Terrorism is an historical as well as a universal phenomenon; has been practiced by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing.Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of those who carry out these acts are always subject to the context, time and place.Unfortunately, there is no consensus on its accurate definition. More than one hundred definitions in the field; one country’s terrorists are other country’s freedom fighters. Rather than seeking the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make terror possible or likely.Stopping violence is rarely simple or easy. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can resolve a conflict. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of terrorism, we must adopt a long term holistic and comprehensive approach for its eradication.
This presentation is an attempt to encompass the various issues related to this complex phemenon and presents a plan of action to control this menace
Terrorism, one of the most widely discussed issues of the present time, remains as one of the least understood aspect. It exudes horror and fascinations, their shocking and unexpected character has captured headlines for years; It has become the most publicized form of political violence. But the serious study of terrorism still remains in its infancy and widely divergent views continue to prevail-with regard to its origins, its true impact on international politics and the forms it may assume in future.
Terrorism is an historical as well as a universal phenomenon; has been practiced by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing.Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of those who carry out these acts are always subject to the context, time and place.Unfortunately, there is no consensus on its accurate definition. More than one hundred definitions in the field; one country’s terrorists are other country’s freedom fighters. Rather than seeking the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make terror possible or likely.Stopping violence is rarely simple or easy. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can resolve a conflict. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of terrorism, we must adopt a long term holistic and comprehensive approach for its eradication.
This presentation is an attempt to encompass the various issues related to this complex phemenon and presents a plan of action to control this menace
Terrorism, one of the most widely discussed issues of the present time, remains as one of the least understood aspect. It exudes horror and fascinations, their shocking and unexpected character has captured headlines for years; It has become the most publicized form of political violence. But the serious study of terrorism still remains in its infancy and widely divergent views continue to prevail-with regard to its origins, its true impact on international politics and the forms it may assume in future.
Terrorism in the present time one of biggest problem across the globe. Some state directly or indirectly support the terrorist organisation. In this ppt we discuss reason, type, leading activities of terrorist organisation. This will be helpful for those person who wants to detail knowledge about the terrorist.
Terrorism in International Law: The struggle to define terrorismAnthony Veluz
International Criminal Justice.
In our ICJ module we are required to do a presentation in each seminar on the week's topic area. Our presentation would usually consist of one of:
- literature review
- case review
- current issues
For our final seminar we had to give a presentation on one of the following topics:
- aggression
- terrorism
- torture
My presentation was on terrorism and I mainly looked at the literature on this area, with the odd case and current issues included. My primary focus was on the definition of terrorism as I couldn't find a universally accepted definition and looked at the problems this caused. The battle against terrorism is difficult enough, hampered by the absence of a definition. I examine the reasons as to why there isn't a definition, the difficulties in establishing one, the effect of establishing one, and therefore answering the question whether a definition of terrorism is actually needed.
Causal Analysis on TerrorismThe conventional definition of terro.docxcravennichole326
Causal Analysis on Terrorism
The conventional definition of terrorism portrays it as the use of violence in order to pursue political interests (Sandler, 2013). The awareness of terrorism increased along with the realization that human beings have the tendency of using violence to influence politics in order to suit their psychological, emotional, and physical needs. Likewise, terrorism has increased along with the understanding that governments can be forced to agree to the demands of specific groups. Arguably, the September 9/11 attack on the United States caught the attention of many people (Sandler, 2013). The successful attack on the most powerful nation revealed the extent of people’s vulnerability.
