Power system resilience is an important concept for network planners to consider. It involves preparing infrastructure to withstand and recover quickly from extreme and low probability events through measures taken before, during, and after incidents occur. Resilience is a multifaceted concept that goes beyond traditional reliability metrics to quantify the impact of events like natural disasters, space weather, cyber attacks and terrorism. Adopting resilience principles requires assessing threats and vulnerabilities, quantifying consequences, and developing strategies to contain impacts, coordinate response and recovery, and compress restoration times.
This document provides an overview of smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an intelligent electricity delivery system that allows for two-way communication between energy suppliers and consumers. Smart meters installed in homes and businesses monitor energy consumption and transmit that data back to energy providers. Energy providers can then track usage and automatically adjust supply levels to match demand. The document outlines the key components of smart grids like smart meters and information transfer systems. It discusses advantages such as reduced blackouts and energy costs but also disadvantages such as potential security and privacy issues if the systems are hacked. The conclusion states that while smart grids provide more efficient energy allocation, widespread adoption may be challenging due to financial and regulatory hurdles.
This document discusses wireless charging of electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction explaining that electric vehicles are more eco-friendly than gas vehicles but have obstacles like battery capacity, weight, cost and charging time. Wireless charging is proposed to solve these issues by allowing charging during vehicle movement. It then describes what electric vehicles are, the need for them, different charging systems including wireless and plug-in, how wireless charging works using induction between coils, and experimental models tested. It outlines the construction of wireless charging roads, advantages like reduced costs and charging convenience, and disadvantages such as high installation costs. In conclusion, wireless charging is seen as most suitable for electric vehicles by reducing charging time and allowing charging on the move.
This document discusses various control strategies for power sharing in AC microgrids, including droop control approaches. It provides details on several types of droop control methods and their advantages and drawbacks. Specifically, it describes conventional droop control based on frequency-power (P/f) and voltage-reactive power (Q/V) drooping characteristics. It also discusses voltage-power droop and frequency-reactive power boosting control for microgrids with resistive lines, as well as complex line impedance-based droop control methods.
This document summarizes a PhD seminar presentation on microgrids and their control. It defines a microgrid as a group of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect from the traditional grid to operate autonomously. It describes the basic architecture of microgrids including sources, storage, loads, and power electronics. It discusses different modes of microgrid operation such as grid-connected, island, and various control strategies. Finally, it reviews several relevant research papers on topics like microgrid control optimization, voltage and current harmonics, and black start capabilities.
This document discusses wireless power transmission (WPT) and compares microwave and laser transmission methods. It describes how a rectenna works to receive microwaves with 85% efficiency within 5km. Solar power satellites that transmit power via microwaves from space are also discussed, including their advantages over earth-based solar like constant sunlight. Current development of a low-cost Japanese demonstration project by 2025 and potential applications of WPT like electric vehicles are mentioned.
The document discusses smart grids as a modernization of existing power systems. It describes smart grids as using information technology and communication networks to create a more decentralized, efficient and renewable-based electric grid. Some key benefits of smart grids include improved energy efficiency, higher power reliability, lower costs for consumers, and better integration of renewable energy sources. However, smart grids also face challenges such as high installation costs and potential cybersecurity and privacy issues. The document provides an overview of smart grid components and technologies as well as examples of smart grid pilot projects being implemented in India.
V2G allows electric vehicles to provide power to the electrical grid during periods of peak demand by allowing two-way power flow. There are three main versions of V2G involving battery-powered vehicles that can provide power to the grid from excess battery capacity during peak times and recharge during off-peak times. V2G systems provide benefits like peak load leveling and spinning reserves but challenges include potential grid overloading and high vehicle costs compared to ICE vehicles.
This document discusses the vision and challenges of implementing smart grids with hierarchical DC-based microgrids. It describes a potential architecture with nanogrids and picogrids powered by a 380V DC main distribution bus. Key challenges discussed include the need for standardized DC voltage levels, reliable DC circuit breakers and buses, and distributed control schemes like droop control. Modeling and control of the complex nonlinear converter systems is also highlighted as an important area of further research.
This document provides an overview of smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an intelligent electricity delivery system that allows for two-way communication between energy suppliers and consumers. Smart meters installed in homes and businesses monitor energy consumption and transmit that data back to energy providers. Energy providers can then track usage and automatically adjust supply levels to match demand. The document outlines the key components of smart grids like smart meters and information transfer systems. It discusses advantages such as reduced blackouts and energy costs but also disadvantages such as potential security and privacy issues if the systems are hacked. The conclusion states that while smart grids provide more efficient energy allocation, widespread adoption may be challenging due to financial and regulatory hurdles.
This document discusses wireless charging of electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction explaining that electric vehicles are more eco-friendly than gas vehicles but have obstacles like battery capacity, weight, cost and charging time. Wireless charging is proposed to solve these issues by allowing charging during vehicle movement. It then describes what electric vehicles are, the need for them, different charging systems including wireless and plug-in, how wireless charging works using induction between coils, and experimental models tested. It outlines the construction of wireless charging roads, advantages like reduced costs and charging convenience, and disadvantages such as high installation costs. In conclusion, wireless charging is seen as most suitable for electric vehicles by reducing charging time and allowing charging on the move.
This document discusses various control strategies for power sharing in AC microgrids, including droop control approaches. It provides details on several types of droop control methods and their advantages and drawbacks. Specifically, it describes conventional droop control based on frequency-power (P/f) and voltage-reactive power (Q/V) drooping characteristics. It also discusses voltage-power droop and frequency-reactive power boosting control for microgrids with resistive lines, as well as complex line impedance-based droop control methods.
This document summarizes a PhD seminar presentation on microgrids and their control. It defines a microgrid as a group of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect from the traditional grid to operate autonomously. It describes the basic architecture of microgrids including sources, storage, loads, and power electronics. It discusses different modes of microgrid operation such as grid-connected, island, and various control strategies. Finally, it reviews several relevant research papers on topics like microgrid control optimization, voltage and current harmonics, and black start capabilities.
This document discusses wireless power transmission (WPT) and compares microwave and laser transmission methods. It describes how a rectenna works to receive microwaves with 85% efficiency within 5km. Solar power satellites that transmit power via microwaves from space are also discussed, including their advantages over earth-based solar like constant sunlight. Current development of a low-cost Japanese demonstration project by 2025 and potential applications of WPT like electric vehicles are mentioned.
