Russian organized crime originated in the imperial and Soviet eras, with "thieves-in-law" emerging as leaders of prison gangs. In the 1990s following the Soviet Union's fall, many criminal groups exploited instability and lack of governance in former republics, with some controlling up to two-thirds of Russia's economy. Modern Russian organized crime consists of over 6,000 groups globally, including major organizations like the Solntsevskaya Bratva based in Moscow and the Georgian mafia. These groups engage in activities like extortion, prostitution, and other crimes.