Consequently, many studies which attempted to explain the causes of terrorism in the contemporary society emerged. In the past, scholars placed much emphasis on low-level education, few economic opportunities, and poverty as the primary facilitators of terrorism. However, terrorism has not reduced despite the implementation of interventions which focused on redressing such factors (Sandler, 2013). It means that there is still a gap in the information regarding the cause of terrorism regardless of the studies. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine terrorism as a response to political conditions while proving that low-level education, poverty, and religious and cultural differences are not the primary causes of the problem.Discussion
A study conducted by Enders and Hoover (2012) to determine the relationship between poverty and terrorism forms a part of the basis underpinning this discussion. The study methodology involved the analysis of information entailing the extent of domestic and international terrorism. It also involved the estimation of models which could predict a nonlinear relationship between poverty and terrorism (Enders & Hoover, 2012). The study determined that poverty can cause terrorism, but not to the extent to which it has been exaggerated by the media and some scholars. In fact, poverty can only significantly influence domestic terrorism. The study also established that the difference in population characteristics and political freedom can facilitate terrorism relatively more compared to poverty and lack of economic opportunities (Enders & Hoover, 2012). Comment by Author: Transition between these sentences to show you are adding on a fact that helps to support the points you are making about false causes.
In a different discussion, Cinar in conjunction with Epoka University (2010) reviewed several literature sources and determined that it is misleading to perceive terrorism as a response to inadequate education or lack of thereof. Likewise, the difference in ideological roots, religious, and cultural diversity are not the predominant causes of terrorism. In the past, terrorists used religion to find acceptable justification for their acts. Otherwise, religion cannot influence people to form a particular political opinion ...
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
Terrorism in the present time one of biggest problem across the globe. Some state directly or indirectly support the terrorist organisation. In this ppt we discuss reason, type, leading activities of terrorist organisation. This will be helpful for those person who wants to detail knowledge about the terrorist.
Terrorism in International Law: The struggle to define terrorismAnthony Veluz
International Criminal Justice.
In our ICJ module we are required to do a presentation in each seminar on the week's topic area. Our presentation would usually consist of one of:
- literature review
- case review
- current issues
For our final seminar we had to give a presentation on one of the following topics:
- aggression
- terrorism
- torture
My presentation was on terrorism and I mainly looked at the literature on this area, with the odd case and current issues included. My primary focus was on the definition of terrorism as I couldn't find a universally accepted definition and looked at the problems this caused. The battle against terrorism is difficult enough, hampered by the absence of a definition. I examine the reasons as to why there isn't a definition, the difficulties in establishing one, the effect of establishing one, and therefore answering the question whether a definition of terrorism is actually needed.
Causal Analysis on TerrorismThe conventional definition of terro.docxcravennichole326
Causal Analysis on Terrorism
The conventional definition of terrorism portrays it as the use of violence in order to pursue political interests (Sandler, 2013). The awareness of terrorism increased along with the realization that human beings have the tendency of using violence to influence politics in order to suit their psychological, emotional, and physical needs. Likewise, terrorism has increased along with the understanding that governments can be forced to agree to the demands of specific groups. Arguably, the September 9/11 attack on the United States caught the attention of many people (Sandler, 2013). The successful attack on the most powerful nation revealed the extent of people’s vulnerability.
Consequently, many studies which attempted to explain the causes of terrorism in the contemporary society emerged. In the past, scholars placed much emphasis on low-level education, few economic opportunities, and poverty as the primary facilitators of terrorism. However, terrorism has not reduced despite the implementation of interventions which focused on redressing such factors (Sandler, 2013). It means that there is still a gap in the information regarding the cause of terrorism regardless of the studies. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine terrorism as a response to political conditions while proving that low-level education, poverty, and religious and cultural differences are not the primary causes of the problem.Discussion
A study conducted by Enders and Hoover (2012) to determine the relationship between poverty and terrorism forms a part of the basis underpinning this discussion. The study methodology involved the analysis of information entailing the extent of domestic and international terrorism. It also involved the estimation of models which could predict a nonlinear relationship between poverty and terrorism (Enders & Hoover, 2012). The study determined that poverty can cause terrorism, but not to the extent to which it has been exaggerated by the media and some scholars. In fact, poverty can only significantly influence domestic terrorism. The study also established that the difference in population characteristics and political freedom can facilitate terrorism relatively more compared to poverty and lack of economic opportunities (Enders & Hoover, 2012). Comment by Author: Transition between these sentences to show you are adding on a fact that helps to support the points you are making about false causes.
