Sanitation refers to facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste to promote public health. Inadequate sanitation causes widespread disease. India has implemented various rural sanitation programs since 1986 to improve conditions and end open defecation. These programs aim to provide sanitation infrastructure and change hygiene behaviors through community participation and education. A range of sanitation technologies have been developed that are appropriate for different local conditions.

2. SANITATION
Principles, practices, provisions or services related to
cleanliness and hygiene in personal and public life for the
protection and promotion of human health and well being and
breaking the cycle of disease or illness.
Relating to the collection, treatment, removal or
disposal of human excreta, household waste water and other
pollutants.
World Health Organization states that  “Sanitation
generally refers to the provision of facilities and
services for the safe disposal of human urine and
faeces.”
Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide
and improving sanitation is known to have a significant
beneficial impact on health both in households and across
communities.

3. PRINCIPLES
COLLECTION
TREATMENT
REMOVAL
DISPOSAL

5. India’s first Nation wide
program for Rural Sanitation,
the Central Rural Sanitation
program was launched in
1986.
OBJECTIVE  Improve
quality of life of rural people
and mainly to provide privacy
to women.
Open defecation is a huge
problem in rural areas.
Lack of priority to safe
confinement and disposal of
human excreta poses
significant health risks
manifest in sanitation
challenge facing the nation
today.
It is estimated that ONE in
every TEN deaths in Indian
villages is linked to poor
sanitation and hygiene.

6. TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN
TSC  Program to ensure
Sanitation facilities In rural
areas to eradicate open
defecation.
It follows principle of “No to
low subsidy” where nominal
subsidy is given in form of
incentives for construction of
toilets.
Launched in 1999. Major
goal was to stop open
defecation by 2012, though it
has reduced, the practice
hasn’t vanished in many
areas.

7. Motivating communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions for promoting
sustainable sanitation facilities through awareness creation and health
education. Cover schools with sanitation facilities and promote hygiene
and encourage cost effective sanitation facilities.
INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD LATRINE COVERAGE HAS SHOT UP FROM 22% in
2001 TO 68% in 2010.

8. Rural Sanitary Mart plays an important role in
facilitating supply of sanitary products and services
in rural India.
Its function is to accelerate the pace of sanitation
program and to provide need based and
economically viable sanitation options

9. ACHIEVEMENTS
Sikkim had become the first state to
achieve 100% rural sanitation coverage,
becoming the first “Nirmal Rajya” in the
country.
Increase in Nirmal Gram Puraskar,
25,251 villages have achieved total
sanitation.
1.05 million toilets have been constructed
in school since 1999.
0.36 million toilets have been
constructed in schools since 1999.
The Central Government budget for rural
sanitation has increased from 1650 million
in 2002 to 16,500 million in 2012.

10. ECO-SAN TOILETS
Prevention of pollution
Sanitizing excreta
Using the safe products
for agricultural purposes
Design  A leak proof
faeces and urine collection
chambers
and superstructure with
arrangements that help in
source separation of faeces,
urine and wash water.
Construction  using
locally available materials.
Cost of household ecosan
toilets can be drastically
reduced by using low cost
materials like bamboo,
thatch, gunny bags for the
construction of
superstructure.
Care should be taken to
prevent entry
of rainwater into the dry
compost toilet.

11. AQUA-PRIVY This is a simple storage
and settling tank that is
located directly below
the toilet.
Accumulated solids 
sludge must be removed
frequently and treated.
Effluent Anaerobic.
Users should be careful
when opening the tank
because noxious and
flammable gases may be
released.
Thus, open fire should be
avoided when opening
the septic tank.

12. SINGLE PIT SYSTEM

13. • System  Use of a single pit to collect and store
the excreta.
• Options : 1 – If there is enough space, pit can be
filled with soil and trees planted, building a new
pit later.
• 2- Sludge removed and transported to Faecal
Sludge treatment Facility.
• Pits may overflow in case of heavy rainfall and
floods.
• Depth- > 5m depending on type of Soil.
• Can be used for 30 yrs without emptying.

14. WATERLESS SYSTEM WITH ALTERNATING
PITS

15. • Produces dense composting like material by using
alternating pits without addition of flush
water.
• Connected to Double VIP or composting chamber.
• Alternating pits  Gives material opportunity to
drain, degrade and transform into nutrient rich,
hygienically improved humic material that can be
disposed safely.
• When one pit is filled, its covered and temporarily
replaced by 2nd pit.
• Unlike 1st system, sludge does not require
further treatment.
• Success depends on extended storage period ( the
more it gets degraded)
• Suitable option for water scarce areas.

16. DOUBLE VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT

17. COMPOSTING TOILETS

18. Composting toilets are toilet systems, which allow
to minimise water use and to recycle
nutrients contained in excreta and faeces.
Compost is a valuable soil amendment which
increases soil fertility.
sufficient oxygen, provided by active or passive
aeration; (b) proper moisture (ideally 45 to 70%
moisture content); (c) internal
(heap) temperature of 40 to 50 °C (achieved by
proper chamber dimensioning)
Dry material, which contains carbon (such
as sawdust or ash)
increase composting properties.
The moisture must be controlled to prevent
anaerobic conditions and carbon to nitrogen ratio
must be well balanced. Volume of unit must be
such that temperature is 40 to 50 °C.

19. FOSSA ALTERNA

20. • The Fossa Alterna is an alternating,waterless double
pit technology. Compared to the double VIP which is
just designed to collect, store and partially treat
excreta, the Fossa Alterna is designed to make
EcoHumus.
• It is dug to a max depth of 1.5m and requires a
constant input of soil after defeacation 
introducing variety of organisms for degradation
process.
• Filling period- max 2 years. Makes material safer
and easy to handle (compacted+degraded)
• Shallow pits, thereby easy to empty. Emptied
manually.
• Ventilation pipe and addition of bulking material
can reduce smell.
• Appropriate for water scarce areas.

21. POUR FLUSH SYSTEM WITH TWIN PITS

22. • Water based system  producing partially digested,
humus like product used for soil amendment.
• Twin pits – lined with porous material
allowing effluents to infiltrate to the ground
and solid accumulate and degrades at the bottom of
the pit.
• 1st pit contains blackwater and 2nd pit is out of
service. When 1st pit is filled, it is temporarily
replaced by the other pit.
• Minimum – 2 years of filling.
• Black water alternatively can be transported to
Anaerobic Biogas reactor. The biogas produced can
be used for cooking and treated sludge used for soil
amendment.
• System installed where Ground Water Table
is low.

23. WATERLESS SYSTEM WITH URINE
DIVERSION


24. • Designed to separate urine and faeces and
allow faeces to dehydrate and recover urine
for beneficial use.
• Appropriate for rocky areas and where there is
high Ground water table level.
• Dehydration vaults used to collect, store and dry
faeces. Cleansing water diverted to soak pit.
• Constant supply of ash, lime or dry earth to cover
faeces to minimize odour and form a barrier
between flies and sludge.
• Urine diverted to ground or transported to
storage tanks in Jerrycans.
• Dried faeces removed for treatment.
• Success Efficient separation of urine and faeces.
• Dry and hot climatic conditions may enhance the
process.

26. • A Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) is a
toilet that operates without water and has a
divider so that the user with little effort can
divert the urine away from the faeces.
• A Urine Diverting Flush Toilet (UDFT)
similar to a Cistern Flush toilet except for
diversion in the toilet bowl that separates the
urine from faeces.