Ruiz volcano
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Nevado del Ruiz is a composite stratovolcano located in Colombia within the Andes mountain range. It has a history of eruptions dating back 1.8 million years and is monitored due to risks of lahars and pyroclastic flows. The deadliest eruption was in 1985 where a lahar killed over 23,000 people. Monitoring methods include tiltmeters, seismographs, and gas sampling to detect signs of impending eruptions.
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Nevado del ruiz case study
The 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia caused lahars (volcanic mudflows and debris flows) that buried the town of Armero, killing approximately 23,000 people. The disaster was exacerbated by a lack of adequate warning and preparedness from the Colombian government, despite warnings from foreign scientists. In the aftermath, the government established new disaster response and evacuation plans, as well as public education programs about volcanic hazards to help prevent future devastation from eruptions of Nevado del Ruiz.
Ruiz report
The Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted in 1595, 1845, and 1985, destroying towns and killing thousands. The 1595 eruption was the largest and killed 25,000 people. After 140 years of dormancy, the 1985 eruption was particularly devastating as the town of Armero was built near the volcano and over 13,000 people were killed when lava flows called lahars destroyed the town. In total, eruptions of the Nevado del Ruiz have directly or indirectly killed over 51,000 people due to mudslides, ash inhalation, and contaminated water.
Nevado Ruiz Armero
The Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted in 1985, causing a deadly lahar (volcanic mudflow). Signs of volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz had been detected in the preceding months, including earthquakes and gas emissions. However, authorities did not evacuate the nearby town of Armero. The Plinian eruption on November 13th melted snow and ice, triggering a fast-moving lahar that buried and destroyed Armero, killing over 23,000 people. It was one of the deadliest volcanic disasters of the 20th century.
Lecture 3 understanding plate tectonics
Plate tectonics involves the slow movement of tectonic plates across the Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the mantle. Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1915, but it was not until the 1960s that seafloor spreading provided evidence that plates move independently. There are 7 major and many minor tectonic plates that either move apart at mid-ocean ridges or come together, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries. Hazards are greatest where plates meet and include earthquakes, tsunamis, and eruptions that depend on the plate boundary setting and composition of the colliding plates.
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This document defines tsunamis as immense ocean waves triggered by earthquakes, volcanoes, or landslides that can travel long distances and flood coastlines. It lists the major types of geological hazards as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and tsunamis. Earthquakes occur along faults from plate tectonic movement, while volcanoes form at plate boundaries from magma. Landslides and mass wasting endanger hillsides, and tsunamis can cause devastating damage from flooding. While natural hazards cannot always be prevented, their impacts can be reduced through measures like early warning systems, hazard-resistant infrastructure, and land use planning.
U11. the dynamics of the earth
The Earth's layers are constantly changing due to internal heat and gravitational/solar energy. Convection currents in the mantle and lithospheric plates slowly moving due to mantle convection cause geological processes at plate boundaries. Plates can be converging, diverging, or moving conservatively parallel to each other, resulting in ocean ridges, trenches, and faults respectively. Plate dynamics produce volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and shape the Earth's surface relief through mountain building and changing ocean basins over millions of years.
Plate tectonics
The document summarizes plate tectonics, describing how the Earth's crust is divided into large tectonic plates that move due to geological forces within the planet. There are 14 main tectonic plates, including the Caribbean Plate which borders North and South America and causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and other geological events along its boundaries due to friction as the plates rub against each other. Natural disasters from plate tectonic activity, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, can result in social impacts like displacement of populations and destruction of infrastructure.
Physical Geography Lecture 13 - Volcanoes 112816
Volcanoes (examples throughout slides). Vulcanism/volcanism. What constitutes an active volcano? Lava, pyroclastic material. Types of eruptions. Structures associated with extrusive volcanism. Volcanic peaks. Felsic = composite volcano/stratovolcano, lava dome. Mafic = shield volcano, cinder cone. Caldera. Volcanic Neck. Flood basalts. Hazards associated with extrusive volcanism. Volcanic blast. Earthquakes. Debris flows. Mudflows, lahars. Eruption column and ashfall. Pyroclastic flows. Lava flows. Volcanic gases. Structures associated with intrusive volcanism. Pluton. Batholith, laccolith, stock, dike, sill, vein.
