This document discusses sociemotional development in adolescence, including identity development, relationships with families and peers, cultural influences, and common problems adolescents face. It covers topics like Erikson's stages of identity development, changes in parent-child relationships during adolescence, the importance of friendships and romantic relationships with peers, cultural variations in adolescence worldwide, and issues like juvenile delinquency, depression, and suicide. The chapter outlines interventions like intensive individualized support and community-wide collaborative programs that have been effective in addressing adolescent problems.

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SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE
10
ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT
JOHN W. SANTROCK
3e

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10-2
CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Identity
• Families
• Peers
• Culture and adolescent development
• Adolescent problems

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10-3
IDENTITY
• What is identity?
• Erikson’s view
• Developmental changes
• Ethnic identity

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10-4
IDENTITY
• Self-portrait composed of many pieces
• Vocational/career
• Political
• Religious
• Relationship
• Achievement, intellectual
• Sexual
• Cultural/ethnic
• Interests

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10-5
IDENTITY
• Personality
• Physical
• Erikson’s view
• Identity versus identity confusion
• Psychosocial moratorium - Gap between childhood security
and adult autonomy
• Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities
• Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a
new sense of self

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10-6
FIGURE 10.1 - MARCIA’S FOUR STATUSES
OF IDENTITY

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10-7
IDENTITY
• Developmental changes
• Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in
emerging adulthood than in adolescence
• Identity does not remain stable throughout life
• “MAMA” - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement

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10-8
IDENTITY
• Ethnic identity: Enduring aspect of the self that
includes:
• Sense of membership in an ethnic group
• Attitudes and feelings related to that membership
• Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity
• Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other
ways with the majority culture

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10-9
FAMILIES
• Parental management and monitoring
• Autonomy and attachment
• Parent-adolescent conflict

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10-10
FAMILIES
• Parental monitoring and information management
• Supervising adolescents’ choice of:
• Social settings
• Activities
• Friends
• Academic efforts
• When parents engage in positive parenting practices:
• Adolescents are more likely to disclose information

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10-11
FAMILIES
• Autonomy and attachment
• Parents must weigh needs for autonomy and control,
independence and connection
• The push for autonomy
• May puzzle and anger many parents
• Adolescents’ ability to attain autonomy is acquired through
appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control
• Boys are given more independence

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10-12
FAMILIES
• Role of attachment
• Securely attached adolescents are less likely to have emotional
difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors:
• Juvenile delinquency and drug abuse
• Parent-adolescent conflict
• Increases in early adolescence but does not reach the
tumultuous proportions
• Remains somewhat stable during the high school years
• Lessens as the adolescent reaches 17 to 20 years of age

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10-13
FAMILIES
• Everyday conflicts serve a positive -developmental
function
• Old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested
that:
• As adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents
and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents
• New model emphasizes that:
• Parents serve as important attachment figures and support
systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social
world

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10-14
FIGURE 10.2 - OLD AND NEW MODELS OF
PARENT-ADOLESCENT RELATIONSHIPS

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10-15
PEERS
• Friendships
• Peer groups
• Dating and romantic relationships

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10-16
PEERS
• Friendships
• Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are
more intense and more intimate
• Friends become increasingly important in meeting social
needs

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10-17
FIGURE 10.3 - DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
IN SELF-DISCLOSING CONVERSATIONS

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10-18
PEERS
• Peer groups
• Peer pressure
• Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than
children do
• Cliques and crowds
• Cliques: Small group averaging 5 or 6 individuals that may form
among adolescents
• Engage in similar activities
• Crowds: Larger than cliques and less personal
• Members are based on reputation
• May not spend much time together

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10-19
PEERS
• Dating and romantic relationships
• Developmental changes in dating and romantic
relationships
• Three stages
• Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years
of age
• Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of
age
• Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of
age

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10-20
PEERS
• Dating in gay and lesbian youth
• Many date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual
orientation or disguise it from others
• Sociocultural contexts and dating
• Values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating
begins
• Dating and adjustment
• Linked with measures of how well-adjusted adolescents are

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10-21
CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Cross-cultural comparisons
• Ethnicity
• The media

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10-22
CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Cross-cultural comparisons
• Traditions and changes in adolescence around the globe
• Health
• Gender
• Family
• Peers
• Rites of passage: Ceremony that marks an individual’s transition
from one status to another

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10-23
CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Ethnicity
• Immigration
• High rates of immigration are contributing to the growth of
ethnic minorities in the U.S.
• Immigrants experience stressors uncommon to longtime
residents

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10-24
CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Ethnicity and socioeconomic status
• Interact in ways that exaggerate the influence of ethnicity
• Ethnic minority adolescents experience:
• Prejudice, discrimination, and bias
• Stressful effects of poverty

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10-25
CULTURE AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• The media
• Technology and digitally mediated communication
• e-mail, instant messaging, social networking sites:
• Facebook, chat rooms, video sharing and photo sharing,
• Multiplayer online computer games and virtual worlds

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10-26
ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS
• Juvenile delinquency
• Depression and suicide
• The interrelation of problems and successful
prevention/intervention programs

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10-27
ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS
• Juvenile delinquency
• Juvenile delinquent: Adolescent who breaks the law or
engages in behavior that is considered illegal
• Delinquency rates
• Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females
• Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are
especially high

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10-28
ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS
• Causes of delinquency
• Lower class culture
• Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior
• Siblings and delinquent peers

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10-29
ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS
• Depression and suicide
• Depression
• Factors contributing to depression
• Genes
• Certain family factors
• Poor peer relationships

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10-30
ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS
• Suicide
• Suicide is the 3rd
leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds
• Adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than
actually commit it
• Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more
likely to succeed

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10-31
THE INTERRELATION OF PROBLEMS AND
SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION/INTERVENTION
PROGRAMS
• Four problems that affect the most adolescents:
• Drug abuse
• Juvenile delinquency
• Sexual problems
• School-related problems

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10-32
THE INTERRELATION OF PROBLEMS AND
SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION/INTERVENTION
PROGRAMS
• Successful intervention programs include:
• Intensive individualized attention
• Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches
• Early identification and intervention