The document provides guidance on writing effective proposals. It discusses what a proposal is, why proposals are important, and common types of proposals. It then covers important sections to include in a proposal such as an introduction, background, needs assessment, objectives, benefits and feasibility, description of work, outcomes and evaluation plan, schedule, qualifications, budget, and conclusions. The document emphasizes organizing the proposal to introduce the purpose, present the problem and solution, discuss benefits, describe the work, qualifications, costs, and conclude by reiterating benefits. It also discusses formatting options and including appendices. The overall document serves as a guide for writing successful grant and project proposals.
Research ethics and problems encountred by reseachers ErTARUNKASHNI
Definition of research ethics
Objective of research ethics
Importance of research ethics
Principles of research ethics
Do’s and don'ts of research ethics
Problems encountered by researchers
Research ethics and problems encountred by reseachers ErTARUNKASHNI
Definition of research ethics
Objective of research ethics
Importance of research ethics
Principles of research ethics
Do’s and don'ts of research ethics
Problems encountered by researchers
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Statistics presentation on primary data and methods for collecting it.Abdulhusain Munpur
its a presentation on statistics having complete information about primary data and methods of collecting primary data with various definations and overview of all the methods of calculating it.
The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Statistics presentation on primary data and methods for collecting it.Abdulhusain Munpur
its a presentation on statistics having complete information about primary data and methods of collecting primary data with various definations and overview of all the methods of calculating it.
The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
Introduction to Effective Proposal Writing Top Pillars
Definition of proposal and grants
Type of proposal
The Grant Lifecycle
Pre steps of writing proposal
Proposal Formatting
Proposal Content
Special Challenges
Chapter14ProposalsGoals· Define proposals and determine th.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter14
Proposals
Goals
· Define proposals and determine their purpose
· Plan to write proposals
· Compose informal proposals
· Compose formal proposals
Terms
· appendix, p. 342
· executive summary, p. 330
· letter of transmittal, p. 342
· limitations, p. 335
· memo of transmittal, p. 342
· pagination, p. 343
· prefatory material, p. 345
· proposal, p. 329
· RFP, p. 331
· scope, p. 335
· solicited proposal, p. 330
· unsolicited proposal, p. 331
WRITE TO LEARN
Think of a time when you had a successful sales experience. Perhaps you persuaded a person or a group to buy a product or service or to agree to an idea such as a fund-raiser or a community or family project. In a journal entry, write a narrative about that experience. Include ways in which you prepared to make the sale as well as a description of your audience.
Focus on Proposals
Read the sample proposal on the next page and answer these questions:
· Who might the head custodian have consulted about the proposed solution?
· What are some alternative solutions the group may have considered?
· Do you agree with the recommendation to hire a new custodian? Why or why not?
· What would you include in a list of the positive and negative supporting ideas for one alternative solution that you choose?
What If?
· Most of the events requiring special setup were scheduled in the summer when school was not in session?
· The school had a hiring freeze?
· The current custodians’ hours and wages had been reduced because of budget problems?
Sample Proposal
[email protected]
Courtesy of Meredith Beattie
Meredith Beattie is co-founder of The BEL Group, a company that works toward capacity building in the government and nonprofit sectors. She writes grant proposals for workforce development, public safety infrastructure, and K-12 educational and cultural programs.
“Competitive proposal development requires time up front to carefully consider the long-term effects of having a proposal accepted,” says Meredith. “The difficulty is that an organization’s staff may have little time to meet with you and want you to ‘just write it.’ This can lead to a proposal that wins the grant, but is not feasible for the organization to implement. Getting organizations to spend planning time with you translates into a better working team and a realistic proposal.”
The writing process is a complex endeavor that requires methodical attention to detail. “A proposal has many moving parts, so the absolute first thing one should do when beginning to write is to read, tear apart, and ‘become one’ with the entire proposal structure,” advises Meredith. “The sections of a proposal are interrelated. If you do not have a thorough grasp of the complete picture, you can create a proposal that is full of contradictions.”
