This document discusses polyethylene (PE) pipes and the benefits of PE100 pipes in particular. It provides an overview of the history and development of PE pipes, highlighting the introduction of PE100 in the 1990s which offered higher pressures and larger pipes. PE100 pipes combine long-term resistance to internal pressure, mechanical failure, and accidental failure. The document emphasizes the safety, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of PE100 pipes compared to other materials.
High Performance Fibers- Aramid fibers- Their Spinning Techniques-Naveed Ahmed Fassana
A brief introduction of High Performance fibers and spinning techniques through which these fibers are produced are mentioned in these slides. Also there is a brief explanation of Aramid, Kevlar, and Nomex fibers with respect to their properties with the help of graphs etc.
1. The document discusses the recycling of polyester, specifically polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is commonly used in textiles and plastic bottles.
2. Recycled PET (rPET) is considered more environmentally friendly than virgin PET as it uses less energy and emits fewer carbon emissions. rPET can be used to make new textiles, carpets, and sleeping bags.
3. The document then outlines processes for depolymerizing and recycling PET waste through glycolysis. The recycled PET can be used to produce polyester polyols, coatings, textile softeners, and hydrophobic dyes. It can also be used as reinforcement in concrete and to strengthen recycled paper.
Polymer processing involves shaping polymers into usable objects using techniques like extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and thermoforming. Extrusion is commonly used to produce tubes, pipes, sheets, films and other continuous profiles by forcing molten plastic through a die. A single screw extruder has four main zones - feed, compression, metering, and die which plasticize and homogenize the polymer melt before extruding. Extrusion is widely used for compounding plastics and producing a variety of continuous profiles and films. Injection molding injects molten polymer into a closed, cooled mold to solidify into the desired shape.
Learn about the Pultrusion Process WorkTribeniFiber
Pultrusion is a continuous molding process. It gives a sustainable and long-lasting product. Here present the information about the Pultrusion Process Work. Please visit here.
High Performance Fibers- Aramid fibers- Their Spinning Techniques-Naveed Ahmed Fassana
A brief introduction of High Performance fibers and spinning techniques through which these fibers are produced are mentioned in these slides. Also there is a brief explanation of Aramid, Kevlar, and Nomex fibers with respect to their properties with the help of graphs etc.
1. The document discusses the recycling of polyester, specifically polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is commonly used in textiles and plastic bottles.
2. Recycled PET (rPET) is considered more environmentally friendly than virgin PET as it uses less energy and emits fewer carbon emissions. rPET can be used to make new textiles, carpets, and sleeping bags.
3. The document then outlines processes for depolymerizing and recycling PET waste through glycolysis. The recycled PET can be used to produce polyester polyols, coatings, textile softeners, and hydrophobic dyes. It can also be used as reinforcement in concrete and to strengthen recycled paper.
Polymer processing involves shaping polymers into usable objects using techniques like extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and thermoforming. Extrusion is commonly used to produce tubes, pipes, sheets, films and other continuous profiles by forcing molten plastic through a die. A single screw extruder has four main zones - feed, compression, metering, and die which plasticize and homogenize the polymer melt before extruding. Extrusion is widely used for compounding plastics and producing a variety of continuous profiles and films. Injection molding injects molten polymer into a closed, cooled mold to solidify into the desired shape.
Learn about the Pultrusion Process WorkTribeniFiber
Pultrusion is a continuous molding process. It gives a sustainable and long-lasting product. Here present the information about the Pultrusion Process Work. Please visit here.
Polyester fibers are long chain synthetic polymers composed of at least 85% ester units, most commonly polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is produced via the reaction of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Polyester fibers are strong, durable, resistant to moisture and chemicals, and can be manufactured into filaments or staple fibers. They are widely used to make clothing, home furnishings, industrial products, and frequently blended with other fibers like cotton and wool.
This document provides information about 3D knitted fabrics, including their classification, manufacturing methods, properties, machines used, and applications. It discusses two main manufacturing methods - weft and warp knitting. Weft knitting uses one yarn per row to form loops, resulting in elastic but low-thickness fabrics suitable for biomedical uses and composites. Warp knitting interconnects loops using multiple yarns per needle, producing thicker, less elastic fabrics used in composites, military armor, and medical stents. Principles for 3D knits include incomplete rows, patterns with racking, sandwich/spacer fabrics, and integral/seamless knitting techniques.
Polymer Processing( Manufacturing Of Polymer)Haseeb Ahmad
This document discusses various polymer processing techniques including extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and compression molding. It provides definitions and descriptions of each process, diagrams to illustrate the basic steps, and discusses important terms and considerations for each technique. The key components and functioning of extruders and injection molding machines are explained. Examples of common applications for each type of processing are also provided.
PEEK is a colorless, semi-crystalline thermoplastic with excellent mechanical properties that is formed through step-growth polymerization. It has a density of 1.32 g/cm3, glass transition temperature of 143°C, and melting temperature of 343°C. PEEK has high strength, creep resistance, and chemical resistance, making it suitable for applications in industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical implants where it can replace metals like steel. PEEK is synthesized through a step-growth reaction between 4,4-difluorobenzophenone and disodium salt of hydroquinone at 300°C in diphenyl sulfone.
