Histology of Tooth
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The document discusses the anatomy of teeth. It states that teeth are composed of enamel, dentine, and pulp. The majority of the hard tissue in teeth is dentine, a specialized calcified tissue derived from mesenchyme. The dentine in the root is covered by cementum, another calcified tissue derived from mesenchyme. Teeth are connected to bone by the periodontal ligament, which embeds the tooth in the alveolar ridge.
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Dentinogenesis
Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin, which begins before enamel formation. Dentin is formed by odontoblast cells in two phases: first the formation of an organic collagen matrix, followed by deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals. As dentinogenesis begins, odontoblasts elongate and secrete an unmineralized collagen matrix called predentin. Over time, predentin adjacent to the pulp mineralizes and forms dentin while new predentin is deposited, resulting in incremental dentin growth of approximately 4 micrometers per day. Dentinogenesis continues throughout life but slows after eruption.
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This document discusses the development of the face and oral cavity from early embryogenesis through postnatal growth. It describes how the fertilized ovum undergoes cell division and differentiation to form the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) which give rise to the tissues of the body. It also discusses the formation of structures like the branchial arches and pouches which contribute to development of the face and neck. Prenatal growth involves formation of the oral cavity and differentiation of tissues, while postnatal growth occurs through growth spurts in a cephalocaudal direction with variability between individuals.
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Pulp
The dental pulp is loose connective tissue located within the tooth. It can be divided into the coronal pulp within the crown and radicular pulp within the root. The pulp contains cellular elements like odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defensive cells, as well as neurovascular elements. With age, the size of the pulp decreases as secondary dentin is deposited. The number of cells and vascularity also decrease with age. Accessory canals may form due to developmental processes or resorption of tissue during aging. The pulp provides nutrients and defenses to the tooth.
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- It defines salivary glands as exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the oral cavity. Major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral mucosa.
- The structure of salivary glands includes secretory end pieces or acini composed of serous or mucous cells that secrete into a ductal system comprising intercalated, striated, and terminal ducts that drain into the oral cavity. Myoepithelial cells surround the acini and ducts and aid in secretion.
Trait categories helpful in describing tooth differences
This document describes different trait categories that are helpful for describing differences between teeth:
- Set traits distinguish between primary and permanent dentition.
- Arch traits distinguish between maxillary and mandibular teeth.
- Class traits classify teeth into incisors, canines, premolars, and molars based on characteristics like crown shape.
- Type traits differentiate teeth within the same class, such as between central and lateral incisors.
The document then provides detailed comparisons of traits between maxillary and mandibular incisors as well as between right and left maxillary incisors.
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Dentinogenesis
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Pulp
The dental pulp is loose connective tissue located within the tooth. It can be divided into the coronal pulp within the crown and radicular pulp within the root. The pulp contains cellular elements like odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defensive cells, as well as neurovascular elements. With age, the size of the pulp decreases as secondary dentin is deposited. The number of cells and vascularity also decrease with age. Accessory canals may form due to developmental processes or resorption of tissue during aging. The pulp provides nutrients and defenses to the tooth.
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This document provides information on salivary glands:
- It defines salivary glands as exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the oral cavity. Major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral mucosa.
- The structure of salivary glands includes secretory end pieces or acini composed of serous or mucous cells that secrete into a ductal system comprising intercalated, striated, and terminal ducts that drain into the oral cavity. Myoepithelial cells surround the acini and ducts and aid in secretion.
Trait categories helpful in describing tooth differences
This document describes different trait categories that are helpful for describing differences between teeth:
- Set traits distinguish between primary and permanent dentition.
- Arch traits distinguish between maxillary and mandibular teeth.
- Class traits classify teeth into incisors, canines, premolars, and molars based on characteristics like crown shape.
- Type traits differentiate teeth within the same class, such as between central and lateral incisors.
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- Dentinogenesis, the process of dentin formation carried out by odontoblasts. Primary dentin formation beneath the enamel and root dentin formation are described.
- The physical properties, chemical composition, and structural components of dentin including dentinal tubules, predentin, peritubular and intertubular dentin.
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The document discusses the complex process of tooth development from initiation to eruption. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial bands and dental lamina between 6-7 weeks in utero, which give rise to the tooth buds. The buds progress through stages of proliferation, histodifferentiation, and morphodifferentiation to form the crown and root structures. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is responsible for root formation and shape before teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
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Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
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Components of dental pulp
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Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
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This document provides an overview of dentin, including:
- A brief history of discoveries related to dentin structure.
- Dentinogenesis, the process of dentin formation carried out by odontoblasts. Primary dentin formation beneath the enamel and root dentin formation are described.
- The physical properties, chemical composition, and structural components of dentin including dentinal tubules, predentin, peritubular and intertubular dentin.
- Features such as von Ebner's lines, lines of Schreger, and contour lines of Owen which represent incremental growth patterns in dentin.
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Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation. It occurs in two steps - organic matrix formation and mineralization. During the secretory stage, cells called ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins that make up the organic portion of enamel. In the maturation stage, ameloblasts facilitate the removal of water and organic material from enamel while depositing minerals, resulting in fully mineralized enamel. Ameloblasts undergo morphological and functional changes throughout their lifespan to facilitate the different stages of enamel formation.