In Meredith’s experience, collaboration with the organization’s stakeholders is key to a realistic proposal. “Reaching agreement on the overall goal, the resources available to meet the goal, and the benchmarks the org ...
1 HTM 590 Hospitality Company Project Guidelines P.docxoswald1horne84988
1
HTM 590 Hospitality Company Project Guidelines
Project Objectives
• To enhance student learning of strategic management in the hospitality industry
• To broaden students’ perspectives of the strategic direction and implementation in
major hospitality companies
• To train students to think critically and propose strategic direction for hospitality
companies based on projected changes in the environment
• To allow students the opportunity to take greater responsibility in their learning process
Project Overview
The project includes a written paper. The project accounts for 200 points in total). This document provides
details on the project.
Four Steps
You are required to follow the following steps in completing the Project:
Step 1: Finding a hospitality company. The company can be chosen through initial research based on
your interest, appropriateness of the topic, and information availability. As soon as you make a
decision on a company you must provide the name of the company to the iLearn Discussion
Board “Final Project Companies” If two students choose the same company, the one that posts
to the “Final Project Companies” discussion board first will get the company. It is strongly
recommended that you select a publicly traded company due to the availability of information
pertaining to the firm. If you are choosing a private company, it should be one you are
intimately familiar with as you will need detailed information about the company to complete
the project.
Step 2: Information collection. You are required to search for information from external sources:
Internet, trade magazines, academic journals, and other literature in the libraries, and/or
interviews. You should put all the information together where you can see it and analyze what is
going on. You should also document the complete citation for every piece of information collected
from these sources.
Step 3: Project outline. Based on the requirements of the paper below, you should develop a project
outline detailing the structure of the paper, related information, and sources.
Step 4: Final paper. The final manuscript needs to be professionally written and edited. Each student must
submit one copy of the completed final paper to iLearn.
2
Strategic Analysis Report
A complete analysis of a hospitality company will be made including the overall strategy, an evaluation of
the external and internal environment, and strategic recommendations. Each student will choose one
company in the hospitality and tourism industry that is relevant to local economy and/or students’
professional growth. Ideally the student has easy access to contemporary information about this
company.
Assessment of Strategic Analysis Report
Introduction 20 points
Environmental Analysis 100 points
Overall Strategies and Challenges 30 points
Conclusions and Recommendations 30 points
Professional Writing 20 points
Total 200 po.
Employee Testing and selection /Human Resource ManagementNeveenJamal
ادارة الموارد البشرية
اختيار الموظفين
Person and job/organization fit
The main aim of employee selection is to achieve person-job fit.
Person and job/organization fit
The main aim of employee selection is to achieve person-job fit.
what is a needs assessment , How to write a needs assessmentNeveenJamal
A needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants“
A needs assessment is a process used by organizations to determine priorities, make organizational improvements, or allocate resources. It involves determining the needs, or gaps, between where the organization envisions itself in the future and the organization's current state
A needs assessment is a part of planning processes
Organizational chart and budget
Non-profit tax status
A donor tracking database
A system to quickly acknowledge donations and donors
Individuals (staff, board, volunteers) who are trained in how to ask for money
Knowledge of available funding sources
Basic materials about the organization
Firm knowledge of who you are
Clarity and agreement about how the funds will be used
The feasibility analysis is an internationally accepted process used to evaluate various project dimensions important for achieving the desired project benefits.
An effective tool for appraising the project from standpoints of all project stakeholders
It is not a waste of time. It significantly reduces the risks in project implementation
The business plan provides a planning function and outlines the actions needed to take the proposal from “idea” to “reality”
The feasibility study outlines and analyzes several alternatives and identifies the best business scenario(s).
