The document discusses the behaviorism theory, which operates on the principle of stimulus-response and explains behaviors as responses to external stimuli without reference to internal mental states. Key contributors to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered that dogs could be conditioned to salivate in response to stimuli unrelated to food, like a bell. In a classroom, behaviorism can be observed through the use of positive and negative reinforcement to shape student behaviors, like using technology as a reward. The author supports applying behaviorism in their own classroom to condition student behaviors through reinforcement.