The document discusses the history and objectives of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It notes that SAARC was established in 1985 with 8 member countries. Its objectives include promoting mutual trust and cooperation across South Asia in economic, social, cultural and other fields. Initially, SAARC focused on reducing barriers to intra-regional trade through agreements like the South Asian Preferential Trading Agreement. More recently, SAARC has worked to establish a South Asian Free Trade Area to further liberalize trade between members. While SAARC has had some successes, such as creating forums for dialogue, it has also faced challenges in achieving tangible economic results and remains limited by a lack of resources.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization consisting of 8 countries in Southern Asia established in 1985. It aims to accelerate economic and social development in member states. Key objectives include promoting welfare, economic growth, and collective self-reliance. The secretariat is located in Kathmandu and coordinates implementation of activities.
SAARC(South asian asociation of regional cooperationHARSH GOSWAMI
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 with the goal of promoting economic and social progress in South Asia. It has 8 member countries and focuses on increasing collaboration in areas like agriculture, education, and trade. In 2004, the members agreed to form the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) to reduce tariffs and promote free trade among the region by 2012. SAARC has also granted observer status to several countries and organizations to strengthen cooperation.
South asian association for regional cooperationSonali Garwal
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical organization consisting of 8 countries in South Asia. It was established in 1985 in Dhaka with the goal of promoting regional cooperation. The secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. Afghanistan joined in 2007 as the 8th member. The 17th SAARC Summit was held in Addu City, Maldives in 2011 and focused on themes like trade, transport, security issues, and gender equality. Plans for the 18th SAARC Summit are forthcoming.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1985 in Dhaka by seven South Asian nations to promote economic and regional integration. Its founding members were Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan later joined in 2005. The key objectives of SAARC are to accelerate economic growth, promote welfare and improve the quality of life in South Asia. Its secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.
SAARC is an economic and political organization established in 1985 with 8 member states and over 1.5 billion people. It aims to accelerate economic and social development through cooperation in areas like agriculture, rural development, and health. Major agreements include the SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) and the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) to promote regional trade. However, SAARC has been criticized for avoiding decisive political issues and having limited effectiveness in integrating South Asia.
The document provides information on three regional economic agreements:
NAFTA, SAARC, and ASEAN. NAFTA was signed in 1993 between the US, Canada, and Mexico to eliminate trade barriers and tariffs between the countries. SAARC was established in 1985 between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to improve economic development and quality of life. ASEAN was founded in 1967 between Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to accelerate economic growth and raise living standards, and has since expanded to include more countries.
The document discusses the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), an organization of South Asian countries formed in 1985 with the purpose of promoting economic, technical, social, and cultural development. SAARC's headquarters is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. The document also discusses the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement signed in 2004 to create a free trade area among SAARC member states and gradually reduce customs duties on all traded goods to zero by 2016.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization consisting of 8 countries in Southern Asia established in 1985. It aims to accelerate economic and social development in member states. Key objectives include promoting welfare, economic growth, and collective self-reliance. The secretariat is located in Kathmandu and coordinates implementation of activities.
SAARC(South asian asociation of regional cooperationHARSH GOSWAMI
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 with the goal of promoting economic and social progress in South Asia. It has 8 member countries and focuses on increasing collaboration in areas like agriculture, education, and trade. In 2004, the members agreed to form the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) to reduce tariffs and promote free trade among the region by 2012. SAARC has also granted observer status to several countries and organizations to strengthen cooperation.
South asian association for regional cooperationSonali Garwal
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical organization consisting of 8 countries in South Asia. It was established in 1985 in Dhaka with the goal of promoting regional cooperation. The secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. Afghanistan joined in 2007 as the 8th member. The 17th SAARC Summit was held in Addu City, Maldives in 2011 and focused on themes like trade, transport, security issues, and gender equality. Plans for the 18th SAARC Summit are forthcoming.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1985 in Dhaka by seven South Asian nations to promote economic and regional integration. Its founding members were Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan later joined in 2005. The key objectives of SAARC are to accelerate economic growth, promote welfare and improve the quality of life in South Asia. Its secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.
SAARC is an economic and political organization established in 1985 with 8 member states and over 1.5 billion people. It aims to accelerate economic and social development through cooperation in areas like agriculture, rural development, and health. Major agreements include the SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) and the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) to promote regional trade. However, SAARC has been criticized for avoiding decisive political issues and having limited effectiveness in integrating South Asia.
The document provides information on three regional economic agreements:
NAFTA, SAARC, and ASEAN. NAFTA was signed in 1993 between the US, Canada, and Mexico to eliminate trade barriers and tariffs between the countries. SAARC was established in 1985 between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to improve economic development and quality of life. ASEAN was founded in 1967 between Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to accelerate economic growth and raise living standards, and has since expanded to include more countries.
The document discusses the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), an organization of South Asian countries formed in 1985 with the purpose of promoting economic, technical, social, and cultural development. SAARC's headquarters is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. The document also discusses the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement signed in 2004 to create a free trade area among SAARC member states and gradually reduce customs duties on all traded goods to zero by 2016.
