The document discusses salivary glands and saliva. It defines salivary glands as exocrine glands that secrete saliva. It classifies salivary glands into major and minor glands and describes the anatomy and histology of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It also outlines the composition of saliva, including water, electrolytes, enzymes, proteins, and other components. Saliva serves important functions like lubrication, digestion, and maintenance of oral health.

1. Salivary Glands and Saliva
Presented by-
Dr Arpita Dutta

2. CONTENTS
Salivary Glands Saliva
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
EMBRYOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
HISTOLOGY
ANATOMY
NEURAL REGULATION
SALIVA FORMATION
SALIVARY GLAND PATHOLOGY
IMAGING MODALITIES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
 COMPOSITION
 PROPERTIES OF SALIVA
 PROSTHODONTIC
CONSIDERATIONS
 SALIVA AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
 METHODS OF COLLECTION OF
SALIVA
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

3. DEFINITION
Salivary Glands-
The salivary glands are group of
compound exocrine glands
secreting saliva.
-Orban’s Oral Histology &
Embryology, 14th Edition

4. CLASSIFICATION
SALIVARY GLANDS
BASED ON ANATOMY
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
• PAROTID GLAND
• SUBLINGUAL GLAND
• SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
• LABIAL AND BUCCAL GLANDS
• GLOSSOPALATINE GLANDS
• PALATINE GLANDS
• LINGUAL GLANDS
• -BLANDIN &NUHN
• -VON EBNER’S GLAND
• CARMALT’S GLANDS
SALIVARY GLANDS
BASED ON SECRETION
SEROUS
MUCOUS
MIXED
(Orbans Oral Histology & Embryology, 14th edtn)

5. PAROTID
GLAND
• PURELY
SEROUS
SUBLINGUAL
GLAND
• MIXED (mainly
MUCOUS)
SUBMANDIBU
LAR GLAND
• MIXED (mainly
SEROUS)
LABIAL
AND
BUCCAL
GLANDS
• MIXED
GLOSSOPHAR
YNGEAL AND
PALATINE
GLANDS
• MUCOUS
LINGUAL
GLANDS
• MIXED
VON
EBNER’S
GLAND’S
. SEROUS
(Orbans Oral Histology & Embryology, 14th Edition

6. EMBRYOLOGY
Time of origin
Gland Location Intra uterine life
Parotid gland Corners of the stomodeum as placode 6th week I.U
Submandibular gland Floor of the mouth End of 6th week I.U
Sublingual gland Lateral to S.m.primordium 8th week I.U
Minor salivary glands Buccal Epithelium 12th week I.U
Maturity of secretory end piece: During last 2 months of gestation.
David T. Wong Salivary Diagnostics, Wiley-Blackwell

7. David T. Wong Salivary Diagnostics, Wiley-Blackwell

8. DEVELOPMENT
BUD FORMATION CORD FORMATION
BRANCHING OF
CORDS
LOBULE FORMATIONCANALIZATION
CYTODIFFERENTIATION
(Orbans Oral Histology & Embryology, 13th edtn)
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT-
•BUD FORMATION
•CORD FORMATION
•BRANCHING OF CORDS
•LOBULE FORMATION
•CANALIZATION
•CYTODIFFERENTIATION

9. PAROTID GLAND
Parotid gland:
-Largest salivary gland
-20-25% of total saliva.
-Pyramidal in shape.
-Weighs around 20-30g.
-Superficial portion of gland is located subcutaneously, in front of the external
ear & deeper portion lies behind ramus of mandible.
-4 surfaces: superior, superficial, anteromedial, posteromedial
-3 borders- anterior, medial, posterior
-Associated with facial nerve (pes anserinus)

10. Stenson’s duct:
-35- 40mm long
Runs forward across masseter
muscle, turns inwards at the
anterior border of masseter
Runs through the 3Bs-
Buccal pad of fat
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Buccinator Muscle
- opens at a papilla opposite the
second maxillary molar.

11. Arterial supply-External carotid artery
Venous drainage-External jugular vein
Lymphatic drainage-Upper deep
cervical lymph nodes.

