour transferred, which is designated a one-ton unit. Six pounds (2.7 kg) of flow per minute will result in 18,000 Btu (19.0 MJ) per hour, or a one and one-half ton unit.
Valve details
The refrigerant flow through the metered orifice is extremely important, anything restricting the flow will affect the entire system.
If the area cooled by the evaporator suddenly gets colder, the heat transfer requirements change. If the expansion valve continued to feed the same amount of refrigerant to the evaporator, the fins and coils would get colder until they eventually freeze over with ice and the air flow is stopped.
A thermal bulb has a small line filled with C02 is attached to the evaporator tailpipe. If the temperature on the tail pipe raises, the gas will expand and cause pressure against the diaphragm. This expansion will then move the seat away from the orifice,
Refrigeration and air conditioning (full note)shone john
Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration - Carnot cycle,
reversed carnot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machine- coefficient of
performance - unit of refrigeration - refrigeration methods- conventional
refrigeration systems. Air refrigeration system- Bell Coleman cycle - C.O.P.
capacity work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell - Coleman cycle.
Module 2
Vapour compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle -
theoretical, actual and reactive - COP effect of operating parameters on
COP - wet, dry and superheated compression - under cooling - actual cycle
representation on TS and PH diagrams simple problems. Advanced
vapour compression systems - multistage vapour compression systems -
flash chamber multiple compression and evaporation systems cascading -
simple problems.
Module 3
Vapour absorption systems: simple, cycles - actual cycle - ammonia water
and lithium bromide water systems - COP - electrolux system. Refrigerant
and their properties: Nomenclature - suitability of refrigerants for various
applications - unconventional refrigeration methods- Vortex tube, steamjet, magnetic (cryogenics) refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration -
applied refrigeration house hold refrigerators - unit air conditioners andModule 4
Refrigeration system components: condensers - water and air cooled
condensers - evaporative condensers - expansion devises - capillary tubeconstant pressure expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve - float
valve and solenoid valve - evaporators - natural convection coils - flooded
evaporators - direct expansion coils. Reciprocating compressors: single
stage and multistage compressors - work done optimum pressure ratioeffect of interfolding - volumetric efficiency -effect of clearance -
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency - compressed air motors. Rotodynamic
compressors: Screw and vane type compressors - principle of operation -
hermetic, semihermetic and open type refrigeration compressors.
Module 5
Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometry and psychrometric chart
thermodynamics of human comfort - effective temperature - comfort chart
applied psychrometry - sensible heat factor - psychometric processproblems. Winter air conditioning: heating load calculations humidifiers
and humidistat. Summer air conditioning: cooling load calculations - year
round air conditioning - unitary and central systems - principles of air
distribution - design of air duct systems.
References
1. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ballaney P. L.
2. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Stocker W. F.
3. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Jordan and Protester
4. Principles of Refrigeration - Roy J. Dossat
Introduction to hvac system, types of efficient hvac system and how it works. design recommendation for installation of hvac. air handling unit concept. case study.
AB Chillers is a flexible, futuristic and knowledge-based company delivering quality chillers. We are the 25 years chillers manufacturers in Coimbatore, India using best quality raw materials and contemporary technology under the guidance of our experts in Compliance with The Set Quality Standards.
For More Details Visit:
https://www.abchiller.in/
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1.Refrigeration System
Two types of valves are used on machine air conditioning systems:
Internally-equalized valve - most common
Externally-equalized valve special control
Internally-Equalized Expansion Valve
The refrigerant enters the inlet and screen as a high-pressure liquid. The refrigerant flow is restricted by a metered orifice through which it must pass.
As the refrigerant passes through this orifice, it changes from a high-pressure liquid to a low-pressure liquid (or passes from the
high side to the low side of the system).
Let's review briefly what happens to the refrigerant as we change its pressure.
As a high-pressure liquid, the boiling point of the refrigerant has been raised in direct proportion to its pressure. This has concentrated its heat content into a small area, raising the temperature of the refrigerant higher than that of the air passing over the condenser. This heat will then transfer from the warmer refrigerant to the cooler air, which condenses the refrigerant to a liquid.
