Willow trees are native to Europe and Asia and grow well in wet soils along riverbanks. They are fast growing and can be easily propagated from cuttings. Throughout history, willows have had many uses including providing habitat for wildlife, stabilizing riverbanks, and being used for medicine, dyes, charcoal, and lightweight construction materials like baskets and cricket bats. Modern uses of willow include biomass production for renewable energy and living screens or fencing.
This document provides information about red sandalwood, including that it is a precious wood that grows slowly over hundreds of years in tropical regions. It has various medicinal and cultural uses. Red sandalwood can be used to treat digestive issues, reduce fluid retention, and purify the blood. When applied topically, it can lighten skin, remove acne and dark spots, and reduce wrinkles. Proper planting and growing conditions can help cultivate red sandalwood trees. Japan is a key importer of red sandalwood for traditional musical instruments. Production and prices of auctioned red sandalwood in Tamil Nadu and seized smuggled quantities in Karnataka are shown.
Dalbergia sissoo, commonly known as North Indian rosewood, is a fast growing deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Southern Iran. It has leathery leaves and whitish or pink flowers. D. sissoo is commercially important for its timber, known as sheesham or shisham. It grows up to 25 meters tall and its heartwood is very hard, making it suitable for furniture. D. sissoo has a wide range of uses including construction, animal fodder, fuel, medicine, and teeth cleaning. It is an important timber species in India that is propagated through root suckers and seeds.
It contains information regarding five medicinal plants - Aloe vera, Cranberry, Clove, Lavender, Turmeric. Their Binomial classification, introduction and their uses.
The document summarizes four important timber yielding plants - Sal, Teak, Shisham, and Pine. Sal yields resin used for incense, paints, varnishes and medicine. Teak is a very durable wood used widely in construction, furniture, boats and ships. Shisham is a strong, durable wood used for furniture, construction and aircraft. Pine is also used for construction and wood products.
The document discusses the botany and cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa), including its botanical name, family, origin in Southeast Asia, major constituents like curcumin, and common names. It provides details on the plant's chromosome number, morphology, flowering biology, genetic resources, wild relatives, cultivar diversity in India, and important varieties. The main active compounds in turmeric like curcuminoids and turmerones are also summarized along with their various medicinal and biological properties.
Red Sanders Facts Presented to NBA 10.10.2016Ganesan RP
Red Sanders tree, Pterocarpus Santalinus, is a dry land tree grows without irrigation, used as medicine species, & others, world wide demand, but mistakenly classified as endangered, misunderstood and curtailed.
This document provides information about red sandalwood, including that it is a precious wood that grows slowly over hundreds of years in tropical regions. It has various medicinal and cultural uses. Red sandalwood can be used to treat digestive issues, reduce fluid retention, and purify the blood. When applied topically, it can lighten skin, remove acne and dark spots, and reduce wrinkles. Proper planting and growing conditions can help cultivate red sandalwood trees. Japan is a key importer of red sandalwood for traditional musical instruments. Production and prices of auctioned red sandalwood in Tamil Nadu and seized smuggled quantities in Karnataka are shown.
Dalbergia sissoo, commonly known as North Indian rosewood, is a fast growing deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Southern Iran. It has leathery leaves and whitish or pink flowers. D. sissoo is commercially important for its timber, known as sheesham or shisham. It grows up to 25 meters tall and its heartwood is very hard, making it suitable for furniture. D. sissoo has a wide range of uses including construction, animal fodder, fuel, medicine, and teeth cleaning. It is an important timber species in India that is propagated through root suckers and seeds.
It contains information regarding five medicinal plants - Aloe vera, Cranberry, Clove, Lavender, Turmeric. Their Binomial classification, introduction and their uses.
The document summarizes four important timber yielding plants - Sal, Teak, Shisham, and Pine. Sal yields resin used for incense, paints, varnishes and medicine. Teak is a very durable wood used widely in construction, furniture, boats and ships. Shisham is a strong, durable wood used for furniture, construction and aircraft. Pine is also used for construction and wood products.
The document discusses the botany and cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa), including its botanical name, family, origin in Southeast Asia, major constituents like curcumin, and common names. It provides details on the plant's chromosome number, morphology, flowering biology, genetic resources, wild relatives, cultivar diversity in India, and important varieties. The main active compounds in turmeric like curcuminoids and turmerones are also summarized along with their various medicinal and biological properties.
Red Sanders Facts Presented to NBA 10.10.2016Ganesan RP
Red Sanders tree, Pterocarpus Santalinus, is a dry land tree grows without irrigation, used as medicine species, & others, world wide demand, but mistakenly classified as endangered, misunderstood and curtailed.
Important fire wood and timber yielding plants acacia nilotica and tectona gr...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
This document discusses Acacia nilotica and Tectona grandis, important firewood and timber plants. It provides details on their classification, morphology, cultivation, and uses. Acacia nilotica is a moderate sized tree found in dry regions of India and Africa. It is used for carts, tools, and turnery due to its hardness and toughness. Tectona grandis is a tall evergreen tree grown across India. It has yellowish wood that darkens with age. Teak wood is famous for its durability and resistance to fungi, making it useful for construction, furniture, and musical instruments.
This document provides information about bananas, including:
1. Bananas are an important tropical fruit crop that originated in Southeast Asia. India is the second largest producer of bananas globally.
2. There are several banana varieties grown worldwide, with the most important being Dwarf Cavendish, Red Banana, and Rasthali. New hybrid varieties have also been developed with disease resistance.
3. Bananas are vegetatively propagated through sword suckers or tissue culture. Proper selection of healthy, vigorous suckers is important for high yields.