12. Nerve supply: Greater auricular and Auriculotemporal nerve
Sympathetic-
From the sympathetic plexus
around the external carotid artery
Parasympathetic

13. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
10 to 15 gm. Size of a Walnut
65-70% of total saliva.
Located at Posterior portion of floor of mouth, medial aspect of mandible & wrapping
around posterior border of mylohyoid.
3 surfaces-Inferior, Medial, Lateral
The post. Border of
mylohyoid divides the
gland:
Superficial lobe : situated in the digastric
triangle wedged between body of
mandible and mylohyoid
Small deep lobe: lying in the floor of the
mouth between mylohyoid and the
hyoglossus muscle on the lateral aspect of
the tongue

14. RELATIONS OF THE SUBMANDIBULAR
GLAND

15. SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT
•Wharton's duct runs forward and opens into the mouth beneath the tongue,
lateral to lingual frenum i.e sublingual caruncle.
•40mm

16. Blood supply: Facial and lingual
arteries. Veins correspond to
arteries, drain into internal
Jugular Vein
Lymphatic drainage:
Submandibular lymph node &
jugulodigastric nodes.
Nerve supply:
•Parasympathetic supply: Facial
nerve reaching gland through the
lingual nerve & submandibular
ganglion.
• Sympathetic
Supply:Postganglionic fibers from
plexus on facial artery

17. SUBLINGUAL GLAND
Smallest major salivary gland
Weighs- 2gm.
2.5% of total saliva.
Located at anterior part of floor of
the mouth, just between mucosa &
mylohyoid muscle.
Saliva is poured into a series of small
ducts (duct of Rivinus) and open
through large duct- Bartholin’s duct,
that opens with submandibular duct
at the caruncula sublingualis.
Essentials of Medical Physiology, Sembulingam 4th Edition

18. Blood supply: Sublingual & submental arteries.
Lymphatic drainage: Submental lymph nodes
Nerve supply:
Parasympathetic supply: Facial nerve reaching gland
through the lingual nerve & submandibular ganglion.
Sympathetic Supply:
-Postganglionic fibers from plexus on facial artery.

19. MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Labial and buccal glands- Lips and cheek
Glossopalatine- isthmus in glossopalatine fold
 Palatine glands- lamina propria of the posterolateral region of hard palate
submucosa of the soft palate and the uvula
 Lingual–
•Anteriorlingual GLANDS OF BLANDIN AND NUHN -apex of the tongue
• Posterior Lingual (mucous)- lateral and posterior to the vallate papilla
• Posterior lingual( serous) VON EBNER’S GLANDS- between the muscle
fibers of the tongue below the vallate papilla.

20. HISTOLOGY
ACINI- TERMINAL SECRETORY UNIT.
LEADING INTO DUCTS
OPEN TO ORAL CAVITY AND
SECRETION TO ANATOMIC
LOCATION

21. SEROUS CELLS MUCOUS CELLS

22. DUCTAL SYSTEM

24. MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS
BASKET CELLS
.
stellate or spider like cells
flattened nucleus
surrounded by -
•small amount of perinuclear
cytoplasm
•long branching process that
embracing the secretory duct
cells.

26. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
•Same as connective tissue
in other parts of body
•Contain macrophages,
plasma cells, fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells
•Extension of connective
tissue into septa lobulates
the gland

27. serous salivary gland
serous acini, zymogen granules
intercalated ducts and striated
ducts
interlobular ducts with
stratified epithelium.
lobules with connective tissue
septa.
nearby lymph node with
capsule.
PAROTID GLAND HISTOLOGY

28. .mixed salivary gland
predominantly serous acini;
some mucous acini with
serous demilunes
short intercalated ducts.
striated ducts with simple
cuboidal lining epithelium.
interlobular ducts with
stratified cuboidal or
stratified columnar
epithelium surrounded by
connective tissue.
PAROTID GLAND HISTOLOGYPAROTID GLAND HISTOLOGY
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND HISTOLOGY

29. .mixed salivary gland
predominantly mucous acini; some
serous demilunes.
acini are composed of centrally-
located mucous cells and
peripheral serous demilunes.
short intercalated ducts.
striated ducts with simple
columnar lining epithelium
interlobular ducts with stratified
cuboidal/columnar epithelium,
surrounded by connective tissue.
SUBLINGUAL GLAND HISTOLOGY

31. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SALIVATION
TASTE OF EATABLES
SURFACE OF OBJECT
DEHYDRATIONAGE
EMOTIONS AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
INCREASED
SALIVATION
DECREASED
SALIVATION
Syllabus of Complete Dentures, Charles M. Heartwell and Arthur O. Rahn, 4th edtn