This document discusses polymer matrix composites, which consist of a polymer matrix combined with fibrous reinforcement. It describes the different types of polymer matrices - thermosetting and thermoplastic resins. Thermosetting resins like epoxy, polyester and phenolic polymers form cross-linked networks and do not melt when heated, while thermoplastic polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene and nylon soften when heated. The properties and uses of various thermosetting and thermoplastic resins are outlined. The role of the polymer matrix in a composite is also summarized - to hold fibers together, protect them, distribute loads evenly and enhance mechanical properties.
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of composite materials with constant cross-section.
It is more widely used in industries where there is a continuous demand of the product
Carbon fiber is a strong yet lightweight material made mostly of carbon atoms. It is 5 times stronger than steel but only one-fourth the weight. Carbon fibers are produced from organic polymers like polyacrylonitrile and petroleum pitch through processes involving stabilization, carbonization, and graphitization. The aligned carbon atoms give carbon fiber high strength and stiffness. When combined with resins to form composites, carbon fiber reinforced plastic has applications in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, civil engineering and more due to its high strength-to-weight ratio. While expensive currently, the market for carbon fiber is projected to grow significantly as costs decrease and new applications are found.
Prepreg technology has enabled the evolution of high-speed transportation like trains and ships. This document explains prepreg technology, including how prepregs are made and their properties. Prepregs consist of fibers reinforced with a resin or matrix. They are used in aerospace, marine, sports, and other industries due to benefits like lower weight, higher strength and stiffness than conventional materials. Common prepreg processing methods include vacuum bagging and autoclaving.
A calender is a machine that processes polymer melts into sheets or films using heat and pressure between rollers. It works by softening the polymer and passing it through nips between two or more rollers to form a continuous sheet, with the thickness determined by the gap between the last rollers. Common uses of calendered sheets include flooring, rainwear, wall coverings, and signage. Thermoplastics are well-suited for calendering as they can soften without fully melting. Different roller configurations like I, L, and Z types address issues like separating forces between rollers. Calendering is advantageous for heat-sensitive materials but high capital costs and achieving precise thickness can be challenges
Dyneema is an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fiber that is 15 times stronger than steel but lighter than water. It has extremely high strength, durability, and cut and tear resistance. Some key properties of Dyneema include its high strength yet flexibility, hydrophobicity, low density, abrasion resistance, and fatigue resistance. It is stronger and more cut resistant than other fibers like aramids, polyesters, and polybenzoaxazole due to its molecular structure and gel spinning process.
Glass is a non-crystalline solid made primarily from silica sand, soda ash, and limestone. The most common type of glass is soda-lime glass, composed of around 75% silica. Glass was first developed around 6000 years ago and its properties are still not fully understood. It can be produced in different colors by adding various metal oxides as impurities. Ceramics are materials made from clay and other minerals like quartz, feldspar, and alumina. Traditional ceramics include pottery, bricks, and tiles, while new ceramics have superior mechanical properties. Glasses have a non-crystalline structure and silica-based window glass is the clearest example
Chemical modifications of natural fibres for composite applicationsketki chavan
This seminar report discusses chemical modifications of natural fibres for composite applications. It introduces composites and their constituents such as reinforcement, matrix and interface. It then classifies fibre reinforced composites and discusses market trends for natural fibre reinforced composites in automotive and construction industries. The report examines advantages and disadvantages of natural plant fibres such as flax, hemp and jute compared to conventional fibres. It describes the structure of plant fibres and various physical, biological, nanotechnology and chemical modification techniques to improve mechanical properties and interface bonding of natural fibres in composites. Specific chemical treatments including alkali, silane, acetylation and permanganate treatments are explained along with reaction mechanisms. Case studies on jute
This presentation discusses textile composites. It begins with an introduction of the presenter and the department. The topic is then introduced as textile composites. The contents section outlines what will be covered, including definitions of composites, why they are used, constituents, classifications, manufacturing processes, applications, and properties. Composites are defined as combining two materials where one is usually a textile to produce a new material. They are preferred due to properties like strength, weight, and design flexibility. Composites are classified by their matrix as metal, ceramic, or polymer. Manufacturing processes include hand layup, molding, and filament winding. Applications include aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and more
Fibers Forming Polymers and Polymer StructuresShaikh Alam
Fiber forming polymers are linear macromolecules that are usually suitable for making man-made fibers.
Based on molecular structure its divided by:
linear (end-to-end, flexible, like PVC, nylon)
branched
cross-linked (due to radiation, vulcanization, etc.)
network (similar to highly cross-linked structures)
The matrix material surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions.
The matrix binds the fiber reinforcement, gives the composite component its shape and determines its surface quality. A composite matrix may be a polymer, ceramic, metal or carbon.
The matrix material largely determines the processing method.
Ultra High molecular Polyethylene (UHMwPE).pptxTheSRF
UHMwPE is a type of polyethylene with extremely long molecular chains and high molecular mass between 3.5-7.5 million. It is a very tough, odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic material with the highest impact strength of any thermoplastic. UHMwPE is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, and corrosive chemicals except oxidizing agents, and has extremely low moisture absorbency. The polymerization of UHMWPE was first commercialized in the 1950s, and UHMWPE fibers were commercialized in the late 1970s using a special gel spinning process that results in fibers with over 85% crystallinity and high strength properties. UHMwPE has applications in vehicle and body
Polypropylene fiber is the fourth most popular synthetic fiber. It is made from the polymer polypropylene through processes like gas phase or bulk phase polymerization using catalysts. The fibers are then manufactured through melt spinning and extrusion. Polypropylene fiber has good chemical and physical properties like acid and alkali resistance, low density, and elasticity. However, it has low melting temperature and is difficult to dye. Major applications of polypropylene fiber include nonwovens for products like medical fabrics and construction materials due to its performance and low cost.