The heat transferred into the air is called latent heat of condensation. Four pounds (1.8 kg) of refrigerant flowing per minute through the orifice will result in 12,000 Btu (12.7 MJ) per hour transferred, which is designated a one-ton unit. Six pounds (2.7 kg) of flow per minute will result in 18,000 Btu (19.0 MJ) per hour, or a one and one-half ton unit.
Valve details
The refrigerant flow through the metered orifice is extremely important, anything restricting the flow will affect the entire system.
If the area cooled by the evaporator suddenly gets colder, the heat transfer requirements change. If the expansion valve continued to feed the same amount of refrigerant to the evaporator, the fins and coils would get colder until they eventually freeze over with ice and the air flow is stopped.
A thermal bulb has a small line filled with C02 is attached to the evaporator tailpipe. If the temperature on the tail pipe raises, the gas will expand and cause pressure against the diaphragm. This expansion will then move the seat away from the orifice,
Refrigeration and air conditioning (full note)shone john
Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration - Carnot cycle,
reversed carnot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machine- coefficient of
performance - unit of refrigeration - refrigeration methods- conventional
refrigeration systems. Air refrigeration system- Bell Coleman cycle - C.O.P.
capacity work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell - Coleman cycle.
Module 2
Vapour compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle -
theoretical, actual and reactive - COP effect of operating parameters on
COP - wet, dry and superheated compression - under cooling - actual cycle
representation on TS and PH diagrams simple problems. Advanced
vapour compression systems - multistage vapour compression systems -
flash chamber multiple compression and evaporation systems cascading -
simple problems.
Module 3
Vapour absorption systems: simple, cycles - actual cycle - ammonia water
and lithium bromide water systems - COP - electrolux system. Refrigerant
and their properties: Nomenclature - suitability of refrigerants for various
applications - unconventional refrigeration methods- Vortex tube, steamjet, magnetic (cryogenics) refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration -
applied refrigeration house hold refrigerators - unit air conditioners andModule 4
Refrigeration system components: condensers - water and air cooled
condensers - evaporative condensers - expansion devises - capillary tubeconstant pressure expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve - float
valve and solenoid valve - evaporators - natural convection coils - flooded
evaporators - direct expansion coils. Reciprocating compressors: single
stage and multistage compressors - work done optimum pressure ratioeffect of interfolding - volumetric efficiency -effect of clearance -
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency - compressed air motors. Rotodynamic
compressors: Screw and vane type compressors - principle of operation -
hermetic, semihermetic and open type refrigeration compressors.
Module 5
Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometry and psychrometric chart
thermodynamics of human comfort - effective temperature - comfort chart
applied psychrometry - sensible heat factor - psychometric processproblems. Winter air conditioning: heating load calculations humidifiers
and humidistat. Summer air conditioning: cooling load calculations - year
round air conditioning - unitary and central systems - principles of air
distribution - design of air duct systems.
References
1. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ballaney P. L.
2. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Stocker W. F.
3. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Jordan and Protester
4. Principles of Refrigeration - Roy J. Dossat
Introduction to hvac system, types of efficient hvac system and how it works. design recommendation for installation of hvac. air handling unit concept. case study.
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
Study the factors on which efficiency of cooling tower can be critically accl...IJERA Editor
Water cooling is widely used in many industrial processes to control heat removal from a hot material surface.
In order to control the temperature distributions, a deeper understanding more accurate estimation of spray heat
transfer rates is needed. In a new technique combining experiment and computational modeling developed for
water cooling. It is better to understand the heat transfer mechanisms from the combustion gases to the cooling
water and then from the cooling water to the environment. To meet this need a logic tree is developed to provide
guidance on how to balance and identify problems within cooling system and schedule appropriate maintenance.
Fluid dynamics, Thermodynamics and Heat transfer are involved in developing a cooling system model and the
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The objective is to identify the several ways of improving efficiency of cooling tower. In this study we are doing
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STEAM JET COOLING SYSTEM
Steam jet cooling system is a cooling technique which involves usage of steam and water for cooling purposes. In steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Like air, it is perfectly safe. These systems were applied successfully to refrigeration.