The document discusses smart grids as a modernization of existing power systems. It describes smart grids as using information technology and communication networks to create a more decentralized, efficient and renewable-based electric grid. Some key benefits of smart grids include improved energy efficiency, higher power reliability, lower costs for consumers, and better integration of renewable energy sources. However, smart grids also face challenges such as high installation costs and potential cybersecurity and privacy issues. The document provides an overview of smart grid components and technologies as well as examples of smart grid pilot projects being implemented in India.
V2G allows electric vehicles to provide power to the electrical grid during periods of peak demand by allowing two-way power flow. There are three main versions of V2G involving battery-powered vehicles that can provide power to the grid from excess battery capacity during peak times and recharge during off-peak times. V2G systems provide benefits like peak load leveling and spinning reserves but challenges include potential grid overloading and high vehicle costs compared to ICE vehicles.
This document discusses the vision and challenges of implementing smart grids with hierarchical DC-based microgrids. It describes a potential architecture with nanogrids and picogrids powered by a 380V DC main distribution bus. Key challenges discussed include the need for standardized DC voltage levels, reliable DC circuit breakers and buses, and distributed control schemes like droop control. Modeling and control of the complex nonlinear converter systems is also highlighted as an important area of further research.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
The document discusses setting up electric vehicle charging stations in India using green energy sources. It provides details on types of charging stations, battery storage systems, and ensuring safety and protection from lightning strikes and power surges in the electrical systems. Standards and approvals from organizations like IEC and NBC are recommended to be followed for lightning protection installation and equipment earthing design.
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...vishalgohel12195
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between power and communication lines
Introduction
Disadvantages of corona.
Radio interference.
Inductive interference between power and communication lines
This document discusses smart grids and was presented by Norrazman Zaiha Zainol. It outlines that smart grids use digital technologies to create two-way communication between electricity suppliers, distributors, and consumers. This allows demand to be optimized and renewable energy to be integrated. The key components of smart grids include centralized generation facilities, transmission infrastructure, end-user technologies, and physical and software networks to connect all parts of the system. Smart grids provide benefits like enabling consumer participation, optimizing asset usage, and integrating intermittent renewable sources, but also face challenges regarding data privacy, fair distribution of demand, and ensuring system security.
Power Systems Resilience Assessment: Hardening and Smart Operational Enhancem...Power System Operation
Power systems have typically been designed to be reliable to expected, low-impact high-frequency outages. In contrast, extreme events, driven for instance by extreme weather and natural disasters, happen with low-probability, but can have a high impact. The need for power systems, possibly the most critical infrastructures in the world, to become resilient to such events is becoming compelling. However, there is still little clarity as to this relatively new concept. On these premises, this paper provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts of power systems resilience and to the use of hardening and smart operational strategies to improve it. More specifically, first the resilience trapezoid is introduced as visual tool to reflect the behavior of a power system during a catastrophic event. Building on this, the key resilience features that a power system should boast are then defined, along with a discussion on different possible hardening and smart, operational resilience enhancement strategies. Further, the so-called ΦΛΕΠ resilience assessment framework is presented, which includes a set of resilience metrics capable of modelling and quantifying the resilience performance of a power system subject to catastrophic events. A case study application with a 29-bus test version of the Great Britain transmission network is carried out to investigate the impacts of extreme windstorms. The effects of different hardening and smart resilience enhancement strategies are also explored, thus demonstrating the practicality of the different concepts presented.
Project is designed to develop a FACTs (Flexible AC Transmission) by TSR (Thyristor Switch Reactance) used in two ways. Read more about this project here.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
This document summarizes wireless power or witricity. It discusses the history of wireless power transmission dating back to Nikola Tesla's experiments in 1899. It explains how wireless power works using resonant induction between a transmitter coil and receiver coil. The document outlines some of the key applications and advantages of wireless power such as eliminating wires and enabling power transfer over distances. It also notes some disadvantages like limited range and need for standardization. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of wireless power transmission and its potential for powering devices without wires.
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles and their integration into smart grids. Some key points:
- Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more prevalent and can provide flexibility to smart grids through technologies like vehicle-to-grid that allow EVs to send power back to the grid.
- Unmanaged EV charging could strain the grid during peak times. Smart charging, where charging is shifted to off-peak periods, helps address this issue.
- The smart grid allows for remote monitoring and management of EV charging stations to optimize charging and provide services to the grid like demand response.
- Widespread EV adoption could both challenge and benefit utilities by requiring grid upgrades but also opening opportunities through customer relationships and
Distributed generation of electric energy has become part of the current electric power system. In this context, a recent research study is arising on a new scenario in which small energy sources make up a new supply system : The Microgrid. The most recent projects show the technical difficulty of controlling the operation of Microgrids, because they are complex systems in which several subsystems interact: energy sources, power electronics converters, energy systems, linear and non-linear loads and of course, the utility grid.In next years, the electric grid will evolve from the current very centralized model toward a more distributed one.
Modelling and Control of a Microgrid with100kW PV System and Electrochemical ...usman1441
This document outlines the modeling and control of a microgrid system with a 100kW PV system and battery energy storage. It discusses the components of a microgrid including distributed generators, energy storage systems, loads, and power conditioning for grid connection and islanding modes. Power electronic converters including boost converters and inverters are modeled for interfacing the PV and battery. Maximum power point tracking and current control methods are summarized for grid synchronization. Simulation results are presented to validate the microgrid model and control strategies.
The document discusses smart grids, providing definitions and comparisons to traditional grids. It outlines key features of smart grids like reliability, efficiency, sustainability, and flexibility. Smart meters are defined as measuring electricity use and allowing two-way communication between utilities and customers. Security is an important aspect to protect smart grid data and ensure integrity, availability, and confidentiality. The document reviews recent literature on smart grid techniques and applications in areas like home energy management, electric vehicle charging, and grid control systems.
In this project, main focus is to develop high power density and high efficiency converter with closed loop control for attaining load and line regulation. Complete converter was simulated in PSIM and implemented hardware in CEERI lab.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
With increased competitiveness in power generation industries, more resources are directed in optimizing plant operation, including fault detection and diagnosis.
1) The presentation discusses the smart grid, including its motivation due to issues with the current electric grid like fossil fuel scarcity and reliability concerns. It outlines the history and definitions of the smart grid.
2) Key requirements and characteristics of the smart grid are described, such as advanced monitoring and communication infrastructure to integrate renewable energy and provide two-way energy and information flow.
3) A case study of a smart grid deployment in Boulder, Colorado is summarized, including installing smart meters and fiber optic lines to provide customers with energy usage monitoring and more pricing options. Results showed potential cost savings and standardization needs.