Viton is a fluoroelastomer introduced in 1957 for use in the aerospace industry. It has excellent thermal stability and chemical resistance, being usable between -30°C to 280°C. Viton exists as co, ter, and tetra polymers and is commercially available as granular powder or dispersions. It has many applications due to its heat resistance, strength, and resistance to chemicals, hydrocarbons, weathering and oxidation. Research has shown Viton can act as a thermally stable binder and be used to coat magnesium particles to increase their oxidation resistance.
Hossam Rabie is a Quantity Surveyor based in Suez, Egypt with over 14 years of experience. He has worked on various projects in petrochemical plants, LNG plants, power plants, and marine construction. His responsibilities include cost control, progress tracking, payment processing, and project management and reporting. He is proficient in Microsoft Excel, AutoCAD, Primavera P6, and Oracle databases. He holds a degree from Suez Canal University and has references from his work with companies like KBR, Saipem, Subsea7, and Kharafi National.
The document discusses a new polyamide 6 called Akulon XP that has improved processing behavior compared to standard PA6. It has enhanced shear thinning properties that provide a wider processing window when used in multilayer films. This allows improved interlayer stability and reduces issues like neck-in. Akulon XP also provides benefits for processes like thermoforming by allowing more even thickness distribution and higher levels of elongation. The enhanced rheology of Akulon XP makes it suitable for improving the efficiency of various plastic film and part manufacturing processes.
Polyester fibers are long chain synthetic polymers composed of at least 85% ester units, most commonly polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is produced via the reaction of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Polyester fibers are strong, durable, resistant to moisture and chemicals, and can be manufactured into filaments or staple fibers. They are widely used to make clothing, home furnishings, industrial products, and frequently blended with other fibers like cotton and wool.
This document provides information about 3D knitted fabrics, including their classification, manufacturing methods, properties, machines used, and applications. It discusses two main manufacturing methods - weft and warp knitting. Weft knitting uses one yarn per row to form loops, resulting in elastic but low-thickness fabrics suitable for biomedical uses and composites. Warp knitting interconnects loops using multiple yarns per needle, producing thicker, less elastic fabrics used in composites, military armor, and medical stents. Principles for 3D knits include incomplete rows, patterns with racking, sandwich/spacer fabrics, and integral/seamless knitting techniques.
Polymer Processing( Manufacturing Of Polymer)Haseeb Ahmad
This document discusses various polymer processing techniques including extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and compression molding. It provides definitions and descriptions of each process, diagrams to illustrate the basic steps, and discusses important terms and considerations for each technique. The key components and functioning of extruders and injection molding machines are explained. Examples of common applications for each type of processing are also provided.
PEEK is a colorless, semi-crystalline thermoplastic with excellent mechanical properties that is formed through step-growth polymerization. It has a density of 1.32 g/cm3, glass transition temperature of 143°C, and melting temperature of 343°C. PEEK has high strength, creep resistance, and chemical resistance, making it suitable for applications in industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical implants where it can replace metals like steel. PEEK is synthesized through a step-growth reaction between 4,4-difluorobenzophenone and disodium salt of hydroquinone at 300°C in diphenyl sulfone.
This document discusses polymer matrix composites, which consist of a polymer matrix combined with fibrous reinforcement. It describes the different types of polymer matrices - thermosetting and thermoplastic resins. Thermosetting resins like epoxy, polyester and phenolic polymers form cross-linked networks and do not melt when heated, while thermoplastic polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene and nylon soften when heated. The properties and uses of various thermosetting and thermoplastic resins are outlined. The role of the polymer matrix in a composite is also summarized - to hold fibers together, protect them, distribute loads evenly and enhance mechanical properties.
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of composite materials with constant cross-section.
It is more widely used in industries where there is a continuous demand of the product
Carbon fiber is a strong yet lightweight material made mostly of carbon atoms. It is 5 times stronger than steel but only one-fourth the weight. Carbon fibers are produced from organic polymers like polyacrylonitrile and petroleum pitch through processes involving stabilization, carbonization, and graphitization. The aligned carbon atoms give carbon fiber high strength and stiffness. When combined with resins to form composites, carbon fiber reinforced plastic has applications in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, civil engineering and more due to its high strength-to-weight ratio. While expensive currently, the market for carbon fiber is projected to grow significantly as costs decrease and new applications are found.
Prepreg technology has enabled the evolution of high-speed transportation like trains and ships. This document explains prepreg technology, including how prepregs are made and their properties. Prepregs consist of fibers reinforced with a resin or matrix. They are used in aerospace, marine, sports, and other industries due to benefits like lower weight, higher strength and stiffness than conventional materials. Common prepreg processing methods include vacuum bagging and autoclaving.