Medicinal Species of the Genus ArtemisiaCrownCountry
This document summarizes several medicinal species from the genus Artemisia. It discusses five species - wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), sweet Annie (Artemisia annua), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), white mugwort (Artemisia ludoviciana), and tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus). For each species, it provides distinguishing characteristics, geographic range, traditional uses, and medicinal properties. Key points include wormwood's use in absinthe and magic, sweet Annie's role in treating malaria, and the uses of mugwort and white mugwort in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Native American traditions.
1) Nutmeg is a tree native to Indonesia that produces two spices - nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg trees are propagated through seeds and take 5-8 years to bear fruit.
2) Ripe nutmeg fruits are harvested by hand and processed to remove the mace and dry the nutmeg kernels. Dried nutmeg and mace can be ground into powder, extracted for essential oils, or used whole.
3) Nutmeg and mace have various culinary and medicinal uses and are major agricultural exports for Indonesia, Grenada, Sri Lanka, and others. Proper drying, storage, processing and quality control are important for maintaining the flavor and aroma of nutmeg and mace.
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
This document summarizes three important firewood and timber yielding plants: Dalbergia sissoo, Terminalia arjuna, and Mangifera indica. It provides details on the classification, habitat, morphology, wood properties, and uses of each plant. Dalbergia sissoo is used widely for furniture and construction in North India. Terminalia arjuna has medicinal properties and is used to treat heart and lung conditions. Mangifera indica wood is used for rotary veneer, plywood, furniture, and other wood products in India.
This document provides information about the cultivation of Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). It describes the botanical features of the plant, including its leaves, flowers, and fruits. It discusses the active components vinblastine and vincristine which are used to treat cancers. The document outlines the cultivation process including suitable climates and soils, planting methods, and pest and disease management. Harvesting involves collecting the leaves every 3 months and roots after one year. The yield is estimated to be 1500-2000 kg/ha of leaves and 600-700 kg/ha of roots, providing a net benefit of approximately 20,000 Rs/ha.
The document lists and briefly describes the most common plant fibers: cotton, flax, coir, silk cotton, jute, hemp. Cotton fibers are used to make clothes like shirts and sarees. Jute fibers are used to make sacks and slippers. Coir fibers are used to make ropes and mats. Silk cotton is used to make towels. Hemp is used to make ropes and sacks. Flax is used to make handkerchiefs, ropes and high quality paper.
The document discusses several medicinal plants used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine. It describes Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, whose flowers are used for hair care and as a natural dye. Adathoda leaf is used to treat respiratory disorders like cough and asthma. Ocimum sanctum (basil) has diverse healing properties and is used to treat cough and colds. Mangifera indica parts are used to treat diarrhea, purify blood, and improve skin and strength. Neem has antifungal, antibacterial and other medicinal properties. Phyllanthus niruri treats liver and kidney problems. Solanum trilobatum treats respiratory problems. Grasses and greens are sources of
The document summarizes information about tea plants and the process of manufacturing tea. It discusses that tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant and describes the two main varieties, China and Assam. It then outlines the steps involved in manufacturing tea, including withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and grading. Key steps are withering to reduce moisture, rolling to break plant cells and allow enzymatic reactions, and fermentation to produce the colors and flavors characteristic of tea.
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
Lesser known forest tree species used for commercial purposesatulthakur007
Forest tree species,which are not popularly known,but still they have great significance for wood based industries...They are lesser known forest tree species used for commercial purposes.
The radish (Raphanus sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times. They are grown and consumed throughout the world. Radishes have numerous varieties, varying in size, color and duration of required cultivation time. There are some radishes that are grown for their seeds; oilseed radishes are grown, as the name implies, for oil production.
The document summarizes key details about the Apocynaceae family of plants. It notes that many species in this family contain milky sap and alkaloids that can be toxic if ingested but are also used medicinally. The family includes trees, shrubs, climbers, and rare herbs distributed worldwide, especially in subtropical and temperate regions. Two specific genera are highlighted, Rauwolfia and Catharanthus, which contain important medically useful alkaloids like reserpine, ajmaline, vincristine, and vinblastine that are used to treat conditions like hypertension, arrhythmias, tumors, and leukemia.
Shorea robusta, commonly known as sal tree, is a tree native to Nepal, India, and Bhutan that can reach 30 meters in height. Its oleo-resin is extracted from the bark, leaves, fruits, and seeds using solvent extraction. The resin contains chemicals like essential oils, dipterocarpol, and asiatic acid. Locally, the resin is used to treat conditions like dysentery, diarrhea, boils, and toothaches. Various parts of the plant also have traditional medicinal uses as an astringent and for skin diseases.
This document lists common palm and fern species, including their scientific names. It includes Royal Palm, Bottle Palm, Areca Palm, Fish Tale Palm, Chamaedorea, Livistonia, Phoenix roebelenii, Pritchardia, Rhapis, Washingtonia, Licuala grandis, Zamia, Adiantum, Asplenium, Platycerium, Osmunda regalis, Alsophila, and Cycas. For each species, it typically lists the common name followed by the scientific name.
This document provides information on mango production, including that mango is known as the "king of fruit" and is India's national fruit. It is cultivated in over 60 countries and India is the largest producer. The document discusses mango varieties, production practices such as propagation, planting, irrigation, and pest and disease management. It also addresses factors that influence mango yields.