32. PHASE OF SALIVATION
• SMELLS
• VIEW
CEPHALIC
• TASTE
• TACTILE
BUCCAL
• IRRITATION
GASTROINTESTINAL
Syllabus of Complete Dentures, Charles M. Heartwell and Arthur O. Rahn, 4th edtn

33. FORMATION OF SALIVA
• TWO STAGE MODEL of saliva secretion
Physiology, Robert M. Berne and Matthew N. Levy, 3rd edth

35. NEURAL REGULATION OF SALIVARY SECRETION

36. PATHOLOGIES OF SALIVARY GLANDS
• ABERRANT GLANDS
• APLASIA AND HYPERPLASIA
• ATRESIA
DEVELOPMENTAL
DISORDERS
• SIALOLITHIASIS
• MUCOCELE
• NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA
OBSTRUCTIVE
DISORDERS
• BENIGN
• MALIGNANT
NEOPLASTIC
DISORDERS
• SJOGREN’S SYNDROME
• RADIATION
• XEROSTOMIA
DEGENERATIVE
CONDITIONS
• VIRAL
• BACTERIAL
INFLAMMATORY
DISORDERS
Textbook of Oral Medicine, A.V.Ghom, 3rd edtn

37. DEGENERATIVE CONDITION- SJOGREN’S
SYNDROME
• A.k.a Gougerot Sjogren’s Syndrome/ Sicca Syndome
• It is an autoimmune disorder described as a triad of :
-Keratoconjuctivitis sicca
-Xerostomia
-Rheumatoid arthritis
Two types:
-Primary
-Secondary
Keratocon
junctivitis
sicca
Xerostomia
Rheumat
oid
arthritis
Sjogren’s
syndrome

38. Clinical freatures:
•Dry mouth and dry eyes
•Dry and fissured tongue
•Primary sjogren’s syndrome are
associated with parotid gland
enlargment, purpura,
lymphadenopathy.
Treatment:
1. Ocular lubricants and salivary
substitutes,
2. maintenance of oral hygiene
3. Frequent fluoride application,
4. sialogogues.
Fig- DRY AND FISSURED
TONGUE

39. SALIVARY GLAND IMAGING MODALITIES
1. PLAIN FILM RADIOGRAPHY
• OCCLUSAL VIEW
• ORTHOPANTOGRAPH
• LATERAL OBLIQUE
• POSTERIOR ANTERIOR SKULL
PROJECTION
2. SIALOGRAPHY
3. ULTRASONOGRAPHY
4. SCINTIGRAPHY
5. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
6. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Fig:- MANDIBULAR OCCLUAL
VIEW OF A CALCIFIED STONE IN
THE WHARTON’S DUCT

40. SCINTIGRAPHY
AXIAL CT
SIALOGRAPHY

41. SIALOGRAPHY
• Retrograde injection of a iodinated
contrast agent into the ductal system
of a salivary gland.
• Oldest imaging modality.
• First sialogram performed by CARPY
1904 on an isolated parotid using
mercury as a contrast agent.
• Simple, quick and painless procedure
AMAMENTARIUM
Sialography catheters
Lacrimal probes
Iodinated contrast agent
Cotton rolls
Maxillofacial Imaging, Angelo. M DelBalso

42. CONTRAST AGENTS
INJECTION TECHNIQUES
HYDROSTATIC
INJECTION
DISTENTION
INJECTION
HAND
INJECTION
FAT SOLUBLE
• ETHIODOL
• LIPIODOL
• PANTOPAQUE
WATER SOLUBLE
• ANGIOGRAPHIC
DYES
• SINOGRAFIN

43. PHASES OF SIALOGRAPHY
DUCTAL PHASE ACINAR PHASE
EVACUATION AND
POST-EVACUATION
PHASE
Maxillofacial Imaging, Angelo. M DelBalso

44. Saliva

45. INTRODUCTION
Saliva is a viscous, transparent liquid
secreted by cells of the salivary
glands.
Salivary flow facilitates-
1. Speech
2. Mastication
3. Food Bolus Formation And Its
Swallowing
4. General Oral Health And
Function.
It plays a critical role in retention of
dentures due to its lubricating
function and, thus, dry mucosa
often leads to compromise in the
retention of prosthesis.