The business plan deals with only one alternative or scenario.
project Development Management (Scope Management )NeveenJamal
Project scope is everything about a project , work content as well as expected outcomes
Project Scope is :
1 Naming all activities to be performed.
2 Resources needed.
3 End product.
4 Quality of product
5 Goals.
6 Constraints and limitations
One of the most expensive forms of workplace communication
Multiply number of attendees x hourly rate x (length of meeting, travel time and prep time)
Balance against outcome(s) and alternatives
Carefully consider length, attendees and frequency
Achieving success with Personal Growth Plan NeveenJamal
1 is my planning and management tool,
2 thinking systematically what I want my life and career to be,
3 planning the path for my aspirations and goals,
4 taking specific actions to obtain the best returns I can,
5 recording my reflections as I work my way through life,
and never losing sight of my desired destination
Budgetary Considerations in Governmental AccountingNeveenJamal
The main purpose of government is to provide a variety of services to their citizens.
Most of governmental resources are derived from those who pay taxes, but most tax payer do not pay taxes.
Therefore, It can be said that the various services provided by government must compete with each other for scarce resources.
Budget is a process that provides for accumulating resources and for allocating them among competing programs.
The use of Funds in Governmental Accounting NeveenJamal
Governmental Accounting differs from Business enterprise accounting in three major respects:
1 Use a separate funds to accounts for its activities.
2. Use of current financial resources and modified accrual basis.
3. Incorporates Budgetary accounts into the financial Accounting System.
The main objectives of accounting system in government are to provide accountability for resources and to ensure the compliance with budgetary requirements and limitations.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
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The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
2. What is a Proposal?
•A proposal is a document that request
support-usually money- for work a
proposer wants to do.
•What makes a proposal a proposal is
that it asks the audience to approve,
fund, or grant permission to do the
proposed project.
3. Why is it important?
If you plan to be a consultant or run your own
business, written proposals may be one of your
most important tools for bringing in business.
And, if you work for a government agency,
nonprofit organization, or a large corporation,
the proposal can be a valuable tool for
initiating projects that benefit the organization
or you the employee-proposer (and usually
both).
4. Types of proposals
• Internal proposal: If you write a proposal to
someone within your organization, it is an
internal proposal. With internal proposals, you
may not have to include certain sections (such
as qualifications), or you may not have to
include as much information in them.
• External proposal: is one written from one
separate, independent organization or
individual to another such entity.
5. Types of proposals
• Solicited proposal: If a proposal is solicited, the
recipient of the proposal in some way requested
the proposal. Typically, a company will send out
requests for proposals through the mail or
publish them in some news source.
• Unsolicited proposals: are those in which the
recipient has not requested proposals. With
unsolicited proposals, you sometimes must
convince the recipient that a problem or need
exists before you can begin the main part of the
proposal.
6. Things to remember when writing a proposal
• The proposer has a particular interests and goals, and
that's why he/she writes the proposal.
• The recipient of the proposal, has its own interests and
goals which may or may not coincide with those of the
proposer.
• So, the proposal should be convincing to the potential
funder, and it should show that the proposed activity
will be a good investment.
• This is especially important when there is a competition
between you and other proposers.
• Always make sure that your proposal meets the
expectations of the funder.
7. Your proposal meets the expectations
of a given funder
• Try to know the funder`s goals and interests.
• If you are writing an unsolicited proposal to a
private company, see information at the company's
published reviews and annual reports.
• Requests for proposals are usually the best source of
information when you are writing a solicited
proposal.
• If your needs and the request for proposal (RFP)
don't match, try to look for another funding agency.
8. Common Sections in Proposals
• The general outline of the proposal should be
adapted and modified according to the needs of
the readers and the demand of the topic proposed.
• For example, long complicated proposals might
contain all the following sections.
• In contrast, shorter or simpler proposals might
contain only some of the sections or the main
ones.
9. Title page
Specific formats for title pages vary from one
proposal to another but most include the following:
The title of the proposal ( as short as informative as
possible)
A reference number for the proposal
The name of the potential funder ( the recipient of the
proposal)
The proposal's date of submission
The signature of the project director and responsible
administrator in the proposer`s institution or company
10. SAMPLE PROPOSAL COVER PAGE
PROPOSAL
to the
Research Society of America
1515 Boulevard of the Planet
Washington, DC 22222
Submitted by
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
AOB 104 Airport Drive, Suite 2200, CB 1350
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-1350
Title: The affect of the internet on social behavior in the industrialized world.
