The document discusses the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It describes their characteristics and functions. Epithelial tissue forms boundaries, connective tissue provides support, muscle tissue enables movement and nervous tissue controls the body. The document also outlines the hierarchical levels of structural organization from cells to organ systems.

1. Tissues

2. Cell
• A cell is the smallest living unit possible of
sustaining life.
• Some organisms can exist as only one cell.
• We as humans are multicellular organisms
made of multiple cells organized into specified
tissues

3. Tissues
• Tissues
– Groups of cells similar in structure that perform
common or related function
• Histology
– Study of tissues

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization. Slide 3
Atoms Molecule Organelle
Smooth muscle cell
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up
of molecules.

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization. Slide 4
Atoms Molecule Organelle
Smooth muscle cell
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up
of molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth muscle tissue

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization. Slide 5
Atoms Molecule Organelle
Smooth muscle cell
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up
of molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization. Slide 6
Atoms Molecule Organelle
Smooth muscle cell
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up
of molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiovascular
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Epithelial
tissue

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization. Slide 7
Atoms Molecule Organelle
Smooth muscle cell
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up
of molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiovascular
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
Organismal level
The human organism is made
up of many organ systems.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Epithelial
tissue

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Types of Primary Tissues
• Epithelial tissue
– Covers
• Connective tissue
– Supports
• Muscle tissue
– Produces movement
• Nerve tissue
– Controls

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• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
Nervous tissue: Internal communication
• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
• Muscles of heart (cardiac)
• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement
Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different
environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
• Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow
organs
• Skin surface (epidermis)
• Bones
• Tendons
• Fat and other soft padding tissue
Connective tissue: Supports, protects, binds
other tissues together
Figure 4.1 Overview of four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

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Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)
• Form boundaries
• Two main types (by location)
– Covering and lining epithelia
• On external and internal surfaces (ie: Skin, Digestive
lining)
– Glandular epithelia
• Secretory tissue in glands

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• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
Nervous tissue: Internal communication
• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
• Muscles of heart (cardiac)
• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement
Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different
environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
• Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow
organs
• Skin surface (epidermis)
• Bones
• Tendons
• Fat and other soft padding tissue
Connective tissue: Supports, protects, binds
other tissues together
Figure 4.1 Overview of four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

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Connective Tissue
• Most abundant and widely distributed of
primary tissues
• Four main classes
– Connective tissue proper
– Cartilage
– Bone
– Blood

14. Figure 40.5ba
Blood
Connective Tissue
Plasma
White
blood cells
55
m
Red blood cells
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
Chondroitin sulfate
100
m
Adipose tissue
Fat droplets
150
m
Bone
Central
canal
Osteon
700
m
Nuclei
Fibrous connective tissue
Elastic fiber
30
m
120
m
Collagenous fiber
Loose connective tissue

15. Muscle Tissue
• Muscle tissue consists of long cells called
muscle fibers, which contract in response to
nerve signals

16. Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits
signals throughout the animal
• Nervous tissue contains
– Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve
impulses
– Glial cells, or glia, that help nourish,
insulate, and replenish neurons
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 1.3d The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Brain
Nerves
Spinal
cord
Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.