The document provides an overview of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It discusses that SAARC was established in 1985 to promote economic and social progress among countries in South Asia. It outlines the history and founding of SAARC, lists its 8 member countries, and explains its objectives to accelerate economic growth and improve quality of life. The document also summarizes SAARC's organizational structure including its secretariat in Nepal and various centers, and notes challenges to furthering cooperation among members.
SAARC is an economic and political organization established in 1985 by 8 South Asian countries. Its objectives are to accelerate economic growth and social progress in member states. SAARC has an organizational structure including a Council of heads of government, Council of Ministers, and various committees. It aims to promote cooperation in areas like agriculture, education, and transportation. While SAARC has had some successes, full economic integration has faced challenges and its potential remains largely untapped.
The document provides information about SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), a regional intergovernmental organization comprising 8 South Asian nations. It discusses SAARC's history, formation in 1985 to promote economic and regional integration, objectives of collective progress and cooperation. Key details include SAARC's symbol depicting territorial integrity and peaceful dispute resolution, 9 observer countries, and various economic and social goals. Centers and recognized bodies supporting different areas are also mentioned. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), an intergovernmental organization of 8 South Asian nations. It was established in 1985 to promote economic and social progress in South Asia. SAARC focuses on areas like agriculture, trade, tourism, and more. Notable agreements include establishing the South Asian Free Trade Area to reduce customs duties between members and promoting regional cooperation in trade, finance, and economic matters. The organization aims to accelerate economic growth across South Asia.
SAARC ( South Asian Association Regional Cooperation )hiteshkrohra
This document provides an overview of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It discusses the history and establishment of SAARC in 1985. It outlines the organizational structure of SAARC including its governing bodies like the Council, Council of Ministers, Standing Committee, and Secretariat. It also summarizes SAARC's key areas of cooperation such as trade, agriculture, education, and its agreements, declarations, and conventions on issues like customs cooperation, taxation, terrorism, and human trafficking.
The document discusses the history and objectives of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation). It was established in 1985 by Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to promote economic and social progress among member countries. The objectives include improving living standards, accelerating economic growth through cooperation, and fostering mutual understanding. Trade among SAARC countries is currently less than 5% of total trade in the region. Efforts are being made to reduce barriers and eventually form a South Asian Economic Union.
SAARC is an intergovernmental organization of 8 South Asian nations established in 1985. It aims to promote economic and regional integration. Key achievements include establishing SAFTA to reduce customs duties and the SAARC visa exemption scheme. However, political differences between members like India and Pakistan have hindered cooperation. Inequality among members and lack of infrastructure also pose challenges to realizing SAARC's economic goals.
SAARC is an organization dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development in South Asia. Its eight members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. The organization aims to promote collective self-reliance and improve quality of life through cooperation in 11 areas. However, SAARC has failed to achieve many of its objectives due to its policy of non-interference, political deadlocks between members like India and Pakistan, and geopolitical considerations outweighing cooperation on issues.
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - SAARC - International Busi...manumelwin
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical union of eight member nations that are primarily located in South asia contingent. Its secretariat is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.
SAARC is an economic and political organization established in 1985 between 8 South Asian countries - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives and Afghanistan. Its objectives include promoting economic growth, social progress, cultural development and collective self-reliance among member states. Key aspects of SAARC include the Secretariat established in Kathmandu, the Integrated Programme of Action covering areas like agriculture and health, and agreements like SAFTA establishing a free trade area across South Asia. Major countries and organizations have been granted observer status to SAARC.
This document provides an overview of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It discusses that SAARC was established in 1985 with 7 founding members and aims to promote economic and regional integration. Key areas of cooperation include agriculture, rural development, health and more. It outlines the principles of SAARC including sovereignty and non-interference. Challenges to SAARC include political tensions between members like India and Pakistan as well as a lack of infrastructure connectivity.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization between 8 countries in South Asia. It was established in 1985 in Bangladesh to promote cooperation in areas such as agriculture, trade, tourism, and more. The member countries are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The SAARC Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. Some objectives of SAARC include accelerating economic growth, promoting mutual trust, and strengthening cooperation among member states in international forums. Key bodies under SAARC include the Council of Ministers, Standing Committee, and Technical Committees. SAARC summits are held annually for the leaders of member states to discuss regional
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical organization consisting of 8 member countries in South Asia. SAARC was established in 1985 with the goal of promoting economic and social progress in the region. Its key objectives are accelerating economic growth, improving living standards, and strengthening collective self-reliance among member states. SAARC operates on principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-interference in internal affairs. It facilitates cooperation across areas like agriculture, education, energy, health and more through various institutional bodies and regional centers.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization formed in 1985 with 8 member states in South Asia. It aims to improve cooperation and mutual understanding between the countries. While it has had some successes like trade agreements, SAARC has also faced challenges like political disputes hindering cooperation and each country's desire to dominate. For SAARC to reach its full potential, issues like the India-Pakistan Kashmir dispute would need to be resolved and countries would need to work together more collaboratively.
I prepared this presentation for the end of semester. You can use it as you find it helpful.