A calender is a machine that processes polymer melts into sheets or films using heat and pressure between rollers. It works by softening the polymer and passing it through nips between two or more rollers to form a continuous sheet, with the thickness determined by the gap between the last rollers. Common uses of calendered sheets include flooring, rainwear, wall coverings, and signage. Thermoplastics are well-suited for calendering as they can soften without fully melting. Different roller configurations like I, L, and Z types address issues like separating forces between rollers. Calendering is advantageous for heat-sensitive materials but high capital costs and achieving precise thickness can be challenges
Dyneema is an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fiber that is 15 times stronger than steel but lighter than water. It has extremely high strength, durability, and cut and tear resistance. Some key properties of Dyneema include its high strength yet flexibility, hydrophobicity, low density, abrasion resistance, and fatigue resistance. It is stronger and more cut resistant than other fibers like aramids, polyesters, and polybenzoaxazole due to its molecular structure and gel spinning process.
Glass is a non-crystalline solid made primarily from silica sand, soda ash, and limestone. The most common type of glass is soda-lime glass, composed of around 75% silica. Glass was first developed around 6000 years ago and its properties are still not fully understood. It can be produced in different colors by adding various metal oxides as impurities. Ceramics are materials made from clay and other minerals like quartz, feldspar, and alumina. Traditional ceramics include pottery, bricks, and tiles, while new ceramics have superior mechanical properties. Glasses have a non-crystalline structure and silica-based window glass is the clearest example
Chemical modifications of natural fibres for composite applicationsketki chavan
This seminar report discusses chemical modifications of natural fibres for composite applications. It introduces composites and their constituents such as reinforcement, matrix and interface. It then classifies fibre reinforced composites and discusses market trends for natural fibre reinforced composites in automotive and construction industries. The report examines advantages and disadvantages of natural plant fibres such as flax, hemp and jute compared to conventional fibres. It describes the structure of plant fibres and various physical, biological, nanotechnology and chemical modification techniques to improve mechanical properties and interface bonding of natural fibres in composites. Specific chemical treatments including alkali, silane, acetylation and permanganate treatments are explained along with reaction mechanisms. Case studies on jute
This presentation discusses textile composites. It begins with an introduction of the presenter and the department. The topic is then introduced as textile composites. The contents section outlines what will be covered, including definitions of composites, why they are used, constituents, classifications, manufacturing processes, applications, and properties. Composites are defined as combining two materials where one is usually a textile to produce a new material. They are preferred due to properties like strength, weight, and design flexibility. Composites are classified by their matrix as metal, ceramic, or polymer. Manufacturing processes include hand layup, molding, and filament winding. Applications include aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and more
Fibers Forming Polymers and Polymer StructuresShaikh Alam
Fiber forming polymers are linear macromolecules that are usually suitable for making man-made fibers.
Based on molecular structure its divided by:
linear (end-to-end, flexible, like PVC, nylon)
branched
cross-linked (due to radiation, vulcanization, etc.)
network (similar to highly cross-linked structures)
The matrix material surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions.
The matrix binds the fiber reinforcement, gives the composite component its shape and determines its surface quality. A composite matrix may be a polymer, ceramic, metal or carbon.
The matrix material largely determines the processing method.
Ultra High molecular Polyethylene (UHMwPE).pptxTheSRF
UHMwPE is a type of polyethylene with extremely long molecular chains and high molecular mass between 3.5-7.5 million. It is a very tough, odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic material with the highest impact strength of any thermoplastic. UHMwPE is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, and corrosive chemicals except oxidizing agents, and has extremely low moisture absorbency. The polymerization of UHMWPE was first commercialized in the 1950s, and UHMWPE fibers were commercialized in the late 1970s using a special gel spinning process that results in fibers with over 85% crystallinity and high strength properties. UHMwPE has applications in vehicle and body
Polypropylene fiber is the fourth most popular synthetic fiber. It is made from the polymer polypropylene through processes like gas phase or bulk phase polymerization using catalysts. The fibers are then manufactured through melt spinning and extrusion. Polypropylene fiber has good chemical and physical properties like acid and alkali resistance, low density, and elasticity. However, it has low melting temperature and is difficult to dye. Major applications of polypropylene fiber include nonwovens for products like medical fabrics and construction materials due to its performance and low cost.
Viton is a fluoroelastomer introduced in 1957 for use in the aerospace industry. It has excellent thermal stability and chemical resistance, being usable between -30°C to 280°C. Viton exists as co, ter, and tetra polymers and is commercially available as granular powder or dispersions. It has many applications due to its heat resistance, strength, and resistance to chemicals, hydrocarbons, weathering and oxidation. Research has shown Viton can act as a thermally stable binder and be used to coat magnesium particles to increase their oxidation resistance.
Hossam Rabie is a Quantity Surveyor based in Suez, Egypt with over 14 years of experience. He has worked on various projects in petrochemical plants, LNG plants, power plants, and marine construction. His responsibilities include cost control, progress tracking, payment processing, and project management and reporting. He is proficient in Microsoft Excel, AutoCAD, Primavera P6, and Oracle databases. He holds a degree from Suez Canal University and has references from his work with companies like KBR, Saipem, Subsea7, and Kharafi National.
The document discusses a new polyamide 6 called Akulon XP that has improved processing behavior compared to standard PA6. It has enhanced shear thinning properties that provide a wider processing window when used in multilayer films. This allows improved interlayer stability and reduces issues like neck-in. Akulon XP also provides benefits for processes like thermoforming by allowing more even thickness distribution and higher levels of elongation. The enhanced rheology of Akulon XP makes it suitable for improving the efficiency of various plastic film and part manufacturing processes.
The document discusses different types of isomerism including structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. Specific types of structural isomers mentioned include chain isomers, and specific types of stereoisomers mentioned include configurational isomers and conformational isomers. Conformational isomers can be interconverted by rotations about single bonds.
