Sandinista revolution in nicaragua
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•925 views
The document summarizes the history of Nicaragua, including longstanding US interventions and the repressive Somoza regime. It describes how the Sandinista revolution in 1979 overthrew Somoza, bringing hope through programs like literacy and health crusades. However, conflicts arose within the new government and with Contra rebels backed by the US, plunging Nicaragua into a civil war.
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Sandinista revolution in nicaragua
Similar to Sandinista revolution in nicaragua (20)
More from Paul Treadwell
More from Paul Treadwell (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Sandinista revolution in nicaragua
- 1. A moment of hope. THE SANDINISTA REVOLUTION IN NICARAGUA
- 2. WHY A REVOLUTION? • Long history of repression and corruption under Somoza regimes • Extreme poverty • Increasing alienation of the middle classes from the ruling regime • Successful organizing efforts by the Sandinistas
- 3. A LONG BURNING FUSE US Interventions in Nicaragua: • 1850 • 1853 • 1854 • 1857 • 1910 • 1912 • 1926
- 4. WILLIAM WALKER IN NICARAGUA 1854-1857
- 5. 1927-1934 SANDINO V. U.S. MARINES U.S. Marines in Nicaragua 1927 Sandino and staff
- 6. ASSASSINATION AND ASCENSION February 1934 – Sandino negotiates settlement with Nicaragua President Sacasa February 21, 1934 – Sandino assassinated by National Guard under direct supervision of General Anastasio Somoza Garcia 1937 – Somoza assumes presidency of Nicaragua
- 7. 1936-1979 THE SOMOZA REGIME Anastasio Somoza García (1896– 1956; ruled 1937–1947, 1950– 1956), the father. Luis Somoza Debayle (1922– 1967, ruled 1956–1963), his legitimate eldest son. Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1925–1980, ruled 1967–1972, 1974–1979), his second legitimate son.
- 8. SANDINISTAS AND SANDINISMO Founded in 1961 as the National Liberation Front by Carlos Fonseca, Silvio Mayorga and Tomas Borge Fought a prolonged guerilla war against Somoza's National Guard Marxist/Leninist and Nationalist philosophies
- 9. 2 TRIGGERS – 1972, 1978
- 10. JULY 19, 1979 – SANDINISTAS VICTORIOUS
- 11. NICARAGUA JULY 20, 1979 • $1.6 billion dollar debt • Ruined economic infrastructure • 30,000 – 50,000 war deaths • Low to no access to healthcare in rural regions • High illiteracy rate (50.3% overall)
- 12. SANDINISTA RESPONSE • Land reform • Literacy and health campaigns • Price fixing of commodities • Equality for women (in theory) • Right to unionize
- 13. 1980 LITERACY CRUSADE March to August 1980 Reduced overall illiteracy rate from 50.3% to 12.9% FSLN viewed literacy as fundamental to development Literacy education is ongoing in Nicaragua – 2012 Campaign “Yo Si Puedo”
- 14. HEALTH CRUSADES POPULAR HEALTH CAMPAIGNS
- 16. LAND REFORM • Confiscation and re-distribution of land previously held by Somoza and cronies • Land titles were given to individuals and cooperatives for agricultural development • Some private property transitioned to state property
- 17. ‘YANKEE SANDINISTAS’ • Volunteer brigades in support of the revolution • Not just yankee – brigadistas came from across the globe • Continued through the contra war Second Brigade Coffee Harvesters "Zumbi Dos Palmares" http://brigadasennicaragua.blogspot.com/
- 18. BEN LINDER • U.S. Volunteer in the north of Nicaragua. • Engineer working on small scale hydro for rural community • Killed in a contra attack.