This document discusses wireless charging for electric vehicles. It begins by introducing electric vehicles and the need for alternatives to traditional charging systems due to challenges like battery weight and charging time. It then discusses wireless charging, how it works using inductive coupling between transmitting and receiving pads. The document reviews the history of wireless power transmission dating back to Nikola Tesla's experiments. It also covers how wireless charging roads would be constructed and advantages like reduced operating costs and pollution. Disadvantages include high installation costs and limited range. The document concludes that wireless charging is a viable solution that could reduce energy usage and dependence on wired systems.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
This document discusses DEKONPOWER's intelligent charging solutions and EV charging products. It provides an overview of DEKONPOWER's product quality control processes, management systems, key technologies, and product portfolio. It also describes applications of DEKONPOWER's EV chargers in overseas markets like Europe, Asia, Australia, and Kazakhstan.
Preparing for a Black Swan: Planning and Programming for Risk Mitigation in E...juliekannai
Scott Tucker and Verrick Walker, Page
A Black Swan is an event that appears random, is extremely difficult to predict, and usually occurs unexpectedly—with a huge impact. The flooding from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 was Houston’s Black Swan. Unfortunately, we seldom think of disastrous flooding in our commercial buildings, bioterrorism in our health care facilities, blasts in our mission critical facilities, or wildfires overcoming our civic infrastructure, until another black swan dominates the news.
Over the past two decades, Page has formally helped owners and operators of critical facilities and infrastructure to plan and organize programs to harden and protect assets from a wide range of common and not-so-common threats, both natural and artificial. Beginning in 2001, we implemented a flood mitigation solution for Baylor College of Medicine’s campus in the Texas Medical Center after Tropical Storm Allison. Since that first project, we have helped academic, corporate, and government clients safeguard their facilities against fires, hurricanes, earthquakes, explosions, terrorist attacks, and even nuclear detonations. Through our work, we have developed a useful analytical framework for exploring resilient design options that applies to all types of threats, responses, and recovery efforts. This approach focuses on planning and programming for system-wide robustness, based on generalizing threats to buildings, rather than using actuarial data or calculated risk analysis.
This presentation outlines a practical methodology for architects to evaluate facility vulnerabilities throughout the programming and design phases. We will share our threat matrix, a tool developed to summarize and prioritize risks, case studies of how we have implemented this process, and the resulting robust solutions. We also will discuss operational steps that can be taken before, during, and after extreme events in conjunction with designed solutions to maximize resilience.
Power System Operational Resilience – What it means and where we standPower System Operation
Electric power system industry is becoming increasingly
aware of the potential adverse impact of extreme events
and physical and cybersecurity attacks on the power
system operations. The High Impact, Low Frequency
(HILF) events and increased frequency of system
disturbances caused by natural phenomena (hurricanes,
earthquakes, etc.) results in a shift of focus of the energy
industry from purely developing preventive measures,
towards providing and enhancing resilience of the power
system following these major disturbances.
In power system operations, resilience generally means
the ability to respond quickly and to recover from
a disruption. To enhance system resilience, various
strategies from the provision of sophisticated operation
and control capabilities to preparing for the effective and
prudent operations can be considered.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
The document discusses setting up electric vehicle charging stations in India using green energy sources. It provides details on types of charging stations, battery storage systems, and ensuring safety and protection from lightning strikes and power surges in the electrical systems. Standards and approvals from organizations like IEC and NBC are recommended to be followed for lightning protection installation and equipment earthing design.
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...vishalgohel12195
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between power and communication lines
Introduction
Disadvantages of corona.
Radio interference.
Inductive interference between power and communication lines
This document discusses smart grids and was presented by Norrazman Zaiha Zainol. It outlines that smart grids use digital technologies to create two-way communication between electricity suppliers, distributors, and consumers. This allows demand to be optimized and renewable energy to be integrated. The key components of smart grids include centralized generation facilities, transmission infrastructure, end-user technologies, and physical and software networks to connect all parts of the system. Smart grids provide benefits like enabling consumer participation, optimizing asset usage, and integrating intermittent renewable sources, but also face challenges regarding data privacy, fair distribution of demand, and ensuring system security.
Power Systems Resilience Assessment: Hardening and Smart Operational Enhancem...Power System Operation
Power systems have typically been designed to be reliable to expected, low-impact high-frequency outages. In contrast, extreme events, driven for instance by extreme weather and natural disasters, happen with low-probability, but can have a high impact. The need for power systems, possibly the most critical infrastructures in the world, to become resilient to such events is becoming compelling. However, there is still little clarity as to this relatively new concept. On these premises, this paper provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts of power systems resilience and to the use of hardening and smart operational strategies to improve it. More specifically, first the resilience trapezoid is introduced as visual tool to reflect the behavior of a power system during a catastrophic event. Building on this, the key resilience features that a power system should boast are then defined, along with a discussion on different possible hardening and smart, operational resilience enhancement strategies. Further, the so-called ΦΛΕΠ resilience assessment framework is presented, which includes a set of resilience metrics capable of modelling and quantifying the resilience performance of a power system subject to catastrophic events. A case study application with a 29-bus test version of the Great Britain transmission network is carried out to investigate the impacts of extreme windstorms. The effects of different hardening and smart resilience enhancement strategies are also explored, thus demonstrating the practicality of the different concepts presented.
Project is designed to develop a FACTs (Flexible AC Transmission) by TSR (Thyristor Switch Reactance) used in two ways. Read more about this project here.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
This document summarizes wireless power or witricity. It discusses the history of wireless power transmission dating back to Nikola Tesla's experiments in 1899. It explains how wireless power works using resonant induction between a transmitter coil and receiver coil. The document outlines some of the key applications and advantages of wireless power such as eliminating wires and enabling power transfer over distances. It also notes some disadvantages like limited range and need for standardization. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of wireless power transmission and its potential for powering devices without wires.
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles and their integration into smart grids. Some key points:
- Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more prevalent and can provide flexibility to smart grids through technologies like vehicle-to-grid that allow EVs to send power back to the grid.
- Unmanaged EV charging could strain the grid during peak times. Smart charging, where charging is shifted to off-peak periods, helps address this issue.
- The smart grid allows for remote monitoring and management of EV charging stations to optimize charging and provide services to the grid like demand response.
- Widespread EV adoption could both challenge and benefit utilities by requiring grid upgrades but also opening opportunities through customer relationships and
Distributed generation of electric energy has become part of the current electric power system. In this context, a recent research study is arising on a new scenario in which small energy sources make up a new supply system : The Microgrid. The most recent projects show the technical difficulty of controlling the operation of Microgrids, because they are complex systems in which several subsystems interact: energy sources, power electronics converters, energy systems, linear and non-linear loads and of course, the utility grid.In next years, the electric grid will evolve from the current very centralized model toward a more distributed one.