This document discusses polymer structure and composition. It begins by describing natural polymers like wood, cotton and rubber that were originally used. It then discusses the development of synthetic polymers like plastics, rubbers and fibers. Most polymers are hydrocarbons made of carbon and hydrogen. Polymers can have different compositions and structures including linear, branched, cross-linked and network configurations. The properties of a polymer depend on factors like its molecular weight, end-to-end distance, tacticity and crystallinity. Common techniques for characterizing polymers include determining the number average and weight average molecular weights.
Polyethylene – its properties and uses. Polyethylene is one of the most commonly used engineering plastics. Its chemical resistance properties and ease of fabrication makes
it popular in the chemical industries. Its molecular structure provides the key to its versatility.
This document discusses linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) films and the role of additives in LLDPE films. It provides background on the production of polyethylene through different processes. It then focuses on LLDPE, describing its production methods, physical characteristics, and common uses in packaging films. The document outlines various types of additives used in LLDPE films, specifically mentioning antioxidants and masterbatches, which are concentrates of additives that enhance polymer properties for specific applications.
The document introduces FLEMION F-9060, a new membrane from AGC with the lowest voltage. F-9060 shows a voltage 40mV lower than the previous standard F-9010 in commercial plants. It also has high CE stability. Testing in laboratories shows F-9060 has both the lowest voltage and highest CE, as well as a wider operational temperature range than F-9010, especially at higher temperatures and current densities. This makes it suitable for zero-gap electrolyzers. F-9060 demonstrates high durability against impurities in brine and resistance to nickel staining, important for long-term performance under high current density operation.
The document introduces FLEMIONTM F-9010 membrane as having lower voltage, wider operational range, and higher robustness and durability against brine impurities compared to previous membranes. It provides details on the key technologies that enable its performance advantages, including a new cloth with reduced shadow influence, optimized polymer, and improved coating. Performance data from commercial electrolyzers demonstrates the voltage and efficiency improvements delivered by the F-9010 membrane.
The document discusses the history and development of PEEK as a biomaterial for dental implants. PEEK was first commercialized in the 1980s for industrial applications due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties. Research into biomedical applications began in the 1990s, with PEEK approved for long-term implantation in 1997. Since then, PEEK usage has increased significantly in neurosurgery and orthopedics. The document outlines the advantages of PEEK implants over titanium, including being non-allergenic, radiolucent, and isoelastic to bone. Fundamental research studies on PEEK implants in animals and models show osseointegration and appropriate stress distribution. Clinical cases demonstrate successful long-term outcomes with PEEK
The document discusses KEMET's EMI film capacitors and DC link film capacitors for various applications. It provides an overview of EMI capacitors and their purpose in noise filtering. It then focuses on KEMET's heavy duty F862 and F863 series that offer improved stability and safety performance for harsh environments. The document also introduces KEMET's C4AE and C4AQ boxed DC link capacitors that provide long life and stability up to 105°C, with C4AQ offering additional AEC-Q200 qualification. Common applications discussed include motor drives, inverters, electric vehicles, and charging stations.
The document summarizes Ben Reyngoud's PhD research project on developing a novel hybrid material for high-temperature industrial pipes. The hybrid material consists of a stainless steel liner reinforced externally with tungsten wire. This is intended to improve upon the current use of nickel-based superalloys alone. The research focuses on extracting desirable properties from each component and developing a new creep testing method to evaluate the hybrid material's performance. Initial results from unreinforced and reinforced pipe rupture tests at simulated service conditions are also presented.
This document provides information on characteristics and properties of PPRC piping systems. It includes tables showing operational pressures and service life at various temperatures for PN 10, PN 16, and PN 20 pipe ratings. The document also discusses the 4-step socket fusion welding process, supports and spacing for PPRC vs stainless steel pipes, and installation of polymer pipes. Additional sections cover plumbing concerns and benefits of PPRC piping for various stakeholders.
The document discusses KEMET's EMI film capacitors and DC link film capacitors. It provides an overview of their purpose, features, applications, and key product lines. The F862 and F863 EMI film capacitors offer improved stability and safety for noise filtering applications even under harsh conditions. The C4AE and C4AQ boxed DC link capacitors are designed for applications like motor drives, inverters, and electric vehicles due to their long lifetime, stability, and AEC-Q200 qualification.
The Effect of Coating and Potting on the Reliability of QFN devicesGreg Caswell
1) QFN packages have a higher susceptibility to failures caused by thermal cycling compared to other packages like QFP and BGA due to a higher CTE mismatch between the silicon die and substrate.
2) The use of conformal coatings and pottings can significantly reduce the thermal cycling lifetime of QFN packages. Conformal coatings can infiltrate under the package and induce lift during temperature cycling. Pottings with high CTE and modulus can cause warpage of the PCB and high stresses on solder joints.
3) For reliable use of coatings and pottings with QFNs, the mechanical properties like CTE, modulus and Tg must be carefully chosen to minimize stresses and warpage during
The Effect of Coating and Potting on the Reliability of QFN DevicesCheryl Tulkoff
The document discusses how coating and potting can affect the reliability of QFN devices under thermal cycling. QFN packages are more susceptible to failures from coating and potting due to their small size and lack of leads. One study found that a conformal coating reduced the lifetime of QFN devices from 2000-2500 cycles to 300-700 cycles under thermal cycling. This was due to the coating increasing stresses on the solder joints during temperature changes. Similarly, a potting compound caused warpage of PCBs and excessive creep of solder joints, leading to failures in the first 100 cycles. Proper selection of coating and potting materials as well as device packaging is necessary to avoid reducing the lifetime of QFN devices.