- 19. CONFLICTS AND CONTRAS 1980 - Conflicts within government between Sandinista and non- Sandinista members escalated Formation of the Contras (counter- revolutionary guerilla groups) 1982-1988 State of emergency and the contra war
Editor's Notes
- Latin America – chile, cuba Grenada - Operation Urgent Fury was a 1983 United States-led invasion of Grenada, a Caribbean island nation with a population of about 91,000 located 100 miles (160 km) north of Venezuela, that resulted in a U.S. victory within a matter of weeks. Triggered by the house arrest and murder of the leader of the coup which had brought a revolutionary government to power for the preceding four years, the invasion resulted in a restoration of the pre-revolutionary regime. Grenada gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. The leftist New Jewel Movement, which was seen favorably by much of the Grenadan population, seized power in a coup in 1979, suspending the constitution. After a 1983 internal power struggle ended with the deposition and murder of revolutionary prime minister Maurice Bishop, the invasion began early on 25 October 1983, just two days after thebombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut (early 23 October Beirut time). Sir Eric Gairy had led Grenada to independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. His term in office coincided with civil strife in Grenada. The political environment was highly charged and although Gairy—head of the Grenada United Labour Party—claimed victory in the general election of 1976, the opposition did not accept the result as legitimate. The civil strife took the form of street violence between Gairy'sprivate army, the Mongoose Gang, and gangs organized by the New Jewel Movement. In the late 1970s the NJM began planning to overthrow the government. Party members began to receive military training outside of Grenada. On 13 March 1979, while Gairy was out of the country, the NJM—led by Maurice Bishop—launched an armed revolution and overthrew the government, establishing the People's Revolutionary Government.
- http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FB0E12F73C581B7493C2AA1789D95F438584F9 William Walker (May 8, 1824 – September 12, 1860) was an American lawyer, journalist and adventurer, who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America, with the intention of establishing English-speaking colonies under his personal control, an enterprise then known as "filibustering." Walker became president of the Republic of Nicaragua in 1856 and ruled until 1857, when he was defeated by a coalition of Central American armies, principally Costa Rica's army. He was executed by the government of Honduras in 1860. Walker took up residence in Granada and set himself up as President of Nicaragua, after conducting a fraudulent election. He was inaugurated on July 12, 1856, and soon launched an Americanization program, reinstating slavery, declaring English an official language and reorganizing currency and fiscal policy to encourage immigration from the United States. Realizing that his position was becoming precarious, he sought support from the Southerners in the U.S. by recasting his campaign as a fight to spread the institution of black slavery, which many American Southern businessmen saw as the basis of their agrarian economy. With this in mind, Walker revoked Nicaragua's emancipation edict of 1824. This move did increase Walker's popularity in the South and attracted the attention of Pierre Soulé, an influential New Orleans politician, who campaigned to raise support for Walker's war. Nevertheless, Walker's army, weakened by an epidemic of cholera and massive defections, was no match for the Central American coalition. On December 14, 1856 as Granada was surrounded by 4,000 Honduran, Salvadoran and Guatemalan troops, Charles Frederick Henningsen, one of Walker's generals, ordered his men to set the city ablaze before escaping and fighting their way to Lake Nicaragua. An inscription on a lance reading Aquí fue Granada ("Here was Granada") was left behind at the smoking ruin of the ancient capital city.[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walker_%28filibuster%29
- Sandino- http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sandino.htm Marines- http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/marines-nicaragua-1.htm
- On February 21, 1934, Sandino was ambushed by the National Guard, together with his father, brother Socrates, two of his favorite generals, Estranda and Umanzor; and the poet Sofonías Salvatierra (who was Sacasa's Minister of Agriculture), while leaving a new round of talks with Sacasa.[25] Leaving Sacasa's Presidential Palace, the six men were stopped in their car at the main gate by local National Guardsmen and ordered to leave their car.[25] The Guardsmen brushed aside Sandino's father and Salvatierra. They took Sandino, his brother Socrates, and his two generals to a crossroads section in La Reynaga and executed them.[25] Sandino's remains were buried in the Larreynaga neighborhood of Managua by a detachment of National Guard troops under the command of Maj. Rigoberto Duarte, one of Gen. Somoza Garcia's confidantes. (He was the father of Roberto Duarte Solis, Minister of Social Communication during President Arnoldo Aleman's tenure.) The following day the National Guard attacked Sandino's army in force and, over a month, destroyed it.[3] Two years later, General Somoza García forced Sacasa to resign and declared himself President of Nicaragua. He established a dictatorship and dynasty that dominated Nicaragua for the next four decades. The full details of Sandino's assassination and what became of his remains are among Nicaragua's most enduring mysteries.[1] After he was executed, witnesses later claimed to have seen the Guardsmen prod Sandino and the other three captives with him to the ground and fire a number of shots into their bodies before burying them.[25] Sandino's followers are said to have located his body and moved it, reburying him.[25] His body was never found again. According to Sandinista lore, Gen. Somoza's assassins decapitated and dismembered Sandino before delivering his head to the U.S. government as a token of loyalty.[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino During peace talks, Somoza ordered the assassination of General Sandino on February 21, 1934 in violation of a safe-conduct agreement. Sandino's assassination was followed by the murder of former Sandino supporters by the National Guard. In June 1936, Somoza forced Sacasa to resign.