In a different discussion, Cinar in conjunction with Epoka University (2010) reviewed several literature sources and determined that it is misleading to perceive terrorism as a response to inadequate education or lack of thereof. Likewise, the difference in ideological roots, religious, and cultural diversity are not the predominant causes of terrorism. In the past, terrorists used religion to find acceptable justification for their acts. Otherwise, religion cannot influence people to form a particular political opinion ...
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
Whittaker and CrottyTerrorism DefinedTerrorism is a di.docxalanfhall8953
Whittaker and Crotty
Terrorism Defined
Terrorism is a difficult concept to define. For example, all individuals who detonate bombs in order to kill and maim innocent civilians are not terrorists. All murderers are not terrorists. Ted Bundy brutally murdered countless human beings. Although his crimes terrorized his victims, their families, the general public, he was a criminal - not a terrorist. The term "terrorism" is a political term. It describes an individual or groups who are using unlawful force or violence, or the threat thereof, to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives.
As Whittaker points out, terrorism can be objectively defined by the quality of the act. We know that all terrorists acts are crimes. However, the murder of individuals in the commission of a bank robbery is a crime, but it may or not be terrorism. If the motive of the Bank Robbery is to enrich the perpetrators, it is a crime. If the motive is to destabilize the nations banking system in order to bring down the government or to provide money to buy weapons to kill or threaten individuals to further some political objective, than it is a crime and an act of terrorism. Terrorism differs from ordinary crimes because its motivation is political.
Stephen Nathanson offers the following definition of Terrorism:
1. They are acts of serious, deliberate violence or destruction.
2. They are committed as part of a campaign to promote a political or social agenda.
3. They generally target limited numbers of people but aim to influence a larger group and/or the leaders who make decisions for the group.
4. They either kill or injure innocent people or pose a serious threat of such harms to innocent people.1
Incidents that have clear international consequences can be defined as international terrorism. For example, attacks on foreign diplomats, foreign nationals, airliners, and infrastructure by individuals from another country or a group that transcends international borders, Al-Queda for example, qualify as acts of international terrorism.
The motivation for terrorism is political. Generally, the direct cause of terrorism is a condition or circumstance that is perceived to be unjust. These issues may be addressed through a peaceful political process including strikes, demonstrations, boycotts, and regime change. However, when peaceful means are not available or fail extremists factions within the group seeking redress may turn to terrorism. For example, in modern states, separatist nationalism among Basques, Bretons, and Quebecois has motivated terrorism.
A dissatisfied minority or majority is not sufficient to cause terrorism. There are other necessary ingredients. There must be a perception of a lack of opportunity for political participation, and a final catalyst. The catalyst can be Government's use of extraordinary or unexpected force to quell peaceful attempts for redress or other .
Islam is a religion of peace,but radicals have changed its preaching. Can one considered jihad as a just war? Since its inscribed in the Holy Koran.As such,this presentation give some of the reasons why a certain groups (mostly Muslims) have developed new ideologies.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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1. Goals and Motivations of Terrorism
GOALS AND MOTIVATIONS OF TERRORISM
Name:
Grade Course:
Tutor’s Name:
(22 January 2011)
2. Goals and Motivations of Terrorism 2
Goals and Motivations of Terrorism
Motivation has been defined by psychologist as an interest, desire, want, or a need
that propel individuals in a particular direction. There are many goals that have been linked to
motivation. These goals differ on the ground that some support a biological basis for actions, or
learned basis for action. Just like any other action, terrorism can be analyzed based on which
goal is more applicable. This essay argues against the goals and motivation of terrorism by
giving at five supporting points and one opposing point.
In most circumstances, religion and social has been taken as a goal that motivates
terrorism. The series of attacks that have been made by Osama Bin Laden, and the Al-Quida as a
whole, has been motivated by religious convictions. Such like groups are justified by believing
that, due to the religious commands given by the Koran, they are in a position of using such
religious believes in recruiting more and more members.