Period of Performance: October 1, 2XXX – September 30, 2XXX
Date Submitted: August 1, 2XXX
Principal Investigator: Dr. Sam Smith
Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology
Amount Requested: $1,000,000
Signed:
Principal Investigator: Authorizing Official:
____________________________ ______________________________
Dr. Sam Smith Office for Sponsored
Research (OSR)
Professor of Psychology (919) 966-3411 - Phone
(919) 555-5555 (919) 962-5011 - Fax
resadminosr@unc.edu - Email
Contract and grant negotiations and business correspondence should be directed to the Office for Sponsored
Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, AOB104 Airport Drive, Suite 2200, CB 1350, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-1350
11. Abstract
• The Abstract is a very important part for it provides a
short overview and summary of the entire proposal.
• The Abstract of the proposal is short, often 200 words
or less.
• In a short internal proposal, the Abstract may be located
on the title page.
• In a long proposal, the Abstract will usually occupy a
page by itself following the Title page.
• The Abstract should briefly define the problem, its
importance, the objectives, the method of evaluation,
and the potential impact of the project.
12.
13. Table of contents
• The table of contents lists the
sections and subsections of the
proposal and their page numbers.
14. Chapter one Executive Summary
1. Executive Summary ………………………………………………… Page 1
Chapter Two Introduction
1. Introduction
1. objectives
2. purposes
3. scope of work
4. Methodology and tools
5. Limitation and obstacles
6. The content
…………………………………………………
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Page
page
page
page
page
page
page
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
Chapter Three Palestinian Economy
1. Palestinian Economy
1. Overview
2. The Palestinian economic sectors
3. Economy in Figures
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
Page
Page
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page
5
5
5
6
Chapter Four The Palestinian Industrial Sector
1. The Palestinian industrial sector
1. Leather and shoe industry
2. Metal industries
3. Chemical industries
4. Construction industries
5. Handicraft industries
6. Textile industries
7. Stone and marble industries
8. Pharmaceutical industry
9. Veterinary industry
10. Food industry
11. Plastic industry
12. Paper industry
13. Major advantage and pitfalls
…………………………………………………
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15. Introduction
Plan the introduction to your proposal carefully.
Make sure it does all of the following things that
apply to your particular proposal:
– Indicate that the document to follow is a proposal .
– Refer to some previous contact with the recipient of the
proposal or to your source of information about the
project .
– Find one brief motivating statement that will encourage the
recipient to read on and to consider doing the project .
– Give an overview of the contents of the proposal.
16. Background
Often occurring just after the introduction.
The background section discusses what has brought
about the need for the project—what problem, what
opportunity there is for improving things, what the
basic situation is.
It's true that the audience of the proposal may know the
problem very well, in which case this section might not
be needed.
Writing the background section still might be useful,
however, in demonstrating your particular view of the
problem. And, if the proposal is unsolicited, a
background section is almost .
17. NEEDS ASSESSMENT
• What is the problem or need?
• Describe the problem in relation to your target group
• Place the problem in a larger context your organizations
works in
• Use figures and concrete examples (case studies)
• Relate it to the funders guidelines and priorities
18. OBJECTIVES
All objectives should be SMART
• Specific - Be precise about what you are going to
achieve
• Measurable - Quantify your objectives
• Achievable - Are you attempting too much?
• Realistic - Do you have the resource to make the
objective happen?
• Timed - State when you will achieve the objective
(within a month? By February 2016?)
• Evaluative -
• Rewarding -
19. Benefits and feasibility of the proposed
project
Most proposals discuss the advantages or
benefits of doing the proposed project.
This acts as an argument in favor of
approving the project. Also, some
proposals discuss the likelihood of the
project's success.