This document discusses tree improvement aspects of Tectona grandis (teak). It covers the taxonomy, economic importance, distribution, climate/soil requirements, phenology, silvicultural characteristics, regeneration methods, and teak improvement programs in India. Improvement efforts include seed production areas, plus tree selection, provenance trials, seed orchards, progeny testing, and future strategies involving breeding programs. Vegetative propagation techniques like grafting and tissue culture are also mentioned. Teak is an important timber species that is the focus of long-term improvement efforts to increase growth rates and resistances.
Gums and gum resins are exudates from various plants. True gums come from plant cell decomposition and contain sugars. They are soluble in water but not alcohol. Important commercial gums include gum arabic from acacia trees, gum tragacanth from astragalus, and karaya gum from sterculia trees. Gum resins contain gums and resins, combining properties of both. They often contain essential oils. Important gum resins include asafetida from ferula, myrrh from commiphora, and olibanum from boswellia trees. Gums and gum resins have various traditional and commercial uses as adhesives, emulsifiers, inc
This document provides information about the eucalyptus plant. It discusses the common and botanical names of eucalyptus, describes its physical features such as being an evergreen tree with oil glands and silver-green leaves, and lists its various uses such as for respiratory problems, pain relief, and herbal teas. It also outlines safety precautions for using eucalyptus oil, noting that it is powerful and should be used in low concentrations to avoid potential side effects like headaches.
Conifers are a group of vascular seed plants that bear their seeds in cones. They are most abundant in cool temperate regions and include pine trees, firs, spruces, ginkgoes, junipers, yews, cypresses, and cedars. Conifers grow tall with needles or needle-shaped leaves and are often used as ornamental plants as well as sources of timber, paper products, resins, and medicinal products. Their seeds are contained within cones and are fertilized by wind-blown pollen to produce new saplings.
Harvesting & and cooking the pnw indigenous waySharonGillies1
- Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest relied on natural resources like salmon, shellfish, roots and berries for food. They used specialized tools like digging sticks and baskets to harvest and prepare foods.
- Digging sticks were used to extract roots and clams, while open-work baskets allowed dirt to fall off harvested foods. Bentwood boxes and hot rocks were used for steaming and boiling foods without pots.
- Traditional cooking methods included steaming foods above hot rocks in bentwood boxes or drying berries in small containers on racks over fires to make jam-like preserves for winter. These methods show how Indigenous groups sustainably used local plants and adapted traditional technologies for cooking.
Important fire wood and timber yielding plants acacia nilotica and tectona gr...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
This document discusses Acacia nilotica and Tectona grandis, important firewood and timber plants. It provides details on their classification, morphology, cultivation, and uses. Acacia nilotica is a moderate sized tree found in dry regions of India and Africa. It is used for carts, tools, and turnery due to its hardness and toughness. Tectona grandis is a tall evergreen tree grown across India. It has yellowish wood that darkens with age. Teak wood is famous for its durability and resistance to fungi, making it useful for construction, furniture, and musical instruments.
This document provides information about bananas, including:
1. Bananas are an important tropical fruit crop that originated in Southeast Asia. India is the second largest producer of bananas globally.
2. There are several banana varieties grown worldwide, with the most important being Dwarf Cavendish, Red Banana, and Rasthali. New hybrid varieties have also been developed with disease resistance.
3. Bananas are vegetatively propagated through sword suckers or tissue culture. Proper selection of healthy, vigorous suckers is important for high yields.
Medicinal Species of the Genus ArtemisiaCrownCountry
This document summarizes several medicinal species from the genus Artemisia. It discusses five species - wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), sweet Annie (Artemisia annua), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), white mugwort (Artemisia ludoviciana), and tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus). For each species, it provides distinguishing characteristics, geographic range, traditional uses, and medicinal properties. Key points include wormwood's use in absinthe and magic, sweet Annie's role in treating malaria, and the uses of mugwort and white mugwort in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Native American traditions.
1) Nutmeg is a tree native to Indonesia that produces two spices - nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg trees are propagated through seeds and take 5-8 years to bear fruit.
2) Ripe nutmeg fruits are harvested by hand and processed to remove the mace and dry the nutmeg kernels. Dried nutmeg and mace can be ground into powder, extracted for essential oils, or used whole.
3) Nutmeg and mace have various culinary and medicinal uses and are major agricultural exports for Indonesia, Grenada, Sri Lanka, and others. Proper drying, storage, processing and quality control are important for maintaining the flavor and aroma of nutmeg and mace.
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
This document summarizes three important firewood and timber yielding plants: Dalbergia sissoo, Terminalia arjuna, and Mangifera indica. It provides details on the classification, habitat, morphology, wood properties, and uses of each plant. Dalbergia sissoo is used widely for furniture and construction in North India. Terminalia arjuna has medicinal properties and is used to treat heart and lung conditions. Mangifera indica wood is used for rotary veneer, plywood, furniture, and other wood products in India.
This document provides information about the cultivation of Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). It describes the botanical features of the plant, including its leaves, flowers, and fruits. It discusses the active components vinblastine and vincristine which are used to treat cancers. The document outlines the cultivation process including suitable climates and soils, planting methods, and pest and disease management. Harvesting involves collecting the leaves every 3 months and roots after one year. The yield is estimated to be 1500-2000 kg/ha of leaves and 600-700 kg/ha of roots, providing a net benefit of approximately 20,000 Rs/ha.
The document lists and briefly describes the most common plant fibers: cotton, flax, coir, silk cotton, jute, hemp. Cotton fibers are used to make clothes like shirts and sarees. Jute fibers are used to make sacks and slippers. Coir fibers are used to make ropes and mats. Silk cotton is used to make towels. Hemp is used to make ropes and sacks. Flax is used to make handkerchiefs, ropes and high quality paper.