46. DEFINITION
“Saliva is clean, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic viscous fluid,
consisting of secretions from the parotid, sublingual,
submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the
oral cavity.” - Stedmans medical dictionary 26th edition
• Saliva is a clear, alkaline, somewhat viscid secretion from the
parotid, submandibular, sublingual & smaller mucous glands
of the mouth. – Dorland Medical dictionary
• Saliva is a complex fluid produced by the salivary glands , the
most important function of which is to maintain the well
being of the oral cavity . – Tencate’s Book of Oral Histology

47. WHOLE / TOTAL SALIVA

48. FLOW
RATE(ML/MIN)
WHOLE SALIVA PAROTID GLAND SALIVA SUBLINGUAL GLAND AND
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
SALIVA
RESTING STATE 0.2-0.4 0.04 0.1
STIMULATED
STATE
2.0-5.0 1.0-2.0 0.8
pH 6.7-7.4 6.0-7.8 6.0-7.4
Ten Cate’s Oral Histology, Development, Structure, and Function, Seventh Edition

49. COMPOSITION
WATER-99.5%
SOLID -0.5%

50. SOLID COMPOSITION OF SALIVA
ORGANIC
• SECRETORY PROTEINS:
• ENZYMES
 AMYLASE,RIBONUCLEASE,KALLIKREIN
 ESTERASE,CYSTATIN,PEROXIDE
 LYSOZYMES,LACTOFERRIN
 ACID PHOSPHATASE
 PROLINE RICH PROTEINS
 GLYCOPROTIENS
• IMMUNOGLOBULINS
 IgG, IgM, IgA
• BLOOD CLOTTING FACTORS
• DESQUAMATED EPITHELIAL CELLS
• MICROORGANISMS PRODUCTS
• LEUKOCYTES
• SERUM REMNANTS
INORGANIC
• ELECTROLYTES
 SODIUM
 POTASSIUM
 CALCIUM
 CHLORINE
 BICARBONATE
 PHOSPHATE
 MAGNESIUM
 SULPHATE
 IRON
 IODINE

51. FUNCTIONS
• LYSOZYMES+LACTOFERRIN+LACTOPEROXI
DASE+IMMUNOGLOBULINS+CYSTATINS
ANTI BACTERIAL
• IMMUNOGLOBULINS+CHROMOGRAINSANTIFUNGAL
• CYSTATINS+MUCINS+IMMUNOGLOBULIN
S+SECRETORY LEUKOCYTE
ANTI VIRAL
BUFFER
• BICARBONAT
E
PHOSPHATE
PROTEINS
PROTECTION
AGAINST
DEMINERALIZ
ATION
•MUCINS
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
LUBRICATION
GLYCOPROTEINS
MUCINS
REMINERALIZAT
ION
STATHERIN
PHOSPHATE
CALICUM

52. Bolus formation
MUCINS+WATER
Taste of eatables
GUSTIN+WATER
Digestion of food
AMYLASE+PROTEASE+LIPASE

53. PROPERTIES
• Total amount : 1,200 – 1500 ml in 24 hrs. A large
proportion of this volume is secreted at meal time, when
the secretory rate is highest.
• Consistency : slightly cloudy, due to presence of cells
and mucin.
• pH : usually slightly acidic (ph 6.35 – 6.85)
• Specific gravity : 1.002 – 1.012
• Freezing point : 0.07 – 0.340c.

54. Total volume secreted 1200ml to 1500ml/day
PAROTID GLAND
SUBLINGUAL GLAND MINOR GLANDS
SUBMANDIBULAR
GLAND
20%
7- 8% <10%
65-70%
Saliva composition and functions: A comprehensive Review, The Journal of Contemporary
Dental Practice vol(9),no 3,2008

55. FACTORS AFFECTING COMPOSITION OF SALIVA
Time of the day
Source of secretion
Pathology
Flow rate
Differential gland contribution
Circadian rhythm
Nature of stimuli
Diet and hydration
David T. Wong Salivary Diagnostics, Wiley-Blackwell

56. SALIVA: A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
SALIVA
BACTERIA
VIRUSES
NEOPLASTIC
CONDITIONS
SYSTEMIC
DISEASE
BIOMARKERS
DRUG ABUSE
CONDITIONS
David T. Wong Salivary Diagnostics, Wiley-Blackwell