The Americans have been assessed by the Al-Quida group as being power hungry, self-
religious and many prideful individuals. They have disagreed with what they with what is seen as
being a center of Hollywood, immoral and the distorted community. In contrast to the objective
of converting them to Muslim, they have an objective of just destroying the offending parts of
the U.S community in the name of pleasing Allah. On the side of social causes, the Unabomber
mail attacks form the examples of this type of motivation. There are these who have wanted to
alter completely the structure of the society depending on technology.
For instance, Kazynski wrote that, he was involved in a terrorism attack, not on the basis
of political revolution, not to overthrow any government, but to change economic and
technological grounds of the current community. Unabomber have been holding believes that, it
3. Goals and Motivations of Terrorism 3
is much impossible for him to pass the message, as well as having a lasting impression in the
people’s minds without any kind of violent action.
Another goal that motivates terrorism is political achievements. Many years back,
terrorism was being used in nations other than the United States, by individuals of that
community, who were believing that, their voice was will never be being heard in any way apart
from using a mean that will disrupt the oppressing government. Those who were leading certain
ideas or even certain movements, used to come together in a form of a rebel or militia groups,
and start fighting for a political change, so that they are able to rid the society of a ruling power
that is an undesired (Sidel & Levy, 2003). In most cases, they used to take over as a political
power by themselves.
If such groups of rebellious terrorists were able to gain the support of the public in
general, then they had higher chances of taking over the control, as they will be having support
from the public in different means like financial and other material resources. When now we start
talking about the United States of America, it is much difficult to discuss the political motivation
for terrorists in the states. This is based on the reason that, the Legal Constitution of the United
States of America encourages and protects the right to freedom of speech.
The fact still remains that, for one to change what they believe in to be unjust, American
community has endless chances of voicing opinions, on top of criticizing government policies,
their leaders and other stakeholders all through, for instance, the use of media or through
referendums. An example that has been used in most cases to show the relation between
terrorism and politics is Timothy McVeig’s bombing of Federal Building at Oklahoma City. This
was considered to be a politically motivated attack on the government of America.
4. Goals and Motivations of Terrorism 4
This was due to the fact that Timothy was voicing his disapproval, in the form of violent
action. This was based of the government’s practices in the stand off between Branch Davidians
and the federal agents in Waco, Texas. On the other hand, the intentions that Timothy had, were
not to gain control of government in any way, only showing his disapproval on the policy that
the government had taken. In support, the fact has remained that, there have been very few
occasions of radical groups attempting to take over political power of the American government.
Another goal that has been used to motivate terrorism is change. As earlier noted,
all practices of terrorism are in one way or the other, motivated by the attainment of a goal. Most
people in groups or individually do concur that, the use of violent actions as a way of compulsion
is not good. . On the other hand, the minds of terrorists have the capability of rationalizing a
violent action against innocent individuals, as a mean of furthering their cause. The autonomous
morality theory by Jean Piaget provides some insight. The theory explains that, people are aware
that laws and rules are all made by individuals, and that they need to be measured according to
their intentions, on top of the results, and that, if laws and rules become unjust, there is still room
for them to be changed if they become unjust.
The believe held by terrorists that they are justified in their violent actions, as a way of
accomplishing a more significant reason, like religion, social change among others is wrong.
This is because, the apocalyptic life loss is unnecessary and a consequence that is too painful.
The explanation given is neither justifiable nor convincing. They do believe that loss of life is
not significant, and the more the casualties, the better. Loss of life amongst their co-religionists is
of less value, due to the fact that, these casualties will enjoy the benefits of the eternal life. On
non-believers, whether they form the targeted groups or not, or collateral damage, deserve to die,
and killing them is considered as a moral duty.
5. Goals and Motivations of Terrorism 5
The Kenyan bombing against the US embassy, in the year 1998, inflicted casualties on
the Kenyan people in proportion to the personnel of the US. The backlash fear hardly concerns
these groups, as their objective is to make their enemies overreact over the issue, and as a result
widen the violence.