Currently I am creating ElifNotes ( https://elifnotes.com ) for students looking help in English Literature studies.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising 8 countries of South Asia established in 1985. The document provides an overview of SAARC including its structure, history, functions, summits, member countries, objectives and agenda for developing a South Asian Economic Union by 2010. It concludes that SAARC countries must cooperate to foster peace, prosperity and implement plans to institutionalize an economic union by 2010 for the benefit of over 1.5 billion people in the region.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization founded in 1985 by 8 countries of South Asia. It aims to promote economic and social progress, cultural development, and strengthen cooperation among its members. Its highest body is the SAARC Summit held biennially, with the most recent 19th summit scheduled for Pakistan in 2016. ASEAN was established in 1967 by 5 countries and has since expanded to 10 members. It seeks to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development among its members and promote regional peace and stability. It has various councils and communities that work on economic, political, and socio-cultural issues.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization established in 1985 with 8 member countries in South Asia. It aims to promote economic and regional cooperation among the countries. Key areas of cooperation include agriculture, rural development, science and technology, health, and poverty alleviation. SAARC has signed several conventions on issues like terrorism, narcotics, and mutual legal assistance. However, it faces challenges like internal disputes between members and a lack of resources and technologies.
The document provides information about SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), including its objectives to promote welfare and accelerate economic growth among South Asian countries. It details SAARC's organizational structure including various councils and committees. It also discusses SAPTA (SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement), noting that while its goal is to promote intra-regional trade, political conflicts like those between India and Pakistan have limited its effectiveness. India's trade and investment relationships within SAARC are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It discusses that SAARC was established in 1985 to promote economic and social progress among countries in South Asia. It outlines the history and founding of SAARC, lists its 8 member countries, and explains its objectives to accelerate economic growth and improve quality of life. The document also summarizes SAARC's organizational structure including its secretariat in Nepal and various centers, and notes challenges to furthering cooperation among members.
SAARC is an economic and political organization established in 1985 by 8 South Asian countries. Its objectives are to accelerate economic growth and social progress in member states. SAARC has an organizational structure including a Council of heads of government, Council of Ministers, and various committees. It aims to promote cooperation in areas like agriculture, education, and transportation. While SAARC has had some successes, full economic integration has faced challenges and its potential remains largely untapped.
The document provides information about SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), a regional intergovernmental organization comprising 8 South Asian nations. It discusses SAARC's history, formation in 1985 to promote economic and regional integration, objectives of collective progress and cooperation. Key details include SAARC's symbol depicting territorial integrity and peaceful dispute resolution, 9 observer countries, and various economic and social goals. Centers and recognized bodies supporting different areas are also mentioned. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), an intergovernmental organization of 8 South Asian nations. It was established in 1985 to promote economic and social progress in South Asia. SAARC focuses on areas like agriculture, trade, tourism, and more. Notable agreements include establishing the South Asian Free Trade Area to reduce customs duties between members and promoting regional cooperation in trade, finance, and economic matters. The organization aims to accelerate economic growth across South Asia.
SAARC ( South Asian Association Regional Cooperation )hiteshkrohra
This document provides an overview of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It discusses the history and establishment of SAARC in 1985. It outlines the organizational structure of SAARC including its governing bodies like the Council, Council of Ministers, Standing Committee, and Secretariat. It also summarizes SAARC's key areas of cooperation such as trade, agriculture, education, and its agreements, declarations, and conventions on issues like customs cooperation, taxation, terrorism, and human trafficking.
The document discusses the history and objectives of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation). It was established in 1985 by Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to promote economic and social progress among member countries. The objectives include improving living standards, accelerating economic growth through cooperation, and fostering mutual understanding. Trade among SAARC countries is currently less than 5% of total trade in the region. Efforts are being made to reduce barriers and eventually form a South Asian Economic Union.
SAARC is an intergovernmental organization of 8 South Asian nations established in 1985. It aims to promote economic and regional integration. Key achievements include establishing SAFTA to reduce customs duties and the SAARC visa exemption scheme. However, political differences between members like India and Pakistan have hindered cooperation. Inequality among members and lack of infrastructure also pose challenges to realizing SAARC's economic goals.
SAARC is an organization dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development in South Asia. Its eight members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. The organization aims to promote collective self-reliance and improve quality of life through cooperation in 11 areas. However, SAARC has failed to achieve many of its objectives due to its policy of non-interference, political deadlocks between members like India and Pakistan, and geopolitical considerations outweighing cooperation on issues.
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - SAARC - International Busi...manumelwin
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical union of eight member nations that are primarily located in South asia contingent. Its secretariat is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.
SAARC is an economic and political organization established in 1985 between 8 South Asian countries - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives and Afghanistan. Its objectives include promoting economic growth, social progress, cultural development and collective self-reliance among member states. Key aspects of SAARC include the Secretariat established in Kathmandu, the Integrated Programme of Action covering areas like agriculture and health, and agreements like SAFTA establishing a free trade area across South Asia. Major countries and organizations have been granted observer status to SAARC.
