The document summarizes the history of the Filipino-American War from 1899-1902. It began as the Filipinos fought for independence from Spain but then fought against American occupation. Key figures like Aguinaldo led the Filipino Republican Army against the Americans but were defeated by 1900. The Filipinos then shifted to guerilla warfare, with Aguinaldo finally being captured in 1901. The war officially ended in 1902 with the rest of the Filipino generals surrendering. The Americans called the Filipino resistance "Amigo Warfare" and destroyed lands and committed atrocities. Factors like famine, disease, and the Americans providing aid eventually prompted Filipino leaders to surrender as well.

1. HISTORY 15
MWF 8:30-9:30 AM

2. THE FILIPINO –
AMERICAN WAR
Friendship & Forgetting

3. 1899-1902

6. ■ Filipino natives and Americans

7. ■ 1896 – Celebration of the revolution against Spain
■ 1898 – Birth of the Republic

8. The main objective of the Americans:
■ Filipinizing bereaucracy
■ Independence
■ Through “BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION”

9. The Filipino-American War
■ Began on February 1899
■ Filipino Republican Army – poorly trained and equipped – was defeated
■ By late 1900 they shifted to guerilla warfare
■ By May 1901 – Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United
States
■ By May 1902 – the rest of the generals and army followed

10. ■ Officially ended 4 July 1902
■ Rejected a girl of further enlightenment
■ “Insurrection” – Filipino resistance

12. ■ Aguinaldo’s men

13. ■ Filipino army supplies cart

14. ■ American scouts with some Filipino women

15. AMIGO WARFARE

16. ■ 1900 – 1902 - the focus was on the fate of the republican government and army
■ 1899 Antonio Luna had been assassinated by filipiono soldiers allegedly under
orders from General Aguinaldo.
■ 1901 Aguinaldo retreated to the north and was captured and took the oath of
allegiance to the United States
■ The Amigo Warfare was what the Americans called the filipino style of
resistance

17. ■ Filipinos live uneasily alongside the Americans
■ Filipinos (guerillas) used posed as friendly villagers by day, some donned
American uniforms and were guerillas by night – change of identity
■ “Benevolent Assimilation” – The Orphans of the Pacific

18. DESCRIBING
LEADERSHIP: THE
ILLUSTRADOS AND
CACIQUES

19. ■ Famous leaders in the Filipino American war:
■ Antonio Luna
■ Gregorio del Pilar
■ Manuel Tinio

20. “Unsung Heroes” – war heroes that are
not-so-known
■ Norberto Mayo – rural ilustrado
■ Based at the barrios of Tiaong
■ Other ilustrados: Pedro Paterno, Felipe Buencamino, Manuel Arguelles

21. ■ Ladislao Magsangcay – a cacique, a local chief
■ Main initiator of the revolution in their towns
■ Attracting lone soldiers
■ “man of powers” – respected leader
■ Was then called “colonel”, “Captail Islao”

22. WAR AND
FRIENDSHIP IN
PACIFIED TOWNS

23. ■ Mid 1900 – town centers/poblacions in the Philippines were under the United
States civil or military control
■ After 1902 – U.S pacification and education programs managed to transform
the resistance into a condition of heredity
■ 1900 – only a fraction of the Tiaong evacuees returned to their homes – The rest
are in the guerilla/war zones
■ 1901 – the populace returned en masse; as one group to the town as a result of
crisis: malaria, cholera, sickness, death, declining health, hunger, etc.

24. ■ Pacified town – under a dual government – “companion strategy or amigo
warfare”
■ Mid 1901 – American government allowed local elections
■ Revolutionaries took this opportunity for their own ends. They nominated Pedro
Cantos
■ Dual government – straddling the divide between the colonial and revolutionary
orders.
■ “Duality”

25. ■ Pedro Cantos - President of Tiaong
■ Rural ilustrado. No military or revolutionary background
■ Secret weapon of the guerilla chiefs
■ Ultimate goal : keep lines of communication open between the town and the
country side.

26. COUNTER-AMIGO
WARFARE AND THE
NEW COLONIALISM

27. ■ “Benevolent Assimilation” had not worked
■ We were seen as semi-civilized and treacherous
■ In US textbooks, this was called the “Spanish-American War”
■ Gen. Bell pacified the provinces

28. ■ No neutrality was allowed – it was only for or against, not just in words but in
deeds
■ The Filipinos had to live near the town centers – where the Americans are
■ Guerillas are outside – their families are inside
■ Prompted surrender

29. A “HOLWING
WILDNERNESS”

30. ■ "Balangiga massacre" , September 28,1901.
■ "kill and burn" operation to punish the people
■ Balangiga was not the only area ravaged by the Americans
■ Gov. Gardner complained to Manila authorities about the harsh atrocities and
torture

31. ■ In Candelaria as well, majority of Quezon area now
■ Women, children were molested
■ Threatened with imprisonment, deportation, and death
■ No more farmland, food, crops, animals, houses

32. SURRENDER,
REDEMPTION,
FORGETTING

33. ■ Miguel Malvar – last general to surrender
■ Considered he positive outcomes of their surrender: sanitation, health,
education and political tutelage
■ Still were not able to eradicate negative elements such as banditry, religious
fanaticism, ignorance, caciquism, and so on and so forth
■ Reasons of surrender: imprisonment of their supporters or their relatives,
mass destruction, cholera epidemic, people were barred from
agriculture/farming, looming famine

34. They did not want to accept that they had
to surrender. However, important factors
prompted them to do so
■ In surrendering, they may acquire the benefits of tutelage and partnership with
the United States
■ A former soldier of Magsangcay begged him to surrender for the sake of the
people, seeing as they were already in drastic conditions – no money, no food,
no clothes, suffered in jails
■ Magsangcay said he would rather die in the field than be captured, but
eventually his soldiers deserted him and surrendered

35. ■ Magsangcay
■ Norberto Mayo
■ Bernardo Marques; said that they were tired of staying in the field, they
were scared, lost hope, health declined, and their families prompted them
to surrender
The surrender of leaders:

36. Other factors that contributed to their
surrender:
■ No rice crops; no food, no crops, and cant farm because their farms were
already a wasteland
■ An epidemic of cholera, spread from Manila to the provinces
■ Crisis – pleaded assistances from higher authorities

37. The US; who was largely responsible
for the destruction and suffering,
turned the drastic situation into a
redemptive situation

38. ■ Imported food for them, since the natives had to rely on imported food
because they had no more lands
■ Used their military posts as local distribution centers (here the natives lined
up day & night)
■ Provided what they needed most – rice and medicine
■ Tutelage (“foster child”)

39. Candelaria women were told to file
formal charges of violation against
the scouts and their officers, but no
one came forward

40. Because the Americans helped the
Filipinos, forgiving and forgetting was
quick to take form. They wished to
erase a tragic and shameful event
from public memory. This established
hierarchy and indebtedness (utang na
loob) with the Americans

41. CONCLUSION

42. ■ A little village school for girls – with 3 American businessmen

43. ■ Filipino and American soldiers

44. ■ Americans helped the Philippines stand up again

45. “LET THE DEAD PAST
BURY ITS DEAD”
- Captain Boughton

46. THE END

47. GROUP 3
Maldo, Ignacio, Fua, Ang, Recto, Salazar