In the unsolicited proposal, this section is
particularly important.
20. Description of the proposed work (results of
the project):
Most proposals must describe the
finished product of the proposed project.
In this course, that means describing the
written document you propose to write,
its audience and purpose; providing an
outline; and discussing such things as its
length, graphics, and so on.
21. OUTCOMES / OUTPUTS
• Know the difference
• Outcome: long term result / effect (hard to
measure)
• Output is a very concrete result / product
(easily measurable)
• Provide both outcomes and outputs in a clear
structure
22. EVALUATION PLAN
• Strategy to measure the success
• Explanation of the criteria used to measure the
success
• Includes:
- quantitative indicators (numbers)
- qualitative indicators (contents)
- vision of success (what you want to achieve
23. Method, procedure, theory
• In most proposals, you explain how you'll go about
doing the proposed work, if approved to do it.
• This acts as an additional persuasive element; it
shows the audience you have a sound, well-thought-
out approach to the project.
• Also, it serves as the other form of background some
proposals need. Remember that the background
section (the one discussed above) focused on the
problem or need that brings about the proposal.
• However, in this section, you discuss the technical
background relating to the procedures or technology
you plan to use in the proposed work.
24. Schedule
• Most proposals contain a section that shows not
only the projected completion date but also key
milestones for the project.
• If you are doing a large project spreading over
many months, the timeline would also show
dates on which you would deliver progress
reports.
• And if you can't cite specific dates, cite amounts
of time or time spans for each phase of the
project.
25. Qualifications
• Most proposals contain a summary of the
proposing individual's or organization's
qualifications to do the proposed work. It's like
a mini-resume contained in the proposal. The
proposal audience uses it to decide whether
you are suited for the project. Therefore, this
section lists work experience, similar projects,
references, training, and education that shows
familiarity with the project .
26. Costs, resources required
• Most proposals also contain a section detailing the costs of
the project, whether internal or external. With external
projects, you may need to list your hourly rates, projected
hours, costs of equipment and supplies, and so forth, and
then calculate the total cost of the complete project. With
internal projects, there probably won't be a fee, but you
should still list the project costs: for example, hours you
will need to complete the project, equipment and supplies
you'll be using, assistance from other people in the
organization, and so on .
27. BUDGET
• Structure: human resources, purchases,
operational costs, activities
• Clear budget items (how did you come up
with the amount you’ve indicated in the
budget line)
• Explanations to the budget in annex (why you
need a particular amount, offers, etc.)
28.
29. Conclusions
• The final paragraph or section of the proposal
should bring readers back to a focus on the
positive aspects of the project (you've just
showed them the costs). In the final section,
you can end by urging them to get in touch to
work out the details of the project, to remind
them of the benefits of doing the project, and
maybe to put in one last plug for you or your
organization as the right choice for the
project .
30. Appendices
• Appendices (supplementary material that is collected
and appended at the end of a proposal) should be
devoted to those aspects of your project that are of
secondary interest to the reader.
• Begin by assuming that the reader will only have a
short time to read your proposal and it will only be
the main body of your proposal (not the
Appendices).
• Then, assume that you have gotten the attention of
the reader who would now like some additional
information.
• This is the purpose of the Appendices.
31. Common Sections - Reminder
• Title page
• Abstract
• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Background
– Needs assessment
– objectives
32. Common Sections - Reminder
• Benefits and feasibility
• Description of the proposed work
– Outcomes / outputs
– Evaluation plan
• Methods, procedures, theory
• Schedule
33. Common Sections - Reminder
• Qualifications
• Costs and resources required
– Budgets
• Conclusions
• Appendices
34. Possible sections to include in the
Appendices
IN ADDITION TO THE CLASSICAL APPENDICES;
Dissemination Plan - The plan for disseminating information
of/from the project to other audiences is important. Most
funding agencies are interested in seeing how their financial
support of your project will extend to other audiences. This
may include newsletters, workshops, radio broadcasts,
presentations, printed handouts, slide shows, training
programs, etc.