Modelling and Control of a Microgrid with100kW PV System and Electrochemical ...usman1441
This document outlines the modeling and control of a microgrid system with a 100kW PV system and battery energy storage. It discusses the components of a microgrid including distributed generators, energy storage systems, loads, and power conditioning for grid connection and islanding modes. Power electronic converters including boost converters and inverters are modeled for interfacing the PV and battery. Maximum power point tracking and current control methods are summarized for grid synchronization. Simulation results are presented to validate the microgrid model and control strategies.
The document discusses smart grids, providing definitions and comparisons to traditional grids. It outlines key features of smart grids like reliability, efficiency, sustainability, and flexibility. Smart meters are defined as measuring electricity use and allowing two-way communication between utilities and customers. Security is an important aspect to protect smart grid data and ensure integrity, availability, and confidentiality. The document reviews recent literature on smart grid techniques and applications in areas like home energy management, electric vehicle charging, and grid control systems.
In this project, main focus is to develop high power density and high efficiency converter with closed loop control for attaining load and line regulation. Complete converter was simulated in PSIM and implemented hardware in CEERI lab.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
With increased competitiveness in power generation industries, more resources are directed in optimizing plant operation, including fault detection and diagnosis.
1) The presentation discusses the smart grid, including its motivation due to issues with the current electric grid like fossil fuel scarcity and reliability concerns. It outlines the history and definitions of the smart grid.
2) Key requirements and characteristics of the smart grid are described, such as advanced monitoring and communication infrastructure to integrate renewable energy and provide two-way energy and information flow.
3) A case study of a smart grid deployment in Boulder, Colorado is summarized, including installing smart meters and fiber optic lines to provide customers with energy usage monitoring and more pricing options. Results showed potential cost savings and standardization needs.
This document discusses wireless charging for electric vehicles. It begins by introducing electric vehicles and the need for alternatives to traditional charging systems due to challenges like battery weight and charging time. It then discusses wireless charging, how it works using inductive coupling between transmitting and receiving pads. The document reviews the history of wireless power transmission dating back to Nikola Tesla's experiments. It also covers how wireless charging roads would be constructed and advantages like reduced operating costs and pollution. Disadvantages include high installation costs and limited range. The document concludes that wireless charging is a viable solution that could reduce energy usage and dependence on wired systems.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
This document discusses DEKONPOWER's intelligent charging solutions and EV charging products. It provides an overview of DEKONPOWER's product quality control processes, management systems, key technologies, and product portfolio. It also describes applications of DEKONPOWER's EV chargers in overseas markets like Europe, Asia, Australia, and Kazakhstan.
Preparing for a Black Swan: Planning and Programming for Risk Mitigation in E...juliekannai
Scott Tucker and Verrick Walker, Page
A Black Swan is an event that appears random, is extremely difficult to predict, and usually occurs unexpectedly—with a huge impact. The flooding from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 was Houston’s Black Swan. Unfortunately, we seldom think of disastrous flooding in our commercial buildings, bioterrorism in our health care facilities, blasts in our mission critical facilities, or wildfires overcoming our civic infrastructure, until another black swan dominates the news.
Over the past two decades, Page has formally helped owners and operators of critical facilities and infrastructure to plan and organize programs to harden and protect assets from a wide range of common and not-so-common threats, both natural and artificial. Beginning in 2001, we implemented a flood mitigation solution for Baylor College of Medicine’s campus in the Texas Medical Center after Tropical Storm Allison. Since that first project, we have helped academic, corporate, and government clients safeguard their facilities against fires, hurricanes, earthquakes, explosions, terrorist attacks, and even nuclear detonations. Through our work, we have developed a useful analytical framework for exploring resilient design options that applies to all types of threats, responses, and recovery efforts. This approach focuses on planning and programming for system-wide robustness, based on generalizing threats to buildings, rather than using actuarial data or calculated risk analysis.
This presentation outlines a practical methodology for architects to evaluate facility vulnerabilities throughout the programming and design phases. We will share our threat matrix, a tool developed to summarize and prioritize risks, case studies of how we have implemented this process, and the resulting robust solutions. We also will discuss operational steps that can be taken before, during, and after extreme events in conjunction with designed solutions to maximize resilience.
Power System Operational Resilience – What it means and where we standPower System Operation
Electric power system industry is becoming increasingly
aware of the potential adverse impact of extreme events
and physical and cybersecurity attacks on the power
system operations. The High Impact, Low Frequency
(HILF) events and increased frequency of system
disturbances caused by natural phenomena (hurricanes,
earthquakes, etc.) results in a shift of focus of the energy
industry from purely developing preventive measures,
towards providing and enhancing resilience of the power
system following these major disturbances.
In power system operations, resilience generally means
the ability to respond quickly and to recover from
a disruption. To enhance system resilience, various
strategies from the provision of sophisticated operation
and control capabilities to preparing for the effective and
prudent operations can be considered.
The document discusses power grid resilience analysis. It defines power grid resilience and outlines its importance. It discusses consequences of power grid disruptions and metrics used to evaluate resilience. The document also covers capabilities required for resilience, evaluation methods, pillars for enhancing resilience through strategies like smart grids, distributed generation and hardening infrastructure. It proposes planning and operational measures for both short and long-term resilience and outlines a research framework to study resilience under various conditions.
This document discusses cyber resilience frameworks. It defines cyber resilience as the ability to continuously deliver intended outcomes despite adverse cyber events. Cyber resilience involves people, processes, technology, and facilities working together. Frameworks like NIST SP 800-160 v2, the DHS Cyber Resilience Review, and the MITRE Cyber Resiliency Engineering Framework provide guidance on implementing cyber resilience. NIST focuses on engineering systems for resilience while DHS assesses operational readiness and MITRE emphasizes anticipating, withstanding, recovering from, and adapting to cyber attacks. The document compares cybersecurity to cyber resilience and explains how the frameworks help organize concepts to improve cyber defenses.
Protection Scheme in Generation NetworkIRJET Journal
This document discusses protection schemes for generation networks. It covers several topics related to protection schemes including adaptive protection strategies, reliability aspects, self-healing mechanisms, cybersecurity challenges and solutions, and advanced relay technologies and innovations. The document aims to comprehensively explore how smart grid concepts can transform protection relay technology and addresses aspects like data management, protection strategies, fault detection optimization techniques, and network reconfiguration.
A detailed look at the issues of energy resilience. While focused on military applications these same methodologies can be applied to industry and other public facilities and campuses to ensure the "Right Energy at the Right Time" is always available.