The document discusses several medicinal plants used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine. It describes Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, whose flowers are used for hair care and as a natural dye. Adathoda leaf is used to treat respiratory disorders like cough and asthma. Ocimum sanctum (basil) has diverse healing properties and is used to treat cough and colds. Mangifera indica parts are used to treat diarrhea, purify blood, and improve skin and strength. Neem has antifungal, antibacterial and other medicinal properties. Phyllanthus niruri treats liver and kidney problems. Solanum trilobatum treats respiratory problems. Grasses and greens are sources of
The document summarizes information about tea plants and the process of manufacturing tea. It discusses that tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant and describes the two main varieties, China and Assam. It then outlines the steps involved in manufacturing tea, including withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and grading. Key steps are withering to reduce moisture, rolling to break plant cells and allow enzymatic reactions, and fermentation to produce the colors and flavors characteristic of tea.
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
Lesser known forest tree species used for commercial purposesatulthakur007
Forest tree species,which are not popularly known,but still they have great significance for wood based industries...They are lesser known forest tree species used for commercial purposes.
The radish (Raphanus sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times. They are grown and consumed throughout the world. Radishes have numerous varieties, varying in size, color and duration of required cultivation time. There are some radishes that are grown for their seeds; oilseed radishes are grown, as the name implies, for oil production.
The document summarizes key details about the Apocynaceae family of plants. It notes that many species in this family contain milky sap and alkaloids that can be toxic if ingested but are also used medicinally. The family includes trees, shrubs, climbers, and rare herbs distributed worldwide, especially in subtropical and temperate regions. Two specific genera are highlighted, Rauwolfia and Catharanthus, which contain important medically useful alkaloids like reserpine, ajmaline, vincristine, and vinblastine that are used to treat conditions like hypertension, arrhythmias, tumors, and leukemia.
Shorea robusta, commonly known as sal tree, is a tree native to Nepal, India, and Bhutan that can reach 30 meters in height. Its oleo-resin is extracted from the bark, leaves, fruits, and seeds using solvent extraction. The resin contains chemicals like essential oils, dipterocarpol, and asiatic acid. Locally, the resin is used to treat conditions like dysentery, diarrhea, boils, and toothaches. Various parts of the plant also have traditional medicinal uses as an astringent and for skin diseases.
This document lists common palm and fern species, including their scientific names. It includes Royal Palm, Bottle Palm, Areca Palm, Fish Tale Palm, Chamaedorea, Livistonia, Phoenix roebelenii, Pritchardia, Rhapis, Washingtonia, Licuala grandis, Zamia, Adiantum, Asplenium, Platycerium, Osmunda regalis, Alsophila, and Cycas. For each species, it typically lists the common name followed by the scientific name.
This document provides information on mango production, including that mango is known as the "king of fruit" and is India's national fruit. It is cultivated in over 60 countries and India is the largest producer. The document discusses mango varieties, production practices such as propagation, planting, irrigation, and pest and disease management. It also addresses factors that influence mango yields.
This document discusses tree improvement aspects of Tectona grandis (teak). It covers the taxonomy, economic importance, distribution, climate/soil requirements, phenology, silvicultural characteristics, regeneration methods, and teak improvement programs in India. Improvement efforts include seed production areas, plus tree selection, provenance trials, seed orchards, progeny testing, and future strategies involving breeding programs. Vegetative propagation techniques like grafting and tissue culture are also mentioned. Teak is an important timber species that is the focus of long-term improvement efforts to increase growth rates and resistances.
Gums and gum resins are exudates from various plants. True gums come from plant cell decomposition and contain sugars. They are soluble in water but not alcohol. Important commercial gums include gum arabic from acacia trees, gum tragacanth from astragalus, and karaya gum from sterculia trees. Gum resins contain gums and resins, combining properties of both. They often contain essential oils. Important gum resins include asafetida from ferula, myrrh from commiphora, and olibanum from boswellia trees. Gums and gum resins have various traditional and commercial uses as adhesives, emulsifiers, inc
This document provides information about the eucalyptus plant. It discusses the common and botanical names of eucalyptus, describes its physical features such as being an evergreen tree with oil glands and silver-green leaves, and lists its various uses such as for respiratory problems, pain relief, and herbal teas. It also outlines safety precautions for using eucalyptus oil, noting that it is powerful and should be used in low concentrations to avoid potential side effects like headaches.
Conifers are a group of vascular seed plants that bear their seeds in cones. They are most abundant in cool temperate regions and include pine trees, firs, spruces, ginkgoes, junipers, yews, cypresses, and cedars. Conifers grow tall with needles or needle-shaped leaves and are often used as ornamental plants as well as sources of timber, paper products, resins, and medicinal products. Their seeds are contained within cones and are fertilized by wind-blown pollen to produce new saplings.
Harvesting & and cooking the pnw indigenous waySharonGillies1
- Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest relied on natural resources like salmon, shellfish, roots and berries for food. They used specialized tools like digging sticks and baskets to harvest and prepare foods.
- Digging sticks were used to extract roots and clams, while open-work baskets allowed dirt to fall off harvested foods. Bentwood boxes and hot rocks were used for steaming and boiling foods without pots.
- Traditional cooking methods included steaming foods above hot rocks in bentwood boxes or drying berries in small containers on racks over fires to make jam-like preserves for winter. These methods show how Indigenous groups sustainably used local plants and adapted traditional technologies for cooking.
This document provides information about wood, including its structure, categories, properties, defects, harvesting, and innovative uses. It discusses how wood is made of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. Wood is categorized into hardwoods and softwoods depending on whether they are broad-leaved or needle-leaved trees. The document also outlines the complex journey wood takes from the tree to final applications in homes, furniture and other structures. Finally, it presents interesting facts about wood consumption and the world's most expensive wood, African Blackwood.