This document provides an overview of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It discusses that SAARC was established in 1985 with 7 founding members and aims to promote economic and regional integration. Key areas of cooperation include agriculture, rural development, health and more. It outlines the principles of SAARC including sovereignty and non-interference. Challenges to SAARC include political tensions between members like India and Pakistan as well as a lack of infrastructure connectivity.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization between 8 countries in South Asia. It was established in 1985 in Bangladesh to promote cooperation in areas such as agriculture, trade, tourism, and more. The member countries are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The SAARC Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. Some objectives of SAARC include accelerating economic growth, promoting mutual trust, and strengthening cooperation among member states in international forums. Key bodies under SAARC include the Council of Ministers, Standing Committee, and Technical Committees. SAARC summits are held annually for the leaders of member states to discuss regional
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical organization consisting of 8 member countries in South Asia. SAARC was established in 1985 with the goal of promoting economic and social progress in the region. Its key objectives are accelerating economic growth, improving living standards, and strengthening collective self-reliance among member states. SAARC operates on principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-interference in internal affairs. It facilitates cooperation across areas like agriculture, education, energy, health and more through various institutional bodies and regional centers.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization formed in 1985 with 8 member states in South Asia. It aims to improve cooperation and mutual understanding between the countries. While it has had some successes like trade agreements, SAARC has also faced challenges like political disputes hindering cooperation and each country's desire to dominate. For SAARC to reach its full potential, issues like the India-Pakistan Kashmir dispute would need to be resolved and countries would need to work together more collaboratively.
I prepared this presentation for the end of semester. You can use it as you find it helpful.
Currently I am creating ElifNotes ( https://elifnotes.com ) for students looking help in English Literature studies.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising 8 countries of South Asia established in 1985. The document provides an overview of SAARC including its structure, history, functions, summits, member countries, objectives and agenda for developing a South Asian Economic Union by 2010. It concludes that SAARC countries must cooperate to foster peace, prosperity and implement plans to institutionalize an economic union by 2010 for the benefit of over 1.5 billion people in the region.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization founded in 1985 by 8 countries of South Asia. It aims to promote economic and social progress, cultural development, and strengthen cooperation among its members. Its highest body is the SAARC Summit held biennially, with the most recent 19th summit scheduled for Pakistan in 2016. ASEAN was established in 1967 by 5 countries and has since expanded to 10 members. It seeks to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development among its members and promote regional peace and stability. It has various councils and communities that work on economic, political, and socio-cultural issues.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization established in 1985 with 8 member countries in South Asia. It aims to promote economic and regional cooperation among the countries. Key areas of cooperation include agriculture, rural development, science and technology, health, and poverty alleviation. SAARC has signed several conventions on issues like terrorism, narcotics, and mutual legal assistance. However, it faces challenges like internal disputes between members and a lack of resources and technologies.
The document provides information about SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), including its objectives to promote welfare and accelerate economic growth among South Asian countries. It details SAARC's organizational structure including various councils and committees. It also discusses SAPTA (SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement), noting that while its goal is to promote intra-regional trade, political conflicts like those between India and Pakistan have limited its effectiveness. India's trade and investment relationships within SAARC are also summarized.
The document discusses two regional economic integration agreements - SAFTA and BIMSTEC. SAFTA aims to gradually eliminate tariffs and trade barriers between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. Its objectives are to promote trade, fair competition, equitable benefits and further regional cooperation. BIMSTEC involves countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia working together across 13 sectors. Its goals are rapid economic development, social progress, training/research cooperation and making best use of synergies between member states.
SAFTA is the South Asian Free Trade Area, an agreement between 7 South Asian countries - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka - to establish a free trade area and eventually a South Asian Economic Union similar to the EU. SAFTA aims to reduce tariffs on intra-regional trade and promote economic cooperation by eliminating trade barriers. However, SAFTA has several drawbacks including that its long lists of exemptions will reduce the benefits of trade, and that it does not fully meet the criteria for successful trade integration due to similar production structures between members.
SAARC is an economic and political organization established in 1985 between 8 countries in South Asia. Its objectives include promoting economic growth, social progress, and cultural development. Bhutan is a member country of SAARC located in the Eastern Himalayas. Some notable aspects of Bhutan are its traditional dress requirements, important monuments like Tiger's Nest monastery and dzongs, and cultural festivals held annually showcasing Bhutanese culture and religion.
The document discusses several topics related to global marketing management including:
- In the 1970s-1990s, companies debated between standardization vs. adaptation and globalization vs. localization when expanding globally.
- Today, forward-looking companies are able to both standardize and localize simultaneously to different markets.
- When expanding to new global markets, companies must carefully evaluate and adapt their marketing mix, including their products, to the target country by considering cultural and regulatory differences.
- Maintaining high product quality is essential for success in competitive global markets.
Service blueprints provide a visual map of a service process from the customer's perspective. They show customer actions and touchpoints, as well as frontstage and backstage employee actions and support processes. The key components are the customer actions line, line of visibility separating visible and invisible employee actions, line of internal interaction separating employee actions from support processes, and evidence of service. Service blueprints can be used for new service development, improving reliability, service recovery strategies, and informing various business functions like human resources, technology, marketing, and operations management.
This presentation discusses customer expectations of service. It begins by defining customer expectations and explaining that there are different types and levels of expectations, including ideal, normative, experience-based, acceptable, and minimum tolerance expectations.