Institute of Asset Management presentation on Critical Infrastructure Resilie...The Resilience Shift
This document summarizes a presentation given to the Institute of Asset Management Global Conference on building critical infrastructure resilience. It discusses that infrastructure needs to provide critical services under both ordinary and extraordinary circumstances. It outlines the Resilience Shift initiative which aims to adopt a socio-technical systems approach to infrastructure and make resilience concepts practical. There are three workstreams focusing on how to implement, value, and scale up resilience practices. The presentation argues that asset management should take a systems view, consider lifecycles and value chains, and explicitly include contingency planning and resilience analysis in decisions. However, decisions are not routinely made based on enhancing infrastructure system resilience.
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Wide area protection-and_emergency_control (1)Alaa Eladl
This document discusses wide-area protection and emergency control in power systems. It describes how major disturbances can stress power systems beyond their planned operating limits due to unpredictable events. It explores using advanced wide-area monitoring and control systems based on communication and synchronization technologies to automatically detect and respond to disturbances across large regions in order to minimize their impacts. Such systems have potential to provide faster, more coordinated responses than traditional local protection schemes or human operators. The document outlines different types of power system disturbances and remedial measures needed to maintain stability.
This short presentation provides an overview of the Resilience Shift's aims and ambitions.
The Resilience Shift is a global initiative to catalyse resilience within and between critical infrastructure sectors.
Designing for Resilience as a New Nuclear Safety ConstructBAyyub
"Designing for Resilience as a New Nuclear Safety Construct" offers a logical basis for designing, constructing and operating nuclear facilities and systems.
Briefing to the U.S. House Committee on Homeland SecurityMark Ehlen
NISAC provides economic analysis and modeling capabilities to assess the potential impacts of disruptions to critical infrastructure and the economy. It uses a variety of microeconomic, mesoeconomic, and macroeconomic tools to study issues like natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and other events. NISAC works to enhance understanding of infrastructure interdependencies and inform policymaking regarding economic resiliency and mitigating threats. Its analyses aim to quantify national infrastructure dependencies and help measure and design homeland security policies.
The document discusses definitions of cyber resilience from academic and industry sources. It finds that while definitions generally refer to withstanding and recovering from cyber threats, they differ in how they define the threats, who or what is resilient, and the core components of resilience. The document also analyzes the origins and practice of cyber resilience, finding it aims to manage inherent insecurity but responsibilities are unclear. It concludes that more research is needed on organizing for resilience across organizations and boundaries.
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
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SAIEE presentation - Power System Resilience - Why should we CARE as energy utilities to prepare for an extreme incident or threat?
1. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Power System Resilience
SAIEE - LOAD RESEARCH CHAPTER
Why should we CARE as energy utilities to
prepare for an extreme incident or threat?
Malcolm Van Harte
21 April 20
2. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Malcolm Van Harte (B Tech, M Sc Elec Eng, MSAIEE), Head Centre of
Excellence (Control, SCADA, DSO, Netw Ops) at Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd.
• He has also been recently appointed in an acting role as the new Senior
Manager for Distribution SMART Grid. Previously Middle Manager Power
in System Resilience within Eskom, and has worked in Network Planning,
the Regional and National Control Centres, and Network Optimisation.
Currently he is leading the establishment of Distribution System Operator
and Market Operator.
• Malcolm has lead and participated in numerous strategy projects to create
a step change of new resilience capabilities within Eskom, namely, disaster
management, business continuity, organisational resilience, and enterprise
risk management. Furthermore, he participated in research activities and
the development of national standards related to reliability, network
planning, life cycle costing principles, and a reliability assessment tool.
• Malcolm has chaired numerous working and study committee groups
steering initiatives for the National Blackout, Provincial Transmission Risk
Workshops, Network Planning Study Committee, Network Performance,
and Quality of Supply to improve reliability and quality of supply of
electricity infrastructure.
• Malcolm has authored Eskom guidelines and published a number of
national and international papers (30 papers). He is currently the CIGRE
chair for Power System Resilience (C4.47 – PSR WG).
3. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Agenda
1. What is Power System Resilience?
2. What are the principles?
3. Why is it important to network planners?
4. How does one go about it?
4. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Problem statement in Context
5. 5
New York was severely affected by
Hurricane Sandy in 2012
Hoboken - New Jersey
Madison St – 12th St
6. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Catastrophe count graph from 1980-2010
Source: Munich RE
In 2008, Hurricane Ike, the
third most costly U.S.
hurricane, cost private
insurers nearly $16 billion.
7. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Solar Storm - Probability distribution against aa index
High Impact Low Probability (HILP)
Source: Klerk, P. De, & Gaunt, T. (n.d.). Geomagnetic effects on the Main Transmission System, 31 March 2011
9. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Think Resilience
BBC News 23 Oct 12 06:46 – Italy quake scientists convicted …”Six Italian scientists and an
ex-government official have been sentenced to six years in prison over the 2009 deadly
earthquake in L’Aquila.”…
“…killed 309 people…”
10. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Power System Resilience Working
Group
11. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Task Team 2 within WG Structure
WG Chair:
Mr Malcolm Van Harte
Task Team 1:
Mr Malcolm Van Hare
Literature Study &
International Survey
Definition
Task Team 2:
Dr Mathaios Panteli
Methods
Metrics
Planning
Task Team 3:
Dr Milorad Papic
Interdependencies
Regulatory and Policy
frameworks
Technical Coordinator:
Dr Mathaios Panteli
Technical Secretary:
Vacant
12. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Power System Resilience WG - SCOPE
What are current efforts being conducted to protect critical infrastructures?
Definition of power system resilience in electricity sector
What is the appropriate approach and methodology to be followed for analysing power
systems resilience?
What metrics should be used to quantify the resilience performance of a power grid in
the face of a disaster?
How do we decide on and plan investment portfolios for boosting resilience?
How should we define and model the interdependencies between critical infrastructures?
Policy and regulatory framework to create the environment to encourage the adoption of
prudent decision making?
13. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
What is Power System Resilience?
14. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
CIGRE C4.47 – Power System Resilience WG
• The concept of resilience is of growing importance in the engineering,
business, and natural science disciplines.
• It has led to interesting debates and attempts to define its role and scope
in these different fraternities.
• A newly established working group should explore how a number of
resilience conceptual models and case studies are utilised to demonstrate
the application of resilience thinking in the electrical sector.
– This requires the demonstration of the conceptual difference between traditional
reliability engineering and resilience engineering techniques.
– The resilience models may suggest that building a resilient power system would
require a range of strategies to enhance the organisational and engineering
capabilities in order to safeguard the system and react to these extreme
conditions.
– New resilience-oriented metrics that go beyond the traditional reliability ones
need to be developed, which would enable the impact quantification of these
extreme events and the development of risk-based resilience and adaptation
strategies, accounting for the interdependencies among critical infrastructures.