This document discusses pearl culture techniques. It describes the three categories of pearls - natural, artificial, and cultured. Cultured pearls are the main type sold today, involving grafting mantle tissue and nuclei into oysters, which are then cultured for 2-3 years. The key steps of the culture process are site selection considering water availability and protection from floods, collecting and preparing mantle tissue grafts, inserting grafts and nuclei into oysters, culturing the oysters by maintaining suitable pond conditions, and harvesting and storing the pearls after 2-3 years. Maintaining proper conditions is important for producing high quality pearls.
Bamboo is a group of over 1200 species of rapidly growing grasses found worldwide. It has distinct nodes and internodes. Bamboo belongs to the grass family and is divided into herbaceous and woody species. Woody bamboos have many uses and are known for their versatility. Bamboo yields more cellulose than pine trees and has an extensive root system that binds soil. It is estimated that over half the world's population uses bamboo for trade, subsistence, or housing. Bamboo has over 1500 documented uses and is a significant material for pulp/paper industries in Asia. It is a strong, flexible building material as seen in the "Bamboo Symphony" project.
Wood is a hard, fibrous material found in trees and woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for construction and fuel. There are two main types - hardwoods from deciduous trees and softwoods from coniferous trees. Common hardwoods include oak, maple, mahogany and teak which are used for furniture, flooring and construction. Softwoods like pine, fir and cedar are lighter and more porous, used for framing, millwork and paneling. Wood is seasoned to remove moisture and prevent problems when used in construction. Methods include air, solar and microwave seasoning.
The document compares the traditional foods and housing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It notes that Aboriginal people were nomadic hunter-gatherers, while Torres Strait Islanders engaged in agriculture and lived in permanent settlements where they built houses from long-lasting materials. The document also discusses the clans of Torres Strait Islanders and the important role that totems, or symbolic natural objects, played in their culture.
This document provides information on various plant sources of structural materials and fiber products in the Philippines. It discusses rattan, buri palm, nipa palm, anahaw palm, ambolong, bamboo, runo grass, various vines including nito and hinggiw, and plant sources of leaf fibers including pandan, tikog, and tiger grass. For each plant, it describes key characteristics and morphological features and their various uses, such as for housing construction, furniture, handicrafts, food, and woven products.
This document discusses key aspects of rainforests, including soil type, erosion, climate, plants, animals, and other facts. The dominant soil type in rainforests is topsoil, which supports many plant species. Heavy rainfall of 250 inches per year causes water erosion. The warm, wet climate allows rainforests to remain above 25°C year-round and rain nearly every day. Animals like monkeys and scorpions have adapted to live in the forest canopy and floor. While rainforests once covered 14% of the Earth's land, deforestation has reduced that to only 6% today.
A wide-ranging talk on the development of housing from nomadic shelters to modern eco-housing whilst at the same time describing how this has profoundly affected human social culture moving from a nomadic lifestyle to agriculture and industry which requires land ownership, with the development of villages, towns and cities to high rise urban sprawl with its associated problems.
The document summarizes the evolution of housing structures from nomadic tribes to modern homes. It discusses how housing changed as humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to settled agriculture. Early shelters were temporary structures that could be easily erected and dismantled. Permanent structures emerged as people domesticated plants and animals. Towns and cities developed with specialized occupations and social organization. Housing designs evolved with new building materials like stone, brick, concrete and availability of furnishings. Modern structures employ innovative materials and sustainable designs to meet the needs of urbanized populations.
New England Acorn Cooperative presentation at D Acres Educational Homestead: How to find, gather, process, and store acorns for human consumption. Acorn Walk and workshop.
The document provides information about wood, including its composition, physical properties, types, and uses. It discusses key aspects of wood such as growth rings, knots, heartwood, sapwood, color, structure, and common wood defects. Examples of wood types described include partal, kikar, simbal, deodar, shisham, and eucalyptus. The document also outlines the availability, characteristics, strength properties, durability, workability, finishing, and common uses of each wood type.
The document provides information on traditional building typologies and vernacular architecture found in Rajasthan, India. It describes the Bhunga building type, commonly found in Jaisalmer, which consists of a single circular room topped by a conical roof. It also discusses the architecture of the Meena, Jalwali, and Khidrat tribes, including their use of mud walls, thatched roofs, and grain storage jars. The document notes that the Garasia tribe lives a nomadic lifestyle, constructing temporary shelters when settling for periods of less than six months.
Homes have changed significantly over time based on societal and technological developments. Early humans lived nomadically and built temporary shelters from available natural materials like animal skins, leaves, and branches. As humans began farming and settling into communities, more permanent structures emerged like huts made of mud, wood, and thatch. Housing continued evolving with advances in building materials, from stone and timber to bricks, concrete, and metals. Today's homes range from traditional structures still used by some tribes to modern apartments, houses, and other building types that reflect changes in lifestyles and construction capabilities. Housing plays an important role in protecting humans from the environment and is shaped by factors like climate, resources, and societal needs over history.
Tool types, fire, woodworking and woodland management; parameters of ancient ...EXARC
Dr Linda Hurcombe (University of Exeter)
Tool types, fire, woodworking and woodland management; parameters of ancient techniques and prospects for further research
The Mesolithic settlers in Ireland arrived by boat and chose riverbanks, lakesides, and coastal locations for their settlements. They hunted wild pigs and birds and gathered nuts. Tools were made of stone, including flint and chert. The earliest settlements were probably covered by the sea. In the Neolithic period, people began farming and raising cattle, sheep, and goats. They cleared forests for fields and built permanent houses and monuments like court tombs, portal tombs, passage tombs, and wedge tombs for burials.