- Bloodbanks, casinos, corruption, etc……
- Through the media and the works of FSLN leaders such as Carlos Fonseca, the life and times of Augusto César Sandino became the unique symbol of this revolutionary force in Nicaragua. The ideology of Sandinismo gained momentum in 1974, when a Sandinista initiated hostage situation resulted in the Somoza government adhering to FSLN demands and publicly printing and airing work on Sandino in well known newspapers and media outlets. During the long struggle against Somoza, the FSLN leaders' internal disagreements over strategy and tactics were reflected in three main factions: The guerra popular prolongada (GPP, "prolonged popular war") faction was rural-based and sought long-term "silent accumulation of forces" within the country's large peasant population, which it saw as the main social base for the revolution. The tendencia proletaria (TP, "proletarian tendency"), led by Jaime Wheelock, reflected an orthodox Marxist approach that sought to organize urban workers. The tercerista/insurrecctionista (TI, "third way/insurrectionist") faction, led by Humberto and Daniel Ortega, was ideologically eclectic, favoring a more rapid insurrectional strategy in alliance with diverse sectors of the country, including business owners, churches, students, the middle class, unemployed youth and the inhabitants of shantytowns. The terceristas also helped attract popular and international support by organizing a group of prominent Nicaraguan professionals, business leaders, and clergymen (known as "the Twelve"), who called for Somoza's removal and sought to organize a provisional government from Costa Rica. Nevertheless, while ideologies varied between FSLN leaders, all leaders essentially agreed that Sandino provided a path for the Nicaragua masses to take charge, and the FSLN would act as the legitimate vanguard. The extreme end of the ideology links Sandino to Roman Catholicism and portrays him as descending from the mountains in Nicaragua knowing he would be betrayed and killed. Generally however, most Sandinistas associated Sandino on a more practical level, as a heroic and honest person who tried to combat the evil forces of imperialist national and international governments that existed in Nicaragua's history.