57. Salivary testing is becoming more common as clinicians have begun to
appreciate its advantages & investigators defined its worth. Saliva proves
to be a reflection of the body.
SYSTEMIC DISEASES-
• HEREDITARY DISEASES- CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES- SJOGREN’S SYNDROME
• MALIGNANCIES- ADENOCARCINOMA, BREAST CARCINOMA,
OVARIAN CANCER (MARKERS)
VIRAL INFECTION MARKERS-
• HIV
• OTHER VIRAL DISEASES (due to immunoglobulins present in saliva)
SALIVA AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL

58. DRUG MONITORING-
• THERAPEUTIC- Carbamazepine, Diazepam, Ethosuximide,
Lithium, Tolbutamide, etc
• RECREATIONAL- Nicotine, Cocaine, Barbiturates,
Benzodiapines, Marijuana, etc
MONITORING OF HORMONE LEVELS
DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED
WITH DEEPER SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS

59. • Forensic odontology- serological and cellular
analysis of saliva aids in identification of accused
-Saxena S, Kumar S. Saliva in forensic odontology: A comprehensive update. J Oral
Maxillofac Pathol [serial online] 2015 [cited 2016 Apr 24];19:263-5.
• Salivary pH assessment using telemetry:
Device called telemetry system is incorporated in the
denture which has a radiosensitive diode, oscillator, ph
sensor, and a computer analyzer

60. METHODS OF COLLECTION OF SALIVA
• Draining method- funnel placed near lip and
patient asked to expectorate saliva into the
funnel to collect in a pre-weighed test tube
• Spitting method- saliva allowed to
accumulate in the floor of the mouth and
then spat into a pre-weighed tube. For
stimulated saliva patient is asked to chew on
paraffin.
• Suction method- saliva is aspirated into a
pre-weighed container using a saliva ejector.
• Absorbent method- preweighed swab,
cotton roll, gauze sponge.

62. • Adhesion
• Cohesion
• Surface Tension
• Capillary Attraction
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Viscosity of Saliva
62
ROLE OF SALIVA IN COMPLETE DENTURE RETENTION

63. Adhesion:
It is achieved through ionic forces between
charged salivary glycoproteins and surface
epithelium or acrylic resin.
According to Bernard Levin– the most
adhesive saliva is thin but containing some
mucous component
Cohesion:
It is a retentive force because it occurs within the
layer of fluid (saliva) that is present between the
denture base and the mucosa and works to
maintain the integrity of the interposed fluid.

64. Interfacial force/ Surface tension
• It is the resistance to separation of two
parallel surfaces that is imparted by a film of
liquid between them.
• It is dependent on the ability of the fluid to ‘
wet’ the rigid surrounding material
(WETTABILITY).
Capillary Action
• Capillarity is what causes a liquid to rise in
capillary tube
•
• When adaptation of denture base to mucosa
on which it rests is sufficiently close, the
space filled with thin film of saliva acts like
capillary tube in that liquid ,seeks to
increase contact with both denture and
mucosal surface.

65. Atmospheric pressure
•The cohesive forces result in the
formation of a concave meniscus at the
surface of the saliva in the border
region of the denture.
•When a fluid film is bounded by a
concave meniscus the pressure within
the fluid is less than that of the
surrounding medium;
•Thus a pressure differential will exist
between saliva film and air and thereby
aids in the retention of the denture

66. XEROSTOMIA AND HYPERSALIVATION
XEROSTOMIA
• Dry mouth/ pasties/ cotton mouth
• Hyposalivation or Aptyalism
Causes-
• Dehydration or Renal Failure
• Sjogren’s Syndrome
• Radiotherapy
• Trauma to Salivary gland or duct
• Drugs
• Smoking of marijuana/cannabis
• Shock
HYPERSALIVATION
• Excess saliva secretion
• Physiological- Pregnancy
• Pathological is called Ptyalism,
Sialorrhea, Sialosis
Causes-
• Decay of tooth or a neoplasm
• Disease of foregut, stomach or
intestine
• Cerebral Palsy
• Parkinsonism
DID YOU KNOW?
In ancient China, a suspect would be made to chew dry rice while being questioned.
When the suspect spat out the rice, they were assumed to be guilty if the grains
remained stuck to their tongue. The reason was that the stress caused slow saliva flow
and induced a dry mouth (activation of the sympathetic nervous system).