• Governments world wide has elevated the requirements to enhance the
ability of critical infrastructures to absorb, prevent, and/or respond
appropriately to the disruption of essential services
15. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Risk -- “a situation involving
exposure to danger [threat].”
Security -- “the state of being
free from danger or threat.”
Resilience -- “the capacity to recover
quickly from difficulties.”
Definitions by Oxford Dictionary
Slide by: USA Army Corps
16. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resiliency definition?
First thoughts
A resilient system does not necessarily experience
interruptions less frequently, but the duration of those
interruptions is shorter, and/or the impact is less severe
• A reliable system does not fail
• A resilient system adapts to failure to avoid impact
Slide by: Denmark WG members
18. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
18
High Impact and Low Probability
NATURAL
SPACE
TERRORIST
CYBER
Critical
Infrastructure
19. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Reliability vs Resilience
Criteria Reliability Resilience
Focus High probability and Low impact Low probability and High impact
Thinking Complicated Complex (Multi –faceted)
Causality
Originate from causes that can
be individually distinguished
System result from networks of
multiple interacting causes
Aspects Security and Adequacy
Reliability, Resistance, Redundancy,
Response and Recovery
Paradigm Reductionism Sub – problem
Regulatory
framework
Incentive-based regulation CIP 014 (Prescribed *)
Metric Customer, Load & Energy indices Disaster Risk + more (Hazard)
Characterised Specified General
20. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience is a multi-faceted concept
Source: Alexander, D. E. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction : an etymological journey. In National Hazards Earth System Science
Summary of the position of resilience studies in the sciences
21. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience Definitions – Disciplinary perspectives
Disciplines Definitions Key capabilities
Infrastructure
critical
Ref: NIAC
Infrastructure resilience is the ability to reduce the
magnitude and/or duration of disruptive events. The
effectiveness of a resilient infrastructure or enterprise
depends upon its ability to anticipate, absorb, adapt
to, and/or rapidly recover from a potentially disruptive
event
•Ability to anticipate ?
•Ability to absorb ?
•Ability to adapt ?
•Ability to recover?
Economic
Ref: Hallegatte et al.
Economic resilience refers to the inherent & adaptive
responses to hazards that enable individuals and
communities to avoid some potential losses. It can
take place at the level of the firm, household, market,
or macro economy. In contrast to the pre-event
character of mitigation, economic resilience
emphasizes ingenuity and resourcefulness applied
during and after the event
•Ability to recover ?
•Resourcefulness ?
•Ability to adapt?
Resilience
engineering
Ref: Woods et al.
Resilience engineering is a paradigm for safety
management that focuses on how to help people cope
with complexity under pressure to achieve success. It is
the ability to create foresight – to anticipate the
changing shape of risk before failure and harm occur.
•Ability to be safe
•Anticipation of change
•Ability to cope with
complexity
•Operation under stress
22. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience “states”
23. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Reference / Position Papers
• Congratulation to C4.47
WG
• TC accepted the position
and made reference paper
– published in the Future
Connections newsletter
– Global Insights newsletter
destined primarily for the
CEOs and senior level
management of companies
24. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Part 1 – Power System Resilience definition
25. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Part 2 – Power System Resilience definition
• Resilience is achieved through a set of key actionable
measures to be taken before, during and after extreme
events, such as:
26. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
What are the principles?
27. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience: a multi-faceted concept
28. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Conceptual Discussion – Major Stress point
VS
29. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Next debate
Power System
Resilience
Organisational Infrastructure Operational
30. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Conceptual classification of Threats
Source: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, “Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation’s Electricity System”, USA, July 2017
31. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
“FLEP” Resilience Metric System
32. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Optimising the Trapezoid Area
33. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Why is it important to network
planners?
34. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Multi-phase Resilience Assessment Procedure
35. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Fragility-based Probabilities of Failure
36. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Reliability vs Resilience
Risk-based metrics
Focus on quantifying
the impact of HILP
events, and not of
expected, average
events
37. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience characteristics
After Linkov et al, Nature Climate Change 2014
Slide by: UK WG members
38. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience objectives / goals
Decision criteria for investment consideration:
Contain impact of the incident;
Coordinate the response and recovery of the
incident;
Compress the restoration time and
Check the different stages of resilience.
39. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Power System Resilience Strategies
Source: UK Cabinet Office, “Keeping the Country Running: Natural Hazards and Infrastructure,” UK, 2011
40. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience state vs strategies adopted
41. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Multidisciplinary Resilience Framework
Capacity to
rebound and
recover
Capacity
to
withstand
stress
Capability to
maintain desirable
Capability
to adapt
and
thrive
R
Resilience sweet spot
Source: Patricia H. Longstaff, Thomas G. Koslowskib and Will Geoghega, Translating resilience:
A framework to enhance communication and implementation
42. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience Matrix
Physical
Information
Cognitive
Social
PREPARE ABSORB RECOVER ADAPT
System Domains
Disruptive Event Stages
Scale
Home Neighborhood Town County Region State Country
43. Economic Analysis Framework – Optimisation
Models for Resilience thinking
Constraints
Objectives
Optimized
Natural
Space
Terrorist
Cyber
Inputs
Hazard analysis
Threat
Vulnerability
Consequence
CAPEX vs OPEX
Contain impact
Coordinate response
& recovery
Quicker restoration
time
Review lesson learnt
Institutional Arrangement
Resistance
Reliability
Redundancy
Response & Recovery
Output
Resilience strategy
options
Decision Criteria
Defined and applied
system and
Resilience metrics
44. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
How does one go about it?
45. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Risk analysis attempt to answer three questions:
Risk
“Set of Triplets”
Source: Kaplan 1990
What can happen? Scenario
identification
1
If it does happen, what are
the consequences?
Evaluation of
damage caused
by that scenario
2How likely is it that it
will happen?
Probability of
scenario
3
46. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Multi-phase Resilience Assessment Procedure
47. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience Philosophy adopted
Adopted
Ref: M. A. Van Harte, M. Panteli, R. Koch, S. Mahomed, and A. Jordaan,
“Resiliency of critical infrastructure : Power system resilience
capabilities and assessment framework,” in DMISA, 2017, pp. 1–11.
Ref: M. A. Van Harte, M. Panteli, L. Pittorino, and R.
Koch, “Utilizing Advanced Resiliency Planning within
the Electrical Sector,” in CIGRE - C4, 2018, pp. 1–8.