It then examines the factors that influence customer expectations, such as explicit and implicit promises made by marketers, word of mouth, past experience, and situational factors. Current issues involving customer expectations are also addressed, like how to meet unrealistic expectations and exceed customer expectations.
The presentation concludes by providing strategies for how service marketers can influence expectations, answering frequently asked questions, and highlighting examples of what basic expectations customers have for different service types.
Physical evidence in services includes the tangible components that customers interact with during service delivery, such as facilities, equipment, and materials. The environment where the service is delivered is called the "servicescape" and influences customer and employee behaviors. Servicescapes can be designed to facilitate service delivery, differentiate a provider in the market, and impact customer perceptions through qualities like ambience and cleanliness.
This document provides an overview of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). SAARC was founded in 1985 and includes 8 member countries in South Asia. It aims to promote economic and social progress among member states. Key agreements include establishing a free trade area and conventions around issues like human trafficking. However, SAARC faces challenges like conflicts between members and lack of implementation of programs. The document outlines the organization, history, objectives, and both achievements and limitations of SAARC as a regional cooperation bloc in South Asia.
SAARC is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1985 to promote economic and social progress in South Asia. It has 8 member countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. SAARC aims to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development through cooperation in areas like agriculture, education, and transportation. However, SAARC has struggled to achieve many of its objectives due to political tensions between members like India and Pakistan, as well as a policy of non-interference that limits its ability to address disputes. While agreements like SAFTA aim to boost regional trade, their success in implementation has been limited. Overall, SAARC has had modest achievements but geopol
This document is a project report submitted by Hitesh M Vekhande for their M.Com program on the topic of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation). It includes an introduction to SAARC, discussing its founding, members, areas of cooperation, and evolution. It also summarizes the objectives of SAARC from its charter, which are to promote economic and social progress, cultural development, and friendship within South Asia.
India looks at regional trading arrangements (RTAs) as “building blocks” towards the overall objective of trade liberalization. Therefore, it is participating in a number of RTAs which include structures such as free trade agreements (FTAs), preferential trade agreements (PTAs), and comprehensive economic cooperation agreements (CECAs).
Free Trade Agreement
A free trade agreement among two countries or group of countries agrees to abolish tariffs, quotas and preferences on most of the goods (if not all) between them. Countries choose an FTA if their economical structures are complementary, not competitive.
India is engaged in several regional trade agreements (RTAs) aimed at liberalizing trade. These include bilateral agreements like the India-ASEAN agreement for trade in services and investment that is scheduled to be signed in 2014. India also has agreements like the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement currently being negotiated with Sri Lanka to expand the existing free trade agreement between the two countries. India is similarly negotiating a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement with Thailand to build upon their existing framework agreement for free trade. These various RTAs seek to reduce tariffs and barriers to trade in goods, services and investment between the partner countries.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 to promote economic and social progress among countries in South Asia. It aims to accelerate economic growth and improve social conditions through cooperation among Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Key areas of cooperation include agriculture, health, women and children, environment, science and technology, transport, and human resource development. SAARC makes decisions based on unanimity and respects the sovereignty of each member state.
The Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) is an international organization with 18 member states located around the Indian Ocean. It was established in 1995 to promote economic cooperation among member states. Key objectives include promoting sustainable growth, removing trade barriers, and increasing investment and technology sharing. IOR-ARC activities are conducted through working groups on trade, business, and academics. Major forums include the Council of Ministers and Committee of Senior Officials.
International organization : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
The document discusses several international organizations including the European Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, SAARC, OIC, ECO, and Brexit. It provides background information on when each organization was established, its objectives, and structure. For the EU, it notes that the UK voted to leave in 2016 via Brexit and will likely exit by early 2019. It also provides some key statistics on the EU prior to Brexit.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization formed in 1985 with 8 member states in South Asia. It aims to improve cooperation and mutual understanding between the countries. While it has had some successes like trade agreements, SAARC has also faced challenges like political disputes hindering cooperation and each country's desire to be dominant. For SAARC to reach its full potential, issues like the India-Pakistan Kashmir dispute would need to be resolved and countries would need to work together more collaboratively.
SAARC is an organization dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development in South Asia. Its eight members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. The SAARC Secretariat, based in Kathmandu, Nepal, coordinates activities and meetings. Key objectives include promoting regional welfare and economic growth. SAARC has established frameworks like SAPTA and SAFTA to promote regional trade but has faced challenges achieving its goals due to political deadlocks between members like India and Pakistan and the policy of non-interference limiting collective action.
SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization established in 1985 with 8 member states in South Asia. It aims to promote economic and regional cooperation as well as ensure collective prosperity and peace. Key objectives include fostering welfare, economic growth, cultural relations and understanding between member states. Major bodies include the SAARC Secretariat, Council of Ministers, Standing Committee and various technical committees. Key areas of cooperation are trade, agriculture, environment, poverty alleviation and combating issues like terrorism, human trafficking and narcotics. Regular summits are held to review cooperation and set new directives.
The document discusses several regional trade agreements including NAFTA, ASEAN, APEC, and BIMSTEC. It provides an overview of the objectives and goals of establishing each trade bloc, such as strengthening economic cooperation, reducing barriers to trade, and increasing investment opportunities between member countries. Key details include NAFTA's goals to create new markets and rules for business, ASEAN's aims to promote economic growth and prosperity in Asia-Pacific, and BIMSTEC's objectives to encourage development and alleviate poverty in South Asia.