Time Line - A clear indication of the time frame for the project
and the times when each aspect of the project will be
implemented. Try creating the time line as a graphic
representation (not too many words). If done well, it will help
demonstrate the feasibility of the project in a very visible
way .
35. Possible sections to include in the
Appendices
Letters of Support - Funding agencies would like to know that
others feel strongly enough about your project that they are
willing to write a letter in support of the project. Talk through
with the potential letter writers the sort of focus that you
think will be important for their letter.
Do not get pushed into writing the letters for the agencies - they
will all sound alike and will probably defeat your purpose of
using them.
The letters must be substantive. If not, do not use them! Have
the letters addressed directly to the funding agency. (Do not
use a general "To Whom It May Concern" letter. This may
really be the case, so make sure you personalize each letter to
the specific potential funding agency).
36. Organization of Proposals
As for the organization, the proposal is essentially a
sales, or promotional kind of thing. Then
remember:
• You introduce the proposal, telling the readers its
purpose and contents .
• You present the background—the problem,
opportunity, or situation that brings about the
proposed project.
• State what you propose to do about the problem,
how you plan to help the readers take advantage
of the opportunity
• Discuss the benefits of doing the proposed
project, the advantages that come from
approving it .
37. Organization of Proposals
• Describe exactly what the completed project would
consist of, describe the results of the project .
• Discuss the method and theory or approach behind that
proposal
• Provide a schedule, including major milestones or
checkpoints in the project .
• Briefly list your qualifications for the project; provide a
mini-resume that makes you right for the project .
• Now (and only now), list the costs of the project, the
resources you'll need to do the project .
• Conclude with a review of the benefits of doing the
project (in case the shock from the costs section was too
much), and urge the audience to get in touch or to
accept the proposal .
38. Format of Proposals
• You have the following options for the format
and packaging of your proposal. It does not
matter which you use as long as you use the
memorandum format for internal proposals
and the business-letter format for external
proposals
39. 1. Cover letter with separate proposal:
In this format, you write a brief "cover" letter
and attach the proposal proper after it. The
cover letter briefly announces that a proposal
follows and outlines the contents of it. In fact,
the contents of the cover letter are pretty
much the same as the introduction.
40.
41. 2. Cover memo with separate proposal :In this format,
you write a brief "cover" memo and attach the
proposal proper after it. The cover memo briefly
announces that a proposal follows and outlines the
contents of it. In fact, the contents of the cover memo
are pretty much the same as the introduction. The
proposal proper that repeats much of what's in the
cover memo. This is because the memo may get
detached from the proposal or the reader may not
even bother to look at the memo and just dive right
into the proposal itself.
42. 3. Business-letter proposal : In this format, you put the
entire proposal within a standard business letter. You
include headings and other special formatting elements
as if it were a report .(This format is illustrated in the left portion of the
illustration below)
4. Memo proposal: In this format, you put the entire
proposal within a standard office memorandum. You
include headings and other special formatting elements
as if it were a report. This format is illustrated in the right portion of the
illustration below)
43.
44. Check List for your Proposal
As you reread and revise the proposal, watch the
following:
• Make sure you use the right format. Remember, the
memo format is for internal proposals; the business-
letter format is for external proposals. (Whether you use
a cover memo or cover letter is your choice.)
• Write a good introduction, state that this is a proposal,
and provide an overview of the contents of it.
• Make sure to identify exactly what you are proposing to
do.
• Make sure that a report—a written document—is
somehow involved in the project you are proposing to
do.
45. Check List for your Proposal
• Make sure the sections are in a logical, natural
order. “don't hit the audience with schedules and
costs before you've gotten them interested in the
project.”
• Break out the costs section into specifics; include
hourly rates and other such details.
• For internal projects, don't omit the section on
costs and qualifications: there will be costs, just
not direct ones. Include your qualifications—
imagine your proposal will go to somebody in the
organization who doesn't know you.