Andaman and nicobar houses (vernacular architecture india)Mudra Redkar
Vernacular or traditional architecture of the natives from the islands.
Completely based on climatology and geographically available materials.
Different construction and dwelling patterns as per the various landscapes of these islands.
Constructions also based on the different religions of tribes.
The document summarizes how colonial rule led to widespread deforestation in India and Indonesia. In India, the British established the Indian Forest Service and Forest Acts in 1865 that reserved large forests for timber and restricted villagers' access, disrupting their livelihoods and leading to rebellions. In Java, the Dutch similarly enacted forest laws and exploited timber resources. During World Wars I and II, both the British and Dutch further overexploited forest resources. However, some forest areas survived where villages had traditionally protected sacred groves.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Salix
1.
2. Willow
• GAELIC NAME: Sáille,
• LATIN NAME: Salix
• COMMON / FOLK NAMES:
– Sally,
– Osier
– Wicker,
– Withie, With or Withy
3. Willow
• PLACE OF ORIGIN: Europe - Asia, temperate zones. Also grows across
Canada and North America.
• HABITAT: Wet soils along the banks of rivers. Open areas - does not like
shade.
• DESCRIPTION: Can grow to a height of 15 to 21 m in moist soils. Easily
grown from cuttings, can be coppiced and will grow quickly again.
• FLOWERING PERIOD: Leaf buds appear early spring. Catkins appear in
late spring to early summer.
• POLLINATION: Wind and insects.
• SEED DISPERSAL: Wind and Water.
4. Willow
• Ten thousand years ago, the last ‘ice
age’ ended.
• After the ice had melted, the landscape
was completely barren.
• Slowly plant life re-colonised with
lichens and mosses first, gradually being
replaced by grasses and other flowering
plants and trees arriving later.
• Willows were among the first of our
native trees to appear on the landscape
with dwarf varieties being seen eight or
more thousand years ago.
• As conditions for plant and animal life
improved, larger willows spread,
especially adapted to colonising the
boggy ground of vast river valleys.
5. Willow
• Willows are so easy to grow. Some native species can grow up to 2 metres in
six months!
• All you need to do is first find a willow and cut off a piece of the previous
year’s growth. This will be a branch as thick as your finger (or thinner) and
with smooth bark. You only need a piece the length of a new pencil (c20cm).
• Put into the ground, pushed into a flower pot or even left in a jar of water
and it will produce white roots. It does not even matter which way up you put
the piece of willow!
• The fastest growing species is common osier, but almost any species of willow
will grow easily from a cutting. Cutting and harvesting the regrowth every
few years is known as coppicing.
6. Willow
• Willows are fascinating trees and are
very valuable to wildlife. In Britain it is
equaled only by oaks for the variety of
insects and animals it supports.
• There are more than two hundred
species of insect that are found only on
willows, and where there are lots of
insects there will be birds to eat them.
• Many willows grow along the banks of
rivers so the insects often fall into the
water, where fish feed on them.
• Their roots help stabilise the banks of
rivers and stop them being washed
away.
• They also cast shade on the river and
create hiding places for fish.
7. Willow
• Just as wildlife depends on willows, so
do people.
• We use them for many different
purposes.
• Red Indians used to tie strips of willow
bark around their heads if they had a
headache! Crazy people, but were they?
• Willow bark contains a chemical called
salicin and salicylic acid, the active
ingredient in aspirin, was prepared
from salicin. So a strip of willow bark
was as good as a trip to Boots for the
native Americans.
8. Willow
• There are thousands of varieties of willow, each
with special attributes such as coloured bark,
contorted stems or unusual leaf shapes.
• The different varieties take different many forms,
from the traditional cricket bat willow to alpine
bushy varieties. Leaf shape is also variable, with
many willow having the typical long slender leaves,
but some producing broader or contorted leaves.
• Bark colour varies from gold through to yellow and
green to dark purple.
• Willow is cheap and easy to establish from cuttings.
• It is grown in osier beds and coppiced or pollarded
at regular intervals.
9. Uses for willow
• Willow has been used for a variety of purposes over
the ages and all parts of it have their uses. The
trunk, branches, root, bark, twigs, leaves and a few
interior substances. From Iron Age man weaving
hurdles to the middle ages when willow bark was
chewed for pain relief. The Celts considered it
sacred. It has been used medicinally, as a dye plant,
to make charcoal and as a light timber. The Dutch
traditionally make their clogs from willow wood.
• The wood is good for turning and Celts made their
chariot wheel spokes, and Gypsies their clothes pegs,
from it. Romans used it to reinforce steep soil
embankments.
• The bark was used to make a reddish-brown dye, for
tanning leather and as fodder for livestock.
• Some of theses uses are no more than historical
interest but the wood is still prized for the making of
cricket bats.
10. Commercial uses for willow
• Wood chips for on-farm heating and
gasification
• Fast growing wind breaks on upland
farms
• Cover for pheasant shoots
• Cut rods used for river bank support
• Biofilters for farm run-off such as sheep
dip and cattle slurry
• Biomass for wood burning power stations
• Woodchips for paths and horticultural
mulch use
• Basketry, hurdles and living sculptures
11. Uses for willow
• The timber of willow is light and not durable,
so it is not suitable for use outside such as in a
fence post.
• Uses for willow wood include coracle frames
(Welsh boats) and charcoal manufacture.
• The bark can also be used for tanning animal
hides to make leather, as it contains tannin.