This document discusses using cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs) to enhance thermoforming of polyolefin films. COCs improve properties like dimensional stability, transparency, and heat resistance compared to traditional polyolefins. Testing showed that incorporating COCs into polyolefin films via monolayer blends or discrete multilayer structures improved properties of thermoformed parts like reduced gauge variation, increased bottom thickness and corner thickness, and higher puncture resistance and energy absorption. The discrete multilayer structures provided better mechanical properties than equivalent monolayer blends, with benefits increasing with higher COC content.
Teknik menjawab Fizik SPM 2... more detailCikgu Pejal
1. The document provides information about the Physics Paper 2 workshop, including analysis of past year essay questions from 2004-2010. 2. It outlines the format of Sections B and C of the paper, including the constructs assessed, marking schemes, and example questions. 3. Guidelines are given for conceptualization in Section B and decision making in Section C, with examples of answers and marking schemes provided.
A presentation by Mike Vincent, petroleum engineer and consultant with Insight Consulting, delivered in early May 2014 at an SPE local chapter meeting in Horseheads, NY. Mike reveals a great deal of information learned over the past 10 years or so of active hydraulic fracturing of shale wells across the U.S. These slides are loaded with hints, tips and superb data to help those in the industry do a better job with fracing and refracing.
Trustin Pipe Brochure designed by Balikpapandesign.comMuhammad Iwan
This document discusses HDPE pipe produced by Eurapipe Indonesia for water, process, industrial, and mining applications. It provides information on:
- Eurapipe Indonesia's production of HDPE pipe from 15mm to 1000mm diameter for transmission and distribution applications.
- Jointing methods for HDPE pipe including butt welding, electrofusion, flanges, and mechanical couplings.
- Applications of HDPE pipe in water/wastewater infrastructure, mining/mineral processing, and industrial uses.
- Advantages of HDPE pipe including corrosion resistance, flexibility, impact resistance, smooth bore, and lightweight.
Fracture and failure analyses of plastics and reinforced plasticsPadmanabhan Krishnan
This ppt describes the structure property correlationship between structure, microstructure and the observed properties of plastics and reinforced plastics./ Fracture , failure analysis and fractography are discussed in details.
This presentation addresses innovative solutions for creating multi-layer tubing systems for automotive fuel lines. It also describes the construction and performance of the SUNBESTA-ZV 3-layer tube system. For more information, go to www.agcchem.com or call 800-424-7833. You can also follow AGC on Twitter @AGCChem_Amer. Thanks for viewing!
This is regarding the installation in the building signs and the content will cover the effects of insulation in different buildings it also contains a lot of pictures to help readers understand the materials
The document is about Encap Systems, a company that provides encapsulating and protective coating systems for buildings. It discusses issues with water intrusion in structures and how Encap's cementitious coating system addresses these issues. The coating system is approved in all 50 US states, is moisture resistant yet breathable, and has an extensive track record of projects. Potential projects discussed include using the coating system for EnviroTubes and gabion baskets.
The World's only Double Contact Flipper Gasket for Sliding Sash Windows - Tec...Coastal Joinery Hardware
A white premium quality Tempo sliding sash double flipper seal with a closed cell micro foam for ensuring that no water absorption is possible, coupled with good aesthetics and no wavy effects post installation.
Feature a rigid back for easy installation and to prevent stretching.
The closed cell foam and hollow chamber gives a high tolerance and an acoustic value of 40dB.
Easy creation of gasket by means of notches with the SPVT tool.
Working temperature -40°C - +120°C.
Colour Stable, Ultra-Violet and Ozone resistant, and conform to the requirement set out for the fire resistant products pursuant to DIN 18095.
The high quality material is compatible with thinned acrylic paints and alkyd resin paints containing conventional solvents.*
*Paints and coatings of which the properties are unknown must be tested for compatibility in contact with the weatherseals.
Qualitrol is happy to announce the introduction of our on-line Bushing Monitoring system for power transformers. Bushings regularly fail and can cause catastrophic damage.
You can learn more about Bushing Monitoring from Qualitrol by going here, https://www.qualitrolcorp.com/products/bushing-monitoring/
Conformal Coating is applied to circuit cards to provide a dielectric layer on an electronic board. This layer functions as a membrane between the board and the environment. With this coating in place, the circuit card can withstand more moisture by increasing the surface resistance or surface insulation resistance (SIR). With a higher SIR board, the risk of problems such as cross talk, electrical leakage, intermittent signal losses, and shorting is reduced.
This reduction in moisture will also help to reduce metallic growth called dendrites and corrosion or oxidation. Conformal coating will also serve to shield a circuit card from dust, dirt and pollutants that can carry moisture and may be acidic or alkaline.
There are several types of conformal coating materials and the selection of one for your application must consider several variables. Silicones, polyurethanes, acrylics, epoxies and some of the newer hydrophilic materials offer many options to the user. However, the incorrect selection can result in huge problems with your CCA. For example, if you use silicone as your conformal coating material in a high sulfur environment, the silicone absorbs the sulfur and enhances the probability of silver migration on chip resistors and other forms of corrosion.