The document provides background information on the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It discusses that SAARC was established in 1985 through the signing of a charter by 7 founding members - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The organization aims to promote economic and social progress as well as cultural development in South Asia. However, SAARC faces constraints like inter-state disputes and dominance by India within the group.
This annual report summarizes the activities of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) for the 2011/2012 financial year. Some key highlights include:
- Substantial progress was made in implementing the Trade Facilitation Programme, including adopting a regional customs policy and strategy to address illicit tobacco trade.
- A SACU statistical database was developed to serve as a central repository for economic data from member states.
- The review of the SACU revenue sharing arrangement continued, with a task team identifying key policy issues to consider in the review.
- SACU continued negotiations with key trading partners like India, the US, and the EU, as well as negotiations for a Tri
This document provides an annual report for the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) for the 2012 fiscal year. It summarizes the history of SACU as the oldest customs union in the world, dating back to 1889 agreements. It outlines SACU's vision for equitable and sustainable development. The report discusses progress made on SACU's work program priorities, which include regional industrial development policy, revenue sharing arrangements, trade facilitation, institutional development, and unified trade negotiations. It provides messages from the SACU Council of Ministers Chairperson and the Executive Secretary on activities in the past year and strategic priorities going forward.
saarc literature member and observation.pptxsamgunthe38
The document summarizes the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), including its members, objectives, principles, and institutional set-up. It discusses areas of cooperation within SAARC such as agriculture, health, education, and connectivity. While public procurement is an important part of the economies of SAARC countries, it is not currently included as an official area of cooperation. The document proposes establishing a SAARC forum on public procurement to facilitate information sharing and promote efficiency through regional harmonization and training.
South asian association for regional cooperationsumit235
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 by Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to promote economic and social progress among countries in South Asia. It aims to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development through cooperation. Afghanistan later joined in 2007. SAARC focuses on regional cooperation in areas like agriculture, meteorology, health, culture and disaster management. However, disputes between India and Pakistan over Kashmir have hindered deeper economic integration and cooperation within SAARC.
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SAARC
1. 1. Introduction
The growth of regional trade blocs has been one of the major developments in
international relations in recent years. Virtually all countries are members of a bloc, and
many belong to more than one. Regional agreements vary widely, but all have the
objective of reducing barriers to trade between member countries. At their simplest, these
agreements merely remove tariffs on intra-bloc trade in goods, but many go beyond that
to cover non-tariff barriers and to extend liberalization to investment and other policies.
At their deepest, they have the goal of economic union and involve the construction of
shared executive, judicial, and legislative institutions.
The success of states in today’s world is not so much measured in terms of capacity
for defending borders or creating uniquely national institutions, but in terms of ability to
adapt to regional and global trends, promote exports, attract investments, and skilled
labour, provide a beneficial environment for transnational companies, build attractive
institutions of research and higher learning, manage political influence on the regional
and global scene, and also brand the nation in the international market-place.
There are many regional organizations and economic unions like Europe Union, not
only in western this has grown in different parts of the world. This includes South Asia
and the regional organization known as SAARC, which has announced the goal of
attaining an economic union and expressed the desire for a common currency. And in this
report you can find information on this regional group.
1
2. 2. Historical development of the region
The idea of a South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was arise in 1980.
The foreign Ministers of the future SAARC countries met at Colombo in 1981 to discuss
the issue of regional cooperation and agreed upon the principles of unanimity in decision
making and keeping bilateral disputes out of the framework of regional cooperation. The
Integrated Programme of Action (IPA) was endorsed in a Foreign Secretary meeting held
at Dhaka in August 1982.
The IPA identified eleven areas of cooperation – agriculture, communications,
education-culture-sports, environment and meteorology, health and population activities,
prevention of drug trafficking and drug abuse, rural development, science and technology,
tourism, transport, and women in development. To translate the objectives enshrined in
the Charter the Foreign Ministers of member countries met in Colombo for the first
Preparatory meeting of SAARC. They agreed on the agenda for SAARC, which included
issues like rural development, agriculture, meteorology, telecommunication, health and
population, science and technology, transport, and posts & telegraph services.
The third meeting held in Thimpu agreed on sports, arts and culture, and planning and
development, which were incorporated into the list of areas for cooperation. The Thimpu
meeting also led to agreement on the creation of an institutional framework for SAARC
and decided the venue and the dates of the first SAARC summit. After these three
preparatory and first meeting of the SAARC summit was held in Dhaka in 1985.
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and
political organization of South Asian Nation. It was established on 8 December 1985 and
has the Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri
Lanka as its members.
And also Australia, China, European Union, Iran, Japan,
Mauritius, Myanmar, South Korea and United states are 9 observers’ membership
countries. There are Three Potential future members China, Myanmar and Russia.
2
3.
China has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a full member
of SAARC. Supported by Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives and Sri Lanka.
Mynnmar has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a full
member of SAARC.
Russia has expressed interest in becoming an observer of SAARC. Supported by
India.