• Willow's ability to absorb shock without
splintering is still utilised in the making of
cricket bats and stumps (note also the
similarity between 'wicket' and 'wicker').
12. Uses for willow
• Willow gives a soft but light and tough
wood with a resistance to splintering,
well suited to a diverse range of uses -
polo balls, steamer paddles, tool handles,
boxes, milkmaids yokes and artificial
limbs such as wooden legs, and artists
charcoal.
• The major timber product is the cricket
bat which is made from the variety Salix
Coerulea and then only from the female
tree.
• Charcoal made from ‘Crack’ Willow is
used in gunpowder.
• Black Willow is good for furniture,
harps, millwork, cabinets, doors, barrels,
boxes, toys, baseball bats, and pulp.
13. Uses for willow
• Today willow is being used for ‘biomass’ production and forms a renewable
energy resource.
• Fast growing willows are planted in fields where they produce lots of shoots as
thick as a wrist in about 5 or 6 years. These are harvested, made into wood
chips that are burned to heat water that in turn powers turbines to produce
electricity.
• After harvesting the willows just grow again so that they can be harvested
again after 5 years or so. As they grow they ‘lock-up’ carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere (an important green-house gas).
14. Uses for willow
• The pliant stems are used to make
baskets and 'wickerwork’.
• In Neolithic times they were used to
make the walls of houses (daub and
wattle).
• Willow rods were also used as
thatching in European traditional
homes.
15. Uses for willow
• Some willows grow thin pliable branches and
these are used for weaving into fine baskets
or more heavy objects such as fishing creels
lobster pots or livestock and fuel baskets.
• Willows were grown especially for these uses
in ‘osier beds’ that were harvested annually
to provide lots of thin ‘rods’ of willow.
• Willow is used to make ‘living’ screens,
windbreaks and rustic garden fencing.
16. Uses for willow
• Basketmaking is an ancient craft. Woven material of
some sort was known to the most primitive of tribes.
• Baskets were used in agriculture, as seed containers, for
gathering and as winnowing fans.
• Baskets as containers for fruit and vegetables - known
by names - like flats, rips, hampers, pickers, sieves,
strikes or peck cobs. Fish containers such as herring
crans and cockle flats - skeps for textiles, laundry and
other delivery baskets and then baskets for hoisting
coal, rubble and minerals. These were all sturdy and
functional and probably made in the area where they
were needed from local willow. Fine willow was used to
make shopping baskets, clothes baskets, babies cribs
and sewing and knitting baskets.
• It was used to support the medieval harbour wall at
Dover, to carry building materials and even as part of
the buildings themselves - Winchester Cathedral was
found to have been built entirely on a bed of willow.
17. Uses for willow
• Large willow trees make great
ornamental or shade trees.
• Closely planted willow is used to
protects riverbanks from erosion,
creates buffer zones and dries the soil
in soggy / flooded gardens.
18. Uses for willow
• From some date before 1066 and up until 1826
when a sum of money was paid into the
Exchequer the amount was recorded on a stick of
willow by cutting notches to represent pounds,
shillings and pence.
• This stick was then cut into two and half given as
a receipt.
• To be a valid record both the grain and the pieces
had to match; obviously a successful method to
have survived over 800 years.
• When this tally stick system was abandoned in
1826, the fire lit to burn the sticks got out of hand
and damaged the Houses of Parliament.
19. Medicinal uses
• Country folk have been familiar with
the healing properties of willow for a
long time. They made an infusion
from the bitter bark as a remedy for
colds and fevers, and to treat
inflammatory conditions such as
rheumatism.
• Young willow twigs were also chewed
to relieve pain. In the early
nineteenth century modern science
isolated the active ingredient
responsible, salicylic acid, which was
also found in the meadowsweet plant.
From this the world's first synthetic
drug, acetylasylic acid, was developed
and marketed as Aspirin.
20. Medicinal uses
• On a herbal level, willow bark has been used for its pain-relieving qualities for
at least 2,000 years.
• Native Americans chewed or boiled a tea from the willow's leaves or inner
bark to relieve fever or other minor pain like toothaches, headaches, or
arthritis. The willow is often given the nickname "toothache tree".
• Sallow bark tea is recommended for indigestion, whooping cough and catarrh.
• It can also be used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.
• A decoction can be used for gum and tonsil inflammations and as a footbath
for sweaty feet.
• Willow bark is used to treat rheumatic conditions, gout, heartburn, to stop
internal bleeding, gargle for sore throats, wounds, and burns.
• Used to disinfect bandages. It is a good eyewash, and if taken orally will clear
the skin and face of blemishes, or applied to hair for dandruff. Its flower
essences will remedy bitterness and resentment.
21. Magical usage
• Willow is closely linked with a lot of folk lore
due to its unusual or ‘magic’ properties.
• Most willow species grow and thrive close to
water or in damp places, and this theme is
reflected in the legends and magic associated
with these trees.
• The moon too recurs as a theme, the
movement of water being intimately bound
up with and affected by the moon. For
example, Hecate the powerful Greek goddess
of the moon and of willow, also taught
sorcery and witchcraft, and was 'a mighty
and formidable divinity of the Underworld'.
Helice was also associated with water, and
her priestesses used willow in their water
magic and witchcraft.
22. Magical usage
• It has a powerful feminine 'yin' energy. Can
help a person get in touch with their
subconscious feelings and desires.
• The words “willow (wicker)” and “Wicca” are
thought to be derived from the same root
meaning “to bend”, or “to be pliant.”
• The Willow wand can be used to banish long-
held grief. It is also a favourite wand of poets
and those seeking inspiration.