Similar to Sabic pe100 and_pe100plus_materials_and_pipesho (20)
1. don‘t crack under pressure
PE100 and PE100+
Materials and Pipes
Citypipe, Moscow
June 2010
O. Anisimova, PE100+ Association
2. PE pipes - Impressive track record
1950’s - first PE pressure pipe installed
1970’s - 2nd generation PE for water and gas
- crosslinked PE (PEX) for hot water
1990’s - bimodal PE100 introduced (RCP, creep
resistance)
- higher pressures and larger pipes
- PO pipe markets growing
2000 - high momentum and market needs …
raising the technological barrier.
don‘t crack under pressure PE100+Association 06 2010 2
3. Key success factor for PE pipes
• Flexibility - Long lengths in coils, Curving
trenches
• Light weighting
• Ease to install - Modern installation techniques
(relining, HDD,…)
• Cost effective butt welding, safe and practical
electro fusion
• Leak tight pipeline (Earthquakes, ground move)
• No corrosion
• Innovation through new generations
• High level of standards
• Safe for gas transportation
• Environmentally friendly
• …
don‘t crack under pressure PE100+Association 06 2010 3
4. PE100: combining 3 key properties
DESIGN
Long term resistance
to internal pressure
Long term resistance Minimisation of damage
To mechanical failure in case of accidental failure
INSTALLATION SAFETY
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 4
6. What is a PE100 Material ?
Ductile failure
20 °C
A pipe material
stress (MPa)
LTHS correctly tested
10 MRS according to ISO9080
for up to 9000h at 80°C
without knee gives a
statistically valid
80 °C extrapolation at 20°C of
9000h*100 = 900.000h =
Brittle Failure
100 years
50 yrs 100 yrs
Failure time
1 10 100 1000 10000 1000000
10000
0
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7. Environmental Stress Cracking
Resistance / ESCR
• What is Environmental Stress Cracking / ESC (= Slow Crack
Growth / SCG?)
– long term ageing process leading to brittle failure
– accelerated by scratches and stones
• How is the resistance to ESC measured?
– Appearance of ‘knee’ in regression curves
(realistic but expensive + time consuming)
– Notch test:
Standard laboratory test on notched pipes - ESC accelerated by
stress concentration in notch
– Test with accelerating agents
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8. ESCR: How is it measured?
Notched Pipe Test
4 equi-spaced notches around circumference.
Remaining wall thickness: 78 - 82 % of wall thickness
A Test Requirements
Test
PE-class Test temp. Hoopstress period
O
C MPa h
Pipe end caps A
PE80 80 4.0 500
Position of minimum
wall thickness
PE100 80 4.6 500
Section A-A
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9. Rapid Crack Propagation / RCP
What is RCP?
Under adverse conditions of high pressure and/or low
temperature an impact on a pressurised pipe may lead to
a fast running crack possibly hundreds of meters
long
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10. WHY PE100 ?
PREPARED FOR THE UNEXPECTED !
• RAPID CRACK
PROPAGATION
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11. Rapid Crack Propagation / RCP
Crack Length S4 Test results (0 °C) - ISO 13477
Crack propagation
MDPE PE100
Crack arrest
4 > 24
Equivalent gas network pressure ( bar )
Use of MDPE limited to 4 bar
No RCP risk with PE100 for pressures of up to 24 bar
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12. THE ORIGIN OF PE100 PROPERTIES
• POLYETHYLENE IS A SEMICRYSTALLINE
POLYMER, CONTAINING A CRISTALLINE
PHASE AND AN AMORPHOUS PHASE.
• PE100 CORRESPONDS TO THE
SELECTIVE REINFORCING OF THE
AMORPHOUS PHASE BY BRANCHING
AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT CONTROL
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14. Advantages of the Bimodal Process
Reactor 1 Reactor 2
Low Mw PE linear structures HMW PE with shot chain
branching
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15. Long term stress – Tie Molecules
A PE
Spherulite
Fibrils are kept together by the amorphous region, where
molecules are entangled with formation of physical bonds
(3
)
The tie molecules and their
entanglements are responsible for (2
passing the stress into the crystals. )
(2) Under low-level stress, tie molecules
begin to stretch and relax, then they
begin to untangle.
(3) Ultimately, the few remaining tie
molecules can no more support the load,
and as a result the material fails in a
brittle manner
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16. IMPROVING Environmental
Stress Cracking Resistance
The best way to increase the stress cracking
resistance
is to work on tie molecules
Very complex process, requiring advanced skills and
mastery in material design through careful
control of the polymerization process
Only a consistent quality control across production
chain, from raw materials to pipes, can give
assurance of pipe durability and its long term
performance
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17. Ahead of Standardisation
• On technical level, the PE100+ Association has the
objective to be at the forefront
• On ISO level, norms exist for water and gas pipes in PE –
on CEN as well
• The Association always seek :
– to set requirements for reliable PE 100 materials
– to install neutral quality control scheme
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18. Water networks…
Sewers and water networks in cities all over the world are ageing
and in some places are malfunctioning
Water distribution network performances
Country Italy Germany UK France
Leaks (%) 38-45 8-15 15-16 20-22
AGICI source 2008
Necessity of replacement or rehabilitation of old pipe networks in
the ground of cities…
One simple reason to make the good choice
• « NOT RICH ENOUGH TO PAY TWICE IN A LIFETIME »
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 18
19. Organoleptic and Health Requirements
Pipes cannot give any negative change to the quality of Drinking Water
WHO GUARANTEES QUALITY OF A DRINKING WATER PIPE ?