Hardly anyone would claim that SAARC is going well in every respect, and it’s true
that tangible results are few and far between. But there have been successes: over the last
25 years, despite extremely difficult political circumstances, SAARC has managed to
create situations, institutions and forums where Heads of State have had to shake each
others’ hands and go into talks together. SAARC has tackled important topics for the
region such as a social charter, development agreements and even the sensitive subject of
fighting terrorism and has achieved some good results. The food and development banks
are important steps in the right direction. Exchanges in the areas of civil society and
science have become one of the pillars of South Asian integration efforts.
3
4. 3. Objectives of SAARC
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) comprising
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka is a dynamic
institutionalized regional cooperation in South Asia, basically perceived as an economic
grouping to work together for accelerating the pace of socio-economic and cultural
development.
The objectives of the association as defined in the SAARC Charter are:
To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South
Asia;
To contribute to develop mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one
another’s problem;
To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social,
cultural, technical and scientific fields;
To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries;
To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of
common interest; and
To cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and
purposes.
Cooperation in the SAARC is based on respect for the principles of sovereign equality,
territorial integrity, political independence, noninterference in internal affairs of the
member states and mutual benefit.
However, it is true that most of the programmes and achievements of SAARC exist on
paper. The much talked about SAARC Food Security Reserve could not be utilized to
meet the needs of Bangladesh during its worst natural disaster in 1991. It is also true that
most SAARC activities are confined to the holding of seminars, workshops, and short
training programmes. These activities may be useful, but they do not address priority
areas and lack visibility and regional focus so essential for evolving a South Asian
identity. Most importantly, SAARC suffers from an acute resource crunch. Unless the
organization is successful in mobilizing funds and technical know-how from outside
sources, most of its projects cannot be implemented and, thus, its relevance will remain
limited.
4
5. 4. Progress of the trade block
Cooperation in the core economic areas amongst Member Countries was initiated
following the completion of the Study on Trade, Manufactures and Services (TMS) in
June 1991. Among other things, the TMS Study recognized economic cooperation as an
imperative for promoting all-round development of South Asia.
Following are the main economic agenda of the SAARC.
a.
SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA)
In December 1991, the Sixth Summit held in Colombo approved the establishment of
an Inter-Governmental Group (IGG) to formulate an agreement to establish a SAARC
Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) by 1997. Given the common consent within
SAARC, the Agreement on SAPTA was signed on 11 April 1993 and entered into force
on 7 December 1995 well in advance of the date contracted by the Colombo Summit. The
Agreement reflected the desire of the Member States to promote and sustain mutual trade
and economic cooperation within the SAARC region through the exchange of
acknowledgment.
The basic principles underlying SAPTA are:
a) Overall reciprocity and mutuality of advantages so as to benefit equitably all
Contracting States, taking into account their respective level of economic and
industrial development, the pattern of their external trade, and trade and tariff
policies and systems;
b) Negotiation of tariff reform step by step, improved and extended in successive
stages through periodic reviews;
c) Recognition of the special needs of the Least Developed Contracting States and
agreement on concrete preferential measures in their favour; and
d) Inclusion of all products, manufactures and commodities in their raw, semiprocessed and processed forms.
5
6. b. South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)
SAPTA was imagine primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South
Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union,
Common Market and Economic Union. In 1995, the Sixteenth session of the Council of
Ministers agreed on the need to strive for the realization of SAFTA and to this end an
Inter-Governmental Expert Group (IGEG) was set up in 1996 to identify the necessary
steps for progressing to a free trade area. The Tenth SAARC Summit decided to set up a
Committee of Experts (COE) to draft a comprehensive treaty framework for creating a
free trade area within the region, taking into consideration the asymmetries in
development within the region and aspect in mind the need to fix realistic and achievable
targets.
The Agreement on SAFTA, drafted by the COE, was signed on 6 January 2004
during the twelfth SAARC Summit in Islamabad. The Agreement entered into force on 1
January 2006.
Under the Trade Liberalization Programme scheduled for completion in ten years
by 2016, the customs duties on products from the region will be progressively reduced.
However, under an early harvest programme for the Least Developed Member States,
India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are to bring down their customs duties to 0-5 % by 1
January 2009 for the products from such Member States. The Least Developed Member
States are expected to benefit from additional measures under the special and differential
treatment accorded to them under the Agreement.
c.
South Asian Economic Union
The Eleventh Summit provided further impulsion to the regional economic
cooperation to give effect to the shared aspirations for a more prosperous South Asia. At
the Summit, the Leaders agreed to advance cooperation in the core areas of trade, finance
and investment to realize the goal of an integrated South Asian economy in a step-by-step
manner. They also agreed to the vision of a development and planned process eventually
leading to a South Asian Economic Union. At the Twelfth SAARC Summit the SAARC
FINANCE was given the responsibility to study and make recommendations on the early
and overall realization of a South Asian Economic Union (SAEU). It was also tasked with
examining the concept of a South Asian Development Bank.
6
7. 5. Impact to the global trade
Trend in SAARC’s global trade as also intra-SAARC trade in recent years are
presented in this chapter. Further, trade developments in each SAARC member countries
as also developments in SAARC trade integration are also presented in the chapter.