The next terrorism motivating goal is getting the attention. Terrorism has been
used as an effective method of attracting the attention from the eye of the public due to fear
resulted from the practice. In many occasions, terrorism does happen without warning as well as
randomly occurring. As a matter of fact, this reduces the perceived control, as well as raising the
sense of being helpless, being more vulnerable, and disequilibrium as well.
As the randomness of terrorists attack increases, the higher the attention it will be
awarded to (Bomru, 2004). This is based on the fact that, more individuals will look at it as being
a potential threat. A good example of such an attack was the Unabomber. He inflicted fear as a
mean of gaining attention from the American community. No sooner had he gained their
attention, than he used it as a chance of delivering his anti-technology message, by forcing the
Washington post and New York Times for the publication of his manifesto. However, this
method of attention gaining has been criticized as because, the fear in most cases in inflicted to
these concerned and these not concerned, while there are other ways of gaining public attention
like holding peaceful demonstration.
Revenge has been in the recent past the most motivating terrorism goal. There
have been many circumstances under which terrorism as taken place as a mean of avenging what
is considered to be unjust or action that is offensive. For instance, McVeigh Timothy used
violent action with the aim of getting back to the American Government over its Waco Texas
handling (Schouten, 2010). Osama on his side, together with the Al-Quida group seem to be
6. Goals and Motivations of Terrorism 6
having a personal vendetta against American community, probably for its practices during and
after the war in both Russia and Afghanistan.
The Unabomber targeted certain people that he used to associate with them in his earlier
life, like for instance, collage professionals and even core workers. This might be on the ground
that everyone close to him ostracized him. However revenge should be directed to the person to
whom there exists enmity only. However, current terrorism practices are claiming the blood of
innocent people.
A goal that in all ways justifies terrorism is symbolism. One thing that is worthy knowing
is the significance of symbolism in terrorism actions. Every terrorist action is designed in a
manner that conveys a certain message. For instance, the September 11th attack had very specific
message with it. The world Trade Center attack wanted other nations to lose confidence in the
American economy. On the other hand, the Washington DC attack either targeting the Pentagon
or the Capital Building, wanted people to loss confidence in the U.S security agencies. Even
randomly happening terrorism attacks shave their meanings. For instance “We can get you
anywhere, at any time. There is no one to protect you”
In conclusion, people have gained further insight on what motivates terrorist.
There are these who have explained in prison like Timothy McVeign, who has given his
rationale over his bombing. On his side, Osama Bin Laden has been delivering messages through
video broadcasts seen over worldwide televisions, when calling for support. Being law biding
citizens in the society it is difficult in understanding the significance behind what is being
claimed by terrorists as justified reasons for terrorism actions. It is true that presently, the act is
in the forefront of everybody’s life, and is an act that most individuals are struggling to
7. Goals and Motivations of Terrorism 7
understand. Although seeing it personally on a day-to-day life is not possible, but all of us are
affected by its far-reaching consequences.
8. Goals and Motivations of Terrorism 8
References
Bomru, R. (2004). Psychology of Terrorism. Tampa: University of South Florida,
Lisa, A. (2011). Motivations for Terrorism. Retrieved on 22 January 2011 from:
http://www.mesacc.edu/dept/d46/psy/dev/Fall01/terrorism/motivation.html
Santrock, John W. (2002). Life-Span Development. (8th Ed). New York: McGraw-Hill
publishers.
Schouten, R. (2010). Terrorism and the Behavioral Sciences. Harv Rev Psychiatry Journal.
18(6):369-78.
Sidel, W & Levy, S. (2003). War, terrorism and the public's health. The Journal of Law,
Medicine & Ethics, 31(4): 516–523.
Terrorism-research. (2011). Goals and Motivations of Terrorists. Retrieved on 22 January 2011
from: http://www.terrorism-research.com/goals/
Weotem, W. (2000). Psychology: Themes and Variations. (4th Ed). California: Wadsworth
Publishing Company.