- Earthquake 12/23/1972 Two-thirds of Managua's 1 000 000 residents were displaced and faced food shortage and disease and dry-season winds worsened the problem with fires created by the disaster.[3] Because of the damaging effects of the earthquake many of the emergency services in the city were operating at a seriously lower level than normal. The earthquake destroyed all the fire-fighting equipment available and fires were prevalent in some areas for several days. All four main hospitals which before the disaster had 1650 beds were unserviceable. It was later revealed that Somoza and his cronies had indeed plundered much of the foreign aid in order to enrich themselves at the expense of the people and of those businessmen who didn't support Somoza. Opposition to the regime, which had begun to surface before the earthquake, increased quickly among the lower classes and even among members of the upper and middle classes fed up with Somoza's corruption. This grew into a revolt that became the Nicaraguan Revolution, in which Somoza was overthrown in 1979. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake Chamorro –Assassinated 1/10/1978 Censoring Chamorro and La Prensa became the norm and included a daily afternoon approval process of the next day’s paper with a front and last page (wrap) being checked on the day of publication. Censorship was performed by Officers from the National Guard. As if predicting Somoza’s plan for his demise, Chamorro wrote a letter to him in 1975 in which he said; “I am waiting, with a clear conscience, and a soul at peace, for the blow you are to deliver.” It took three more years, but on January the 10th 1978, Chamorro was killed by unknown gunmen who opened fire with machine guns when he was in his car. Somoza blamed Pedro Ramos, a Cuban-American businessman who had been the subject of a La Prensa story. However, in the court of public opinion, the verdict was that Somoza had ordered him killed. The murder of this unyielding character, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, fanned the coals of a smoldering anti government movement and ignited the people, resulting in 30,000 people rioting in the streets of Managua, a general strike being called and general disorder in a number of areas of the country. La Prensa was now being run by Chamorro’s widow, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. She also went on to be part of the FSLN-based junta from 1979 to 1980 and became President of Nicaragua from 1990-1996. http://www.nicaliving.com/node/20870
- Many other events and factors leading to triumph
- Honored debt obligation
- The goals of the literacy campaign were of a social-political, strategic and educational nature: (a) to eradicate illiteracy; (b) to encourage an integration and understanding between Nicaraguans of different classes and backgrounds; (c) to increase political awareness; (d) to nurture attitudes and skills related to creativity, production, co-operation, discipline and analytical thinking; (e) to support national cohesion and consensus; (f) and to strengthen the channels for economic and political participation (Cardenal, F./ Miller, V., 1982:205). In prerevolutionary Nicaragua a comprehensive conception of adult literacy and education practically did not exist. A “complete neglect” of this field was typical for the Somozadictatorship which governed during more than four decades (Tünnermann, C., 1980:30). For Somocism, literacy for the majority of the population was “unnecessary, inappropriate and impossible” (Armas, L., 1981:86). Somocism was not interested in promoting massive literacy for political reasons. Literacy would have empowered people for democratic participation. Economical reasons did not play a major role, thus the exploitation model of the Somoza dynasty was based on uneducated agricultural workers. Hanemann, Ulrike. "Nicaragua’s literacy campaign". UNESCO.
- Page scans The Nicaragua Revolution in Health – John M. Donahue 1986 Queremos crecer sanos health campaign poster BBC 10% of the population mobilized as health volunteers. Garfield and Taboada 1984 Community participation in health The Nicaraguan Ministry of Health, over the years, has encouraged community participation– community leaders– brigades– voluntary collaborators– midwives and youth. Popular HealthCampaigns– National VaccinationCampaigns– Popular VaccinationCampaigns– Fight against epidemics Volunteer brigades, community members
- Page scans The Nicaragua Revolution in Health – John M. Donahue 1986
- "Article 1 of the Agrarian Reform Law says that property is guaranteed if it laboured efficiently and that there could be different forms of property: state property (with the confiscated land from somocists) cooperative property (part of confiscated land, but without individual certificates of ownership, to be laboured efficiently) communal property in response to reinvindication from people and communities from Miskito regions in the Atlantic individual property (as long as this is efficiently exploited and integrated to national plans of development)[24] The principles that presided Agrarian Reform were the same ones for the Revolution: pluralism, national unity and economic democracy. "[24] The Nicaraguan Agrarian Reform developed into four phases First phase (1979): confiscation of property owned by Somocists and its adepts Second phase (1981): Agrarian Reform Law of July 19, 1981 Third phase (1984–85): massive cession of land individually, responding to demands from peasantry Fourth phase (1986): Agrarian Reform Law of 1986, or "reform to the 1981 Law” In 1985, the Agrarian Reform distributed 235,000 acres (950 km2) of land to the peasantry. This represented about 75 percent of all land distributed to peasants since 1980. According to Project, the agrarian reform had the twofold purpose of increasing the support for the government among the campesinos, and guaranteeing ample food delivery into the cities. During 1985, ceremonies were held throughout the countryside in which Daniel Ortega would give each peasant a title to the land and a rifle to defend it.
- US Nicaragua solidarity movement
- Contras, Reagan, iran contra Ollie north cocaine, us mining harbours