Ref: M. Balchanos, Y. Li, and D. Mavris, “Towards a method
for assessing resilience of complex dynamical systems,”
Proc. - 2012 5th Int. Symp. Resilient Control Syst. ISRCS
2012, pp. 155–160, 2012.
48. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience decision-making framework
Define
Resilience
Threats
Data gathering
from historical
events
Hazard/threat
characterization
Impact
Quantification
Determine
acceptable levels
of resilience
Cost-Benefit
Analysis of
Resilience Strategies
Investment
decision-making
49. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience Decision-Making for Power Systems
TT2.1: Resilience
Quantification Metrics
TT2.2: Resilience Assessment
Methods
TT2.3: Resilience Planning and
Decision-making
50. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
What about risk metrics?
Need to adopt these risk-based metrics to get a better idea of
these HILP events and plan for mitigating their impact
51. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Case Studies
53. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
“The best highly reliable organisations know
that they have not experienced all of the
ways that their system can fail…
They also know that they have not deduced
all possible failure modes…
and have a deep appreciation for the
liabilities of overconfidence.”
Karl Weik & Kathleen Sutcliffe, “Managing the Unexpected: Resilient Performance in an Age of Uncertainty”,
2nd Edition, San Francisco, John Wiley & Sons, 2007
Hoboken - New Jersey
54. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
54
Government / Public and Private partnership is
required - Resilience is an emerging topic, being in the
spotlight of system planners and regulators around the world
1
2
3
Modern Society reliance on critical
infrastructure - Cross-sector resilience: requires a whole
systems (“system of systems”) approach and coordination
World has experienced a number of extreme
incidents - Need to move towards a risk-averse decision-
making approach to provide protection against HILP events
Closing comments
Power System Resilience as an engineering
discipline is evolving and will assist in decision
making process
4
Resilient power system is not necessarily one
that is reliable and a reliable one is not
necessarily resilient5
55. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Thank You – Any Questions
56. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Case Studies 1 – Solar Storm
57. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
System GIC flows at (a) 45 and (b) 135 Geo-electric Field
Orientations
Source: Taylor, V. Singhvi1, A. Tarditi1, and M. . Van Harte, “Application of Geomagnetic
58. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Solar Storm Resilience Strategies
Resistance Reliability Redundancy
Response and
Recovery
Infrastructure
Asset
Power transformer is
designed with a 10 Adc
within 30 minutes
New age protection relay
is most susceptible against
harmonic distortion
Annual evaluation of the
GIC impact
Investigate the neutral
blocking devices
Built-in automatic shut
down on grid to prevent
cascading failure
Newer Power Transformer
core design is moved from
5 to 3 limb design
High Power transformer
withstands capability has
been selected
Update the PSS/E models
to conduct GIC simulation
to assess the adequacy
and security constraint.
Nuclear Power Station –
Single phase power
transformer has been
fitted with monitor
instruments
Procure spare T&D
equipment
Transmission networks
are planned and designed
with an (N-1)
deterministic philosophy
Monitor the GIC and E
field at the grid ends
Developed a response and
recovery plan
Developed response
trigger level
Employ two separate alert
stages for failure:
emergency
Mutual assistance groups
and draw upon (MOU)
with Space Agency
People and
Procedure
Emergency and
Contingency plans are
being developed
Limit GPRS data transfer to
SCADA master (Fibre)
Updated analytic models
with recent research
Update Risk Assessment
Impact on telecom. and
power system assessed
Older relay are to be set
to reduce the sensitivity
to harmonic distortion
Commercial procedure
has been initiated to
validate the transformer
design criteria
Conduct protection
scheme response study
Conduct international
review of SA
vulnerabilities and
resilience approach
adopted
Nuclear Power Plant has
conduct beyond design
evaluation to understand
the vulnerabilities and
redial investment and
action plans has been
initiated
Update the Solar Storm
response and recovery
standard operating
guidelines.
Conduct regular training
of control centre staff.
Solar Storm Website
Conduct integrated
national exercise to test
the readiness.
Review the National
Blackout response plans
(technical and company)
59. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Case Studies 2 – Snow Storms
60. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Introduction
• In recent years a number of extreme
snow incidents have occurred that
resulted in interruption of electricity
supply.
– Extreme snow incident in 2012
• The protection of critical infrastructure
against extreme incidents requires an
assessment framework to enhance
disaster preparedness to respond and to
prioritise investment decision making.
• Resiliency of critical infrastructure
requires:
– Defines power system resilience capabilities
and
– assessment framework for assessing
disaster scenarios in terms of the resilience
thinking.
Source: SANS 10280-1:2014
6
3 5
2
4
7
8
19
22
8
30
18
31
26
23
25
24,
36
28
27
11
9 10
12
13,38
39
21
1
15
14
35
3433
32
1617
20
Namibia
Port Nolloth
AtlanticOcean
Springbok
Vredendal
Brandvlei
Calvinia
Northern Cape
Saldanha
Cape Town
Worcester
Swellendam
Mosselbay
Cape Agulhas
Western Cape
Oudtshoorn Uitenhage
Cape St. Francis
Indian Ocean
Port Elizabeth
East London
Bisho
Queenstown
Eastern Cape
29,
37
De Aar
Victoria West
Port Shepstone
Lesotho
Durban
Ladysmith
Ulundi
KwaZulu-Natal
Kroonstad
Bethlehem
Bloemfontein
Free State
Botswana
Upington
Vryburg
Sishen
Kimberley
North West
Mmabatho
Johannesburg
Klerksdorp
Standerton
Gauteng
Pretoria
eMalahleni
Mpumalanga
Mozambique
Swazi-
land
Zimbabwe
Limpopo
Polokwane
Ice load risk area
Legend
Observed radial ice thickness
Light to moderate (up to 20 mm)
Moderate to heavy (20 mm to 40 mm)
Severe (exceeding 40 mm)
Drg.724ab
NOTE Effective radial ice thickness derived from wet snow
density of 0,5
61. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Power System Resilience Assessment Framework
• No standardised framework for assessing
resilience levels and/or evaluating
investment decisions for the electricity
sector
• This sparked interest in researchers about
establishing a common approach to
adopting resilience in a power system
context:
– techniques for assessing resilience could include
using system engineering techniques
– metrics to quantify power system resilience and
relevant enhancement strategies
• Propose a power system resilience assessment
framework for making decisions
62. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Step 1 - 3
• Holling et al. (1973) argue that resilience is a measure of the ability of systems
to endure shocks and maintain the relationships between different elements.
• Different systems are characterized by different scales and the processes
operating within one system may directly or indirectly affect another system.
• Improved understanding of the direct and indirect consequences and cost
elements.
