Useful Info about Terrorism

1. Introduction to TerrorismFaheem Ul Hasan

2. Outline Definitions • Conceiving and Evaluating the Threat • Waves Theory • Terror Typologies • Old Vs. New Terrorism • Terrorist Organizations • Terrorist Attack Cycles • Response trends and Issues

3. Terms & Definitions Terrorism – A Functional Definition The use or threatened use of violence against non-combatants, for the purposes though not exclusive purposes, of changing the policy or policies of a given society. International vs. Domestic Terrorism

4. Radicalisation & Extremism Radical Latin radix for the rood Extremism is a label, usually pejorative meaning outside the mainstream.

5. Conceiving the Threat Ideas – Internet STRATEGIC Groups – Al Qaeda, Jemaah Islamia, ASG,OPERATIONAL Individuals and small groups – homegrown jihadists TACTICAL

6. Evaluating the Threat Ideas – Internet STRATEGIC Groups – Al Qaeda, Jemaah ,Islamia, ASG, OPERATIONAL Individuals and small groups – homegrown jihadists TACTICAL

7. The Waves Theory Anarchists -1880’s -1914 Ethno-Nationalists/ Independence -1919-1998 Ideological -1920s-1991 Religio Political -1979-current

8. Traditional “Old” Terrorism Secular motivations Hierarchical structure Symbolic violence

9. ETHNO-NATIONALIST GROUPS Nationalist: LTTE (Sri Lanka) PKK (Turkey) ETA (Spain) FRETILIN ( East Timor) ETA (Spain) PLO (Palestine) FLN (Algeria) Lehi, Irgun (Israel) MNLF (Philippines)

10. ETHNO-NATIONALIST GROUPS Irredentist: IRA (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Northern Ireland) JKLF (Kashmir) KLA (Kosovo) EOKA (Cyprus)

12. Leftist / Revolutionary FARC (Colombia) Shining Path (Peru) Tupac Amaru (Peru) PFLP (Palestine) RAF (Germany) Maoists (Nepal) Japanese Red Army (Japan) Red Brigades (Italy) November 17 (Greece) Weather Underground (USA)

13. Rightist / Reactionary Ku Klux Klan (USA) Aryan Nations (USA) Arizona Vipers (USA) Skinheads (Europe) AUC (Colombia) Omega 7 (USA/Cuba) Independent Committee for the Liberation of the Kidnappers (Colombia)

14. The New Type Of Terror Religious Motivation Networked structure Binary world view: Us and Them, Tag hoot Violence a “moral imperative” Cyberspace, Critical Infrastructure and the Danger of CBRN Terror.

15. Religio-Political Groups Al-Qaeda Jemaah Islamiyah GIA (Algeria) GSPC (Algeria) Hamas (Palestine) Islamic Jihad (Palestine) Babbar Khalsa (India) Hezbollah (Lebanon) Kahane Chai (Israel)

17. Single issue groups Animal rights (ALF) Environmentalist (Earth First!) Anti-abortion (Army of God) Other

19. TERRORIST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONAL NETWORK LEADERS EXPERTS CELLS SUPPORT NETWORK SUPPORTERS SYMPATHIZERS PUBLIC

20. JMB-A Case Study Founded in 1998 Foundational Roots in the Ahle Hadith Movement Bangladesh (AHAB) Mutation into Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB) in 2002-2004 Major Attacks in the period 2001-2005. The Dirty Flot – A Foray into the Domain of CBRN Terror?

21. The Serial Bomb Blasts Key Points Specific target sets Leaflets at every attack site Not intended in mass killing Size and Scale of the Attack Achieving Surprise

22. Strategic Communication Strong emphasis on strategic communication • Multi Platform strategy for communication • Making strong arguments using religion • Fighting the ‘Tag hoot’ • Increased reliance on audio visual means

23. Operational Structures Organizational Linked Cells Semi-Linked Cells Independent Cells Lone Wolf

25. Terrorist Attack Cycle Concept Planning and Development Rehearsal Attack Escape & Evasion Exploitation

27. The Evolving Threat

28. Strategic Trends Terrorist • Al Qaeda in a Strategic Cul de Sac • Shift in Motivations • Shift in Focus Non-Terrorist • Fear and Uncertainty Rule • What model is next? • Is the Interwar Period ending?

29. Operational Trends Think Globally Act Locally • Return of the Organization • Networks less Important • Aviation Remains a Critical Target

31. Tactical Trends Home-Grown Cells • Increase Attacks on Transportation • Devolution of Attacks • Knowledge Transfer

32. Global / Regional UN no political impact limited practical impact Lack of Comprehensive Regional Approach towards CT in South Asia Transnational Cooperation Still at a Minimal Level In the Absence of Effective Bilateral or Multilateral Cooperation, the Terrorist Organizations Thrive

34. Conclusions Religio-Political Terrorism is a long-term threat Need to Address the Deeper Issues of Radicalisation and Extremism Addressing the Governance Deficit Identity and Integration will be Significant Think Globally act Locally Primary Response is Political and Primarily non-Kinetic

35. Thank You