•Temperatures attained using water as a refrigerant are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements.
•Mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•This system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•Not used when temperatures below 5°C are required.
أساسيات ومبدأ عمل أبراج التبريد
Fundamentals of Cooling Tower, Types, Applications, Performance, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation & Service Maintenance
Air Cooled condensers were first introduced in US
power industry in early 1970’s, but only during last 10-15
years number of installations greatly increased largely due to
growing attention being paid to environmental safety. Also,
growing demand for water for both domestic and industrial
use has brought an increased interest in use of Air Cooled
condensers. This is a review paper which studies the
performance of Air-cooled condenser under various operating
conditions it is found that there is degradation in performance
of air cooled condenser under high ambient temperatures and
windy conditions. The heat rejection rate of ACC also depends
on surface condition of fins and thus its performance is
reduced due to external fouling of finned tubes due to weather
conditions and by internal fouling from condensate (Ammonia
corrosion). A Hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator achieves major
enhancement in performance when ambient temperatures are
high. Also shading of condensers is done for air-conditioning
units to mitigate the adverse effect of high ambient
temperatures due to solar radiation. Now a day’s wind walls
are used to reduce the effect of high wind velocity .second
option is to increase the fan speed Fin cleaning plays an
important role in heat rejection. External cleaning improves
air side heat transfer coefficient. In order to improve the
performance of an ACC Flat tubes inclined at some angle to
horizontal can also be used in place of conventional circular
horizontal tubes so that an improvement in heat transfer rate
occurs.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW, PIN-226026 (U.P) INDIA
Bachelor in Technology in Mechanical Engineering
(SEMINAR REPORT ON COOLING TOWER)
SUBMITTED BY:-
SAQUIB MANSOOR KHAN
ROLL NO- 1601016089
ENROLL- 1600101603
FINAL YEAR/ 8 SEMESTER
ME 2
2. INTRODUCTION -
Cooling towers are a very important part of many chemical and other industrial plants. The primary task of
a cooling tower is to reject heat into the atmosphere. They represent a relatively inexpensive and
dependable means of removing low-grade heat from cooling water. The make-up water source is used to
replenish water lost to evaporation. Hot water from heat exchangers is sent to the cooling tower. The water
exits the cooling tower and is sent back to the exchangers or to other units for further cooling. Typical
closed loop cooling tower system is shown in Figure.
4. Natural Draught Cooling Towers -
Advantages -
• Its operating and maintenance costs are less since no
fans are needed.
• It creates its own draft assuring efficient operation
even when there is no wind.
• Longer life.
Disadvantages -
• High capital cost
• Performance varies with the seasonal changes
7. Forced Draught Cooling Tower -
Advantages-
• More efficient.
• Problems of blade erosion are avoided.
• Fan is located at ground so more safe.
• Vibration and noise are less as mechanical equipments are
set on a solid foundation.
Disadvantages-
• Possibility of recirculation of hot humid exhaust air
coming out from the top of the tower.
• Fan size is limited to 4 meters.
• Possibility of ice formation on fan blades in cold weather.
11. Advantages-
• Coldest water comes in contact with the driest air and
the warmest water comes in contact with the most air.
• The recirculation of hot humid air is not a major problem.
• Larger fan size can be used.
• Lower first cost due to the reduced pump capacity
• Capable of cooling through a wide range.
Disadvantages-
• Not economical up to the capacity of 15000 liters of
water per minute.
• Higher power motor is required to drive the fan
compared to forced draught.
• Maintenance cost is high.
• Fan bearings need to be cooled.
12. Terms related with Cooling Tower -
Fill- The hot water from the condenser is sprayed through the nozzles over a series of
horizontal bars called fill or packing.
Drift-When the air flows from bottom to top of the cooling tower, it carries fine water
droplets along with the air.These fine droplets of water are called drift.
Approach (A):- It is defined as the difference between the exit temperature of the
cooling water (tc2) and the wet bulb temperature of the ambient air
(twb).
A = tc2 - twb
Cooling range (R):- It is the difference in temperature of the incoming warm water
(tc1) and the exit temperature of cooled water (tc2).
R = tc1 - tc2