1
• Hazard analysis is determined from historical data or scientific analysis of a hazard in the
study area, considering the following parameters:
i. Likelihood/probability/regularity = How probable is an event to occur in a given
space of time (season)?
ii. Frequency = How often does the hazard present itself in the given unit of
measurement?
iii. Duration = How long does an event take to occur?
iv. Magnitude/intensity = How severe are the hazards affecting the area of
interest/unit of measurement?
2
• Vulnerability analysis determines the exposure of the assets, systems, communities, and
the environment in the study area to the following vulnerability parameters:
i. Economic = describes how exposed and sensitive the economy is.
ii. Social = describes how exposed and sensitive is the social component of society
and its people.
iii. Environmental = describes how exposed and sensitive the environment is to the
particular hazard.
iv. Physical = describes how exposed and sensitive the critical infrastructure
3
63. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Step 4 - 5
• Identifying the most vulnerable areas is the first step in
planning an effective disaster risk reduction programme.
• The UNDP’s disaster risk reduction (DRR) and suggest that
understanding the interaction of hazards, exposure,
vulnerability, and coping capabilities is crucial to effective
disaster risk assessment and investment decision-making.
4
5
Source: M.A Van Harte et al.
64. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Resilience goals measured against resilience strategies
Decision criteria for investment consideration:
Contain impact of the incident;
Coordinate the response and recovery of the
incident;
Compress the restoration time and
Check the different stages of resilience.
65. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Step 6 - 7
• The Hyogo framework suggests that engaging with multiple stakeholders is
required to establish, and form the foundation of, disaster risk reduction
efforts to ensure that the affected community is aware of hazards, risks, and
investment or operational decisions in terms of risk reduction.
• DM Act obligates organs of state to educate, and create awareness
programmes about the disaster scenarios for the affected communities.
6
• Operational and capital investment would consider the disaster risk profiling
and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of risk reduction projects in terms of the
resilience capability triangle (namely absorptive, adaptive, and restorative) for
risk reduction.
• The relationship between resilience capacities and the evaluation of disaster
risk reduction efforts and resilience enhancement strategies have to
demonstrate the prudence of the investment decision.
7
66. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Case Studies 3 – UK wind storms
Source: M Panteli, S Wilkinson, R Dawson and P Mancarella, “Power System Resilience to Extreme Weather: Fragility
Modelling, Probabilistic Impact Assessment, and Adaptation Measures”, IEEE Transactions on Power System
67. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Great Britain transmission network - Reducing
29-bus
Probability density function of regional wind
profiles with wmax=40m/s
An example of the hourly regional wind
profiles with wmax=40m/s
68. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Impact of windstorms on GB transmission
network
Wind fragility curves of transmission lines and towers
A system model has been developed to assess the impact of
windstorms on the resilience of transmission networks. This includes
the fragility modelling of individual towers and lines and the
assessment of resilience to severe windstorms.
69. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Evaluating the wind impact on the test network
Influence of wind on LOLF and EENS as a
function of wmax of each wind profile for the base
case
Generation and transmission lines that went
offline during windstorms with maximum
wind speeds of 40, 50 and 60m/s respectively
70. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
RAWEENS mapping for wmax = 40m/s
71. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Time-dependent resilience indicators
72. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
Research questions
73. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
TT 1: Power System Resilience Definition
• Resilience characteristics and capabilities
– What characteristics and capabilities should a resilient infrastructure
have to withstand an extreme event?
• Resilience objectives and strategies
– What should be the decision criteria for investment decision-
making?
– Which is the optimum set of strategies for reinforcing resilience
(redundancy, robustness, resourcefulness, etc.)?
• Resilience domains
– Which domains should be considered in a cross-sector resilient
analysis (Physical, cyber, critical infrastructure interdependencies,
etc.)?
• Resilience decision-making
• How do we move beyond the traditional reliability investment decision-
making and planning towards a resilience-oriented one?
74. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
TT2.1: Resilience Quantification Metrics
• Characteristics of resilience metrics?
– Time-dependent
– Risk-based (CVaR/VaR), instead of average/expected (e.g.,
EENS)
• Go beyond infrastructure and “electrical” indices?
– E.g., social, environmental, …
• Differentiate between developed and developing
countries?
• Differentiate between rural and urban areas?
75. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
TT2.2: Resilience Assessment Methods
• Fragility assessment of power systems to external shocks
and stresses
– How is this affected by the condition, ageing of an asset, etc.
• Spatio-temporal, stochastic impact quantification
• Capable of handling the outage of multiple assets
(potentially in very short periods), going beyond N-1/N-2
security criteria and contingency analysis
• Dynamic Vs Static approaches
• Cascading analysis of events initiated by extreme events
76. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
TT2.3: Resilience planning
• Risk-averse planning based on optimization of risk
metrics (e.g., CVaR)
• How to cope with the challenge of performing a
traditional CBA for extreme, rare events?
• Go beyond reliability-driven investments (e.g., adding
more and more redundancy) towards adding embedded
flexibility to deal with unexpected, unforeseen events
• Role of regulatory and policy frameworks for enabling
this transition to resilience planning (link to TT3)
77. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
TT3: Regulatory Framework
• How do you define and measure resilience, and what do you define as resilience events,
for practical, regulatory, and “accounting” purposes?
• Operation
– How do you discriminate a “security” event from a “resilience” event?
– How can regulation facilitate a close to real time decision making framework for
relevant stakeholders (e.g., system operator)
– How do you ensure market transparency?
• Planning
– How do you discriminate “reliability (adequacy)” events from “resilience” events?
– How do you coherently measure them?
– How do you incorporate resilience into planning, and what is its relationship with
reliability-based planning?
– What is the most appropriate, implementable methodology for resilience-based cost
benefit analysis?
• How do you economically assess the impact of resilience events (as opposed to reliability)
• What is the most suitable governance for efficient decision making in operational and
planning for resilience events?
78. C4.47 – Power System Resilience Working Group
TT3: Regulatory Framework
• TT3 - Task 6: Interdependencies
– Given the increasing level of complexity and interactions among
sectors, it is critical to move towards a system of systems thinking
and engineering that captures multiple critical infrastructures and
their interdependencies. For example, we should evaluate how
multiple outages in a power system can cascade or escalate to
interdependent infrastructures, for example, water and gas.
• TT3 - Task 7: Regulatory Framework
– The PSR WG has to suggest a regulatory framework and the policy
required to encourage utilities to adopt appropriate operational and
investment decision-making to consider HILP events. The existing
standards provide the guidelines for the former type of event, but
less information and fewer guidelines are provided for the latter
type of event. These should thus be updated, or perhaps amended,
to serve as the baseline for developing networks with built-in
resilience and flexibility.