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Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. During amelogenesis, the ameloblast (enamel-forming cells) undergo various stages i.e the life cycle of ameloblast.
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This document provides an overview of oral epithelium, including its structure and function. It discusses the four main layers of stratified squamous epithelium found in the oral cavity - stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. It describes the cells found in each layer, such as stem cells, transit amplifying cells, and keratinocytes, and the changes they undergo during differentiation and keratinization. The document also discusses non-keratinocyte cells like melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It provides details on cytoskeletal components, basement membrane, and the specialized oral mucosas.
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The soft palate is a mobile muscular flap that hangs from the posterior hard palate. It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. It consists of mucous membrane enclosing five pairs of muscles. The soft palate has roles in swallowing, breathing, modifying voice quality, and protecting the nasal mucosa during sneezing and coughing. It receives its blood supply from the lesser palatine, facial, and ascending pharyngeal arteries and innervation from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
Structure of Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein composed of heme and globin subunits. It is a tetrameric allosteric protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. Hemoglobin exists as HbA, HbA2, and HbF, which are composed of different combinations of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta globin chains. It has a globular shape and contains heme at its center, which non-covalently binds to the globin protein through hydrophobic, ionic, and hydrogen bonding interactions.
Sickle Cell Disease
This document discusses sickle cell disease, which is caused by a single point mutation that changes the amino acid glutamic acid to valine in the beta chain of hemoglobin. This causes hemoglobin to polymerize within red blood cells and distort them into a sickle shape. Heterozygous carriers have the sickle cell trait and are common in parts of Africa and India, and it provides protection against malaria, while homozygous individuals experience life-threatening complications like occlusion of blood vessels. Diagnosis involves electrophoresis or a sickling test, and management relies on blood transfusions and medications that interfere with hemoglobin polymerization.
Median Nasal Septum
The nasal septum is the median partition that divides the nasal cavity into two sides. It has bony, cartilaginous, and membranous components. The bony parts include the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer. The cartilaginous parts include the septal cartilage and the medial crura of the alar cartilages, which join to form the columella. The membranous septum lies inferior to the septal cartilage. The nasal septum receives its blood supply from branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary arteries and its innervation from branches of the anterior ethmoidal, nasociliary, pterygopalatine, and maxillary nerves.
Scalenus Anterior
The scalenus anterior muscle originates from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3-C6. It inserts into the scalene tubercle of the first rib. It functions to bend the neck forward and laterally, and rotate it to the opposite side. It also helps elevate the first rib as an accessory muscle of respiration. It is an important landmark at the root of the neck, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, with relations to structures like the phrenic nerve, arteries, veins, and other muscles in the region.
Scalenus Medius
The scalenus medius is the longest and largest of the scalene muscles. It originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C2-C6 vertebrae and inserts on the upper surface of the first rib between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery. It is supplied by the ventral rami of C3-C8 spinal nerves and acts to bend the neck to the side when the first rib is fixed or elevate the first rib as an accessory muscle of respiration when its upper end is fixed.
Scalenus Posterior
The scalenus posterior muscle originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C4 to C6 vertebrae. It inserts on the outer surface of the second rib behind the tubercle for serratus anterior. The scalenus posterior is innervated by the ventral rami of C6 to C8 spinal nerves. It functions to bend the cervical vertebral column to the side when the second rib is fixed, and helps elevate the second rib to act as an accessory muscle of respiration when its upper attachment is fixed.
Histology of Trachea
The trachea wall is made up of 3 layers - the innermost mucosa layer contains a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and lamina. The submucosa layer lies deep to the mucosa and is made up of loose connective tissue containing mucous and serous glands and blood vessels. The outermost layer is composed of hyaline cartilage with chondrocytes that increase in size from the periphery to the center appearing in isogenous groups surrounded by a darkly stained territorial matrix.
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- 1. V.S.RASHMI PRIYEM ULTRA’S BEST DENTAL SCIENCECOLLEGE, MADURAI
- 3. NAMELY ENAMEL, DENTINEAND A PULP CAVITY.
- 4. MOST OFTHE HARDTISSUE INTEETH IS DENTIN,A SPECIAL CALCIFIEDTISSUE, DERIVED FROM MESENCHYME.
- 5. THE DENTINE INTHE ROOT IS COVERED BY A LAYER OF CEMENTUM, CALCIFIED TISSUE DERIVED FROM MESENCHYME.
- 6. THETOOTH ISTHEN CONNECTEDTO BONE BYTHE PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT,WHICH HASWIDE BUNDLES OF COLLAGEN FIBRES, AND IS EMBEDDED IN BONY RIDGE CALLED ALVEOLAR RIDGE.
- 7. THE CROWN IS PROTECTED BY LAYER OF ENAMEL,AVERY HARD, HIGHLY MINERALISEDTISSUE,WHICH IS DERIVED FROM ECTODERM.
- 9. MADE UP OF CRYSTALS OR PRISMS OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE.
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