• The willow muse, called Heliconian, was sacred
to poets, and the Greek poet Orpheus carried
willow branches on his adventures in the
Underworld. He was also given a lyre by
Apollo, and it is interesting to note that the
sound boxes of harps used to be carved from
solid willow wood.
23. Magical usage
• Used for love, protection, healing, and
peaceful magic.
• Used to create loyalty, make friendship
pacts, treaties, or alliances.
• Used for intuition, knowledge, gentle
nurturing,.
• Its leaves are used in love attraction sachets.
• Used to dowse for water (underground),
earth energies, and buried objects.
• Placed in homes, it protects against evil and
malign sorcery.
• The Willow can be used to bind all spells for
greater efficacy.
24. Magical usage
• Carried, willow wood will give bravery,
dexterity, and help overcome the fear of
death.
• If you needs to get something off your
chest or share a secret, confess to a
willow and your secret will be trapped.
• Willow wood is good for magical harps.
• Good for planting and lining burial
graves for its symbolism of death,
protection and rebirth.
• If you wants to know if you will be
married, on New Year's Eve, throw
your shoe or boot into a willow, if it
doesn't catch in the branches the first
time, have eight more tries, if successful,
you will wed.
25. Willow lore
• 'Christianised' use of willow to symbolise grief probably
originated with Psalm 137:
– 'By the rivers of Babylon we sat down and wept
when we remembered Zion.
There on the willow-trees we hung up our harps.'
• Biblical scholars say these 'willow-trees' were probably
Euphrates poplar and not weeping willows (Salix
babylonica).
• During the 16th and 17th centuries the association
became particular to grief suffered by forsaken lovers,
who also adopted the custom of wearing a cap or crown
made of willow twigs and leaves.
• By the nineteenth century illustrations of weeping
willows were commonly used as ornaments on
gravestones and mourning cards.
• Willow boughs were also used to decorate churches on
Palm Sunday instead of largely unavailable palm leaves.
26. Living willow structures
• Today the weaving of willow is enjoying
a resurgence, and is being applied to
novel situations such as landscape
sculptures, outdoor seating and
children's play huts. All of these are
being made from live cuttings, grown in
situ, to be woven and sculpted into
living structures, bringing together
willow's vitality and utility to enhance
new, often urban, settings.
27. Living willow structures
• Living willow structures and sculptures such as
domes and tunnels are easy to make. It requires
a little skill and lots of imagination.
• Living willow fences, 'fedges', are an attractive
alternative to conventional fencing.
• Some specialist companies construct willow
walls, living willow hurdles filled with soil which
make a solid structure with the added bonus of
acting as a shield against noise and pollution.
28. Living willow structures
• Willow will survive almost anywhere.
It will tolerate shade, but grows best
in bright sunshine, and will grow on
moist, dry or fertile sites as well as in
impoverished or polluted soil. Willow
does not need fertiliser to grow
successfully.
• Almost any type of willow can be
used for living willow structures, but
species that produces long straight
rods are easier to use for large
structures.
• Ideally use two-year-old rods as
uprights, and one-year-old rods for
weaving the structure. However, one-
year-old rods are the easiest and
cheapest to obtain, and although they
are thinner, they are still very strong
and soon grow into sturdy uprights.
29. Equipment required
• Willow rods
• Weed suppressing membrane such as a woven
geotextile or black plastic
• Metal pegs to hold down membrane
• Crowbar or strong metal stake to create holes
- a lump or sledge hammer if the ground is
hard
• Plastic ties or old nylon tights to tie in willow
weave
30. Creating a 'fedge'
• Decide on the size and shape of your fedge
• Mark it out with sticks, sand or landscape
spray paint.
• Lay and peg down the weed suppressing
membrane. The willow is planted through
this.
• Plant uprights every 20-40cm (8-16in). Use
the crowbar or metal stake to make holes
through the membrane and into the ground.
They need to be 30cm (12in) or more deep.
• Next, plant the 'weave'. Plant the rods
diagonally between the uprights, two planted
between each upright. They will cross at the
bottom and continue to cross the other
diagonal rods and uprights until they reach
the top of the structure. They don't need to
be woven together until you finish the top of
the structure.
31. Creating a 'fedge'
• To finish off, weave and plait one-year-
old rods along the top and tie them in
where necessary. These horizontal rods
will eventually die. By the time they are
too brittle to be structurally sound,
however, new willow growth will have
been tied in to secure the structure.
• Be creative and undulate the top of
your fedge. Make holes and windows in
it, be imaginative and follow your
fancy!
32. Tunnels
• Create two fedges running parallel.
• Essentially the same principles apply
except that the tops of the uprights
are tied together to form a series of
archways.
• Rods can be woven or tied into the
apex of the tunnel. Otherwise it can
be left as an open structure and filled
in with new growth over the following
years.
33. Domes
• To create the basic structure three- and two-
year-old rods are useful because of the height
they give.
• Plant the three-year-old rods to create the
main skeleton of the structure.
• Decide where you want your openings and
doorways. Place the rods at each side, rather
like gateposts. Tie the tops together, creating
a sort of wigwam.
• Use the two-year-old rods as uprights and
one-year-old rods as the diagonal weave. The
top of the dome will be open to begin with.
You will gradually close up the gap when new
growth can be woven and tied in during
winter maintenance in the following years.
42. Maintenance
• Your living willow structure will
evolve into new and exciting forms
over its lifetime; but to make this
happen it is essential to maintain the
structure during the winter - new
growth needs to be tied in or pruned
right out.
• Always plant in the winter. Water
occasionally if there is a dry summer
in the first year.