• We certify the use of approved additives
• We check the quality of raw materials
• We adopt dedicated specifications for
production of drinking water material
• We control the organoleptic properties of
our finished material
• An organoleptic material converted into an
organoleptic pipe
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20. PE100 . Max safety at lower cost
Pipe SDR Max Relative Relative
Material pressure weight of cost of pipe
pipe (estim.)
PE80 11 10 bar 100 % 100 %
PE100 17 10 bar 66 % 75 %
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21. Spain case study: PE100 bring value
Gas Distribution network
Relative cost for a 8 bar pipeline
Size 20-40 63 - 315 > 315
100
Material PE80 PE100 Steel
80
SDR 11 17.6 - 60
Pressure 4 bar 4 bar - 40
(MOP 6)
20
TOTAL SAVING with respect to Steel 1.5 M€/y
0
Steel PE100
Gas Natural PE gas network
30000
PE100 use for 8 bar
pipelines save 30% cost
20000
with respect to Steel
km
10000
Source : Gas Natural
0
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 21
22. TOTAL COSTS COMPARISON
Steel 16 bar vs. PE100 10 bar
Würzburg / Germany - Thüga
100
90
80
70
Index (%)
60
Laying cost
50
40 Material cost
30
20
10
0
Steel PE100
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 22
23. PE SAFE OPTION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES RESISTANCE OF PE GAS NETWORK
Year Country - City Magnitude Length of PE Damages to PE
(Richter) network network
1993 Japan – 7.8 155 km 0
Kushiro
1994 USA – 6.8 58000 km (41 27 (5% of total)
Northridge CA % of total)
1995 Japan - Kobe 7.2 >20000 km 0 (total 26.500)
1999 Colombia - 5.9 115 km 0
Armenia
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24. Gas with PE100 . Max safety at lower cost
Pipe Material SDR Max Relative Relative cost
pressure weight of of pipe
pipe (estim.)
PE80 11 4 bar 100 % 100 %
PE100 17 6 bar 66 % 87 %
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 24
25. Advantages by fully compounded materials
• Material and standards specifically designed in
collaboration with gas and water industry
• Directly compounded in the production plant, before
testing
• “Ready made” compounds are tested by the raw
material supplier over a long period of time to
demonstrate compliance with the MRS value
• Tough quality control in plant, lab and independent
institutes
• Large use and availability, meeting the most severe
quality specifications.
• Traceability of raw materials in case of claims
• Ready made compounds have proven to deliver high
quality and consistency levels.
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 25
26. Three major geographical markets
for HDPE pipe world wide
4010 kT 4992 kT
NE Asia
W. Europe NE Asia W. Europe
Europe Europe
1317 kT 1646 kT
C&E-EU+Rus C&E-EU+Rus
N. America
N. America
2008 2013
N. America S. America N. America S. America Africa
Africa SE Asia
NE Asia Middle East SE Asia NE Asia Middle East
Ind. Sub. Cont. W. Europe
C&E-EU+Rus Ind. Sub. Cont. W. Europe C&E-EU+Rus
The global HDPE Pipe market will grow close to 25% in 5 years
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 26
27. European HDPE Pipe market grows
with >300 Kt up to 2013
75 % of the growth will be in C&E-EU+RUS
1800
+ 329 kt
1600
1400
volume [kt]
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
W.EU C&E-EU+Rus Total Europe
European growth is mainly concentrated in C&E-EU+CIS countries
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 27
28. European HDPE pressure
pipe market outlook
1 800 80
PE-100 will gain market share of >70 % from 2013
1 600 Overall growth period 2008-2013: 5-6% p.a. 70
PE 100 grows 10-12 %
1 400 PE80 mono mod will vanish 60
1 200
50
Market [kt]
Share [%]
1 000
40
800
30
600
20
400
200 10
0 0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Total EU Pipe market PE100 PE80 total PE100 share PE80 mono-mod PE80 bi-mod
PE100 share will grow >70%, however PE80 bi-mod will stay
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 28
29. PE100: a successful value proposition
Clear advantages offered by PE100 trough life-cycle of pipes :
1. Present Value: Cost advantages over other conventional
materials (Steel, PE80, Ductile Iron, …)
2. Lifetime: 100 yrs extrapolation in creep resistance
3. Quality cost: Pre-compounded materials simplified quality
control – Highest Quality consistency
4. Maintenance: No maintenance except third party damage
5. Failures: Minimal failure rate
6. Provisions: No replacement needed before at least 50
years
7. Operations: Excellent hydraulic performance, pressure
increase possible, easy extension, trenchless options with
cost benefits associated
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 29
30. Added value of PE100 PIPES to industry
• Continuous Development
PE100 pipes - worldwide recognized tool to improve
access to drinking water, sanitation, energy;
Improving millions people life around the world
• Delivering Safety
PE100 pipes proven safe and reliability for gas transport
and water supply, and now more prefered choice of
major European gas companies
• Addind Value
PE100 provide enhanced value to plastics pipes,
allowing effective replacement of traditional materials.
Complete industry built around – PE does what other
materials can’t do
Creating trust through high quality standards and correct industrial
practices along supply chain while promoting high material quality
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 30
31. don‘t crack under pressure
Thank you for your attention
don‘t crack under pressure 06/2010 31