During the period 2000 to 2006, the total exports of SAARC countries increased from
US$ 63.5 billion to US$ 161.4 billion. The growth rate of exports also increased from
3.9% in 2001 to 23.9% in 2006. Among all the member countries, India is the largest
exporter followed by Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Table 5.1 presents the trend in SAARC’s global exports. The total global imports of
SAARC countries also increased from US$ 79.5 billion in 2000 to US$ 255.3 billion in
2006, registering more than a three-fold rise during the period.
India is the largest importer in the SAARC region followed by Pakistan and
Bangladesh. Thus, data on exports and imports reveal that SAARC as a trade bloc
experienced trade deficit of US$ 93.9 billion with the world in 2006. Table 5.2 presents
the trend in SAARC’s global imports.
Table 5.1:
SAARC’S GLOBAL EXPORTS DURING 2000-2006 (US$ billions)
Year
Countries
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Afghanistan
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
Bangladesh
5.6
5.7
5.4
6.2
7.6
8.5
12.7
Bhutan
0.10
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
-
India
42.6
45.2
50.5
61.1
75.4
97.9
122.7
Maldives
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
Nepal
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
Pakistan
8.9
9.2
9.9
11.9
13.3
16.0
17.2
Sri Lanka
5.5
4.7
4.7
5.1
5.8
6.4
7.5
63.5
66.0
71.4
85.4
103.2
130.3
161.4
-
(3.9)
(8.2)
(19.6)
(20.8)
(26.3)
(23.9)
Total
SOURCE: Direction of Trade Statistics Year Book 2007, IMF.
7
8. Table 5.2:
SAARC’S GLOBAL IMPORTS DURING 2000-2006 (US$ billions)
Year
Countries
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Afghanistan
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.6
2.0
3.0
3.8
Bangladesh
9.0
9.0
7.8
9.8
11.6
13.9
17.8
Bhutan
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
-
India
50.3
59.0
58.9
74.0
99.8
134.7
185.0
Maldives
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
Nepal
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.4
Pakistan
10.7
10.2
11.2
13.0
17.8
25.4
33.8
Sri Lanka
6.7
5.7
6.0
6.7
8.0
8.9
11.6
79.5
86.7
87.1
107.4
142.0
189.90
255.3
–
(9.1)
(0.46)
(23.3)
(32.2)
(33.01)
(35.2)
Total
SOURCE: Direction of Trade Statistics Year Book 2007, IMF.
Figure 5.1 draws the trend in intra-SAARC trade (exports plus imports), vis-a-vis
trend in SAARC’s global trade. A comparison of the trends would help to highlight the
floatability in intra-SAARC trade especially after 2003, as compared to SAARC’s global
trade.
Figure 5.1
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9. 6.
Challenges to the trade block
A growing emphasis on attracting foreign investment and seeking access to new
markets in SAARC states indicates that economic progress is central to the future of
South Asia. SAARC, however, is likely to play only a limited role in that future because
of India’s considerable position of power over the other SAARC states. This imbalance of
power within SAARC allows conflicts between India and its neighbors to undermine
organizational unity. Clashes between South Asian countries end up jeopardizing the
formation and effectiveness of regional trade agreements. They also lead individual
SAARC countries to advance their economic interests through bi-lateral agreements,
reduce the incentive to connect in multi-laterally.
Some factors that are discussed below are main challenges to the trade block,
Weak port and transport infrastructure: The poor port and transport infrastructure,
regulatory environment. Delays in transit due to road or port condition, and customs
procedures raise the costs for exporters.
Too small and too few with similar revealed comparative advantage: The South
Asian region comprises of only eight countries compared to more than twenty in East
Asia and Latin America, coupled with the dominance of a large country namely India,
which tends to trade less as a share of GDP.
Difficult business environment: Besides the high levels of protection in the region,
the procedural delays stemming from institutional requirements have been a major
factor inhibiting trade and business across borders.
Restrictive rules of origin and destination: Rules of origin in preferential or free
trade agreements help determine the products for tariff preferences but high tariff
barriers and tight rules of origin raises the risk of trade-diversion and the port-specific
restrictions have increased transactions costs of trading across border.
Fear of India: There is a real fear of de-industrialization in some sectors where
Indian manufactures could compete out domestic products in the smaller countries,
which are far less diversified than India. For example, in Pakistan where textiles and
clothing sector is considered to be the major driving force for economic growth, and
contributed more than 60% in total export value, a business section feels threatened
by the Indian imports.
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10. Different Inter & Intra State Conflicts in the region
1. Kashmir border conflict between India & Pakistan
2. India- Pakistan nuclear tension
3. India- Nepal trade disputes
4. India- Sri Lanka security issues
5. India-Bangladesh boarder conflicts
6. Pakistan-Afghanistan religious and sectarian disputes
7. Pakistan-Bangladesh disputes over nationalism
8. Punjab separatist movement (India)
9. Nagaland issue (India)
10. Sectarian violence ( Pakistan)
11. Balochistan and North-Western Frontier Province communal tension
12. Sri Lanka’s civil conflict
13. Maoist struggle in Nepal
14. Bangladesh – Chakma insurgency
15. Communal and religious tension in Afganistan
10