67. PROSTHODONTIC MANAGEMENT OF
PATIENT WITH XEROSTOMIA
In dry environment, fixed non
tissue bearing prosthesis are
preferred where indicated
FPDs should have full coverage
retainers and easily cleaned
pontics and connectors
Margins of retainers should be
supragingival
Health of residual teeth and
periodontal tissues
Use of gingivally approching
clasp avoided
Tooth supported denture with
minimal tissue coverage
Metal denture bases are
preferred
FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
PROSTHESIS
REMOVABLE PARTIAL
DENTURE PROSTHESIS

68. Procedures -aim at optimizing
retention and stability
Use dentures with metal bases
Use of soft liners to improve
comfort
Use of denture adhesives to
augment retention
Frequent recall – As more prone
to candidal infections
COMPLETE DENTURE
PROSTHESIS
TREATMENT OPTIONS
•Use of sialogogues
•Saliva reservoirs
•Flexible dentures

69. SALIVA RESERVOIS

70. Pattanaik B, Pattanaik S. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a xerostomia patient with a
mandibular split salivary reservoir denture. Annals and Essences of
dentistry 2010;3:32–5
SPLIT DENTURES

71. Mendoza AR, Tomlinson MJ. The split denture: a new technique for
artificial saliva reservoirs in mandibular dentures. Aust Dent
J 2003;48:190–4

72. Flexible dentures
Saliva substitutes are contraindicated in
• asthma
• iritis
• Glaucoma
limitations of the split dentures
• Require adequate vertical dimension
• Structure weakened
• repair and relining are difficult
• Too bulky
Flexible dentures-
• Long lasting
• do not warp or become brittle
• exhibit better accuracy
• softer material locks into the undercuts of the
ridges thereby adapting to the constant
movement
• Can retain a small percentage of water- more
compatibility and softer than acrylic

73. • Dental restorations are affected by saliva. They have ability to
dissolve silicates.
• Changes physical properties of various impression materials.
• Causes electro-galvanisation between silver and gold
discolors the restoration, causes pain.
• Hampers clinicians view and contaminates working area.
ISOLATION:

74. METHODS OF FLUID CONTROL
SALIVA EJECTORS RUBBER DAM
SVEDOPTER
ANTI-SIALOGOGUES RETRACTION CORDS GAUZE AND COTTON ROLLS

75. IMPLANTS
• Failure of Implants is seen due to microbiota
present in saliva.
• Bacterial species from human saliva may
penetrate along the implant-abutment
interface

76. • Essentials of Human Anatomy- Head and Neck, 4th Edition- A K Datta
• Orbans Oral Histology & Embryology, 14th Edition
• David T. Wong Salivary Diagnostics, Wiley-Blackwell
• Ten Cate’s Oral Histology, Development, Structure, and Function, Seventh Edition
• Oral Radiology Principles And Interpretation Sixth Edition,Stuart C. White and
Michael J. Pharoah
• Textbook of Oral Medicine, A.V.Ghom, Third Edition
• Physiology, Robert M. Berne and Matthew N. Levy, Third Edition
• Syllabus of Complete Dentures, Charles M. Heartwell and Arthur O. Rahn, Fourth
Edition
• A contemporary review of the factors involved in complete denture retention,
stability, and support. Part I: retention. Jacobson TE, Krol AJ. J Prosthet Dent. 1983
Jan;49(1):5-15.
REFERENCES

77. •Essentials Of Medical Physiology K. Sembulingam 4th Edition
•Syllabus of Complete Dentures, Charles M. Heartwell and Arthur O. Rahn, 4th
edtn
• Ten Cate’s Oral Histology, Development, Structure, and Function, Seventh
Edition
•Mendoza AR, Tomlinson MJ. The split denture: a new technique for artificial
saliva reservoirs in mandibular dentures. Aust Dent J 2003;48:190–4
•Pattanaik B, Pattanaik S. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a xerostomia patient with
a mandibular split salivary reservoir denture. Annals and Essences of
dentistry 2010;3:32–5
•Saliva composition and functions: A comprehensive Review, The Journal of
Contemporary Dental Practice vol(9),no 3,2008
•Kaufman E, Lamster IB. The diagnostic applications of saliva--a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol
Med. 2002;13(2):197-212.

78. THANK YOU