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Nevado del ruiz case study
The 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia caused lahars (volcanic mudflows and debris flows) that buried the town of Armero, killing approximately 23,000 people. The disaster was exacerbated by a lack of adequate warning and preparedness from the Colombian government, despite warnings from foreign scientists. In the aftermath, the government established new disaster response and evacuation plans, as well as public education programs about volcanic hazards to help prevent future devastation from eruptions of Nevado del Ruiz.
Ruiz report
The Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted in 1595, 1845, and 1985, destroying towns and killing thousands. The 1595 eruption was the largest and killed 25,000 people. After 140 years of dormancy, the 1985 eruption was particularly devastating as the town of Armero was built near the volcano and over 13,000 people were killed when lava flows called lahars destroyed the town. In total, eruptions of the Nevado del Ruiz have directly or indirectly killed over 51,000 people due to mudslides, ash inhalation, and contaminated water.
Nevado Ruiz Armero
The Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted in 1985, causing a deadly lahar (volcanic mudflow). Signs of volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz had been detected in the preceding months, including earthquakes and gas emissions. However, authorities did not evacuate the nearby town of Armero. The Plinian eruption on November 13th melted snow and ice, triggering a fast-moving lahar that buried and destroyed Armero, killing over 23,000 people. It was one of the deadliest volcanic disasters of the 20th century.
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Plate tectonics involves the slow movement of tectonic plates across the Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the mantle. Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1915, but it was not until the 1960s that seafloor spreading provided evidence that plates move independently. There are 7 major and many minor tectonic plates that either move apart at mid-ocean ridges or come together, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries. Hazards are greatest where plates meet and include earthquakes, tsunamis, and eruptions that depend on the plate boundary setting and composition of the colliding plates.
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This document defines tsunamis as immense ocean waves triggered by earthquakes, volcanoes, or landslides that can travel long distances and flood coastlines. It lists the major types of geological hazards as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and tsunamis. Earthquakes occur along faults from plate tectonic movement, while volcanoes form at plate boundaries from magma. Landslides and mass wasting endanger hillsides, and tsunamis can cause devastating damage from flooding. While natural hazards cannot always be prevented, their impacts can be reduced through measures like early warning systems, hazard-resistant infrastructure, and land use planning.
U11. the dynamics of the earth
The Earth's layers are constantly changing due to internal heat and gravitational/solar energy. Convection currents in the mantle and lithospheric plates slowly moving due to mantle convection cause geological processes at plate boundaries. Plates can be converging, diverging, or moving conservatively parallel to each other, resulting in ocean ridges, trenches, and faults respectively. Plate dynamics produce volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and shape the Earth's surface relief through mountain building and changing ocean basins over millions of years.
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The document summarizes plate tectonics, describing how the Earth's crust is divided into large tectonic plates that move due to geological forces within the planet. There are 14 main tectonic plates, including the Caribbean Plate which borders North and South America and causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and other geological events along its boundaries due to friction as the plates rub against each other. Natural disasters from plate tectonic activity, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, can result in social impacts like displacement of populations and destruction of infrastructure.
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Volcanoes (examples throughout slides). Vulcanism/volcanism. What constitutes an active volcano? Lava, pyroclastic material. Types of eruptions. Structures associated with extrusive volcanism. Volcanic peaks. Felsic = composite volcano/stratovolcano, lava dome. Mafic = shield volcano, cinder cone. Caldera. Volcanic Neck. Flood basalts. Hazards associated with extrusive volcanism. Volcanic blast. Earthquakes. Debris flows. Mudflows, lahars. Eruption column and ashfall. Pyroclastic flows. Lava flows. Volcanic gases. Structures associated with intrusive volcanism. Pluton. Batholith, laccolith, stock, dike, sill, vein.
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The USGS monitors almost 70 active and potentially active volcanoes in the US to assess hazards and closely monitor the most dangerous ones. Volcanoes produce many hazards including eruption columns and clouds, lava and pyroclastic flows, landslides, and lahars (mudflows) that can kill people and destroy property even long distances away. The USGS works to detect signs of unrest and warn the public of impending eruptions and hazards in order to protect lives and property.
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This document discusses factors that influence slope stability, including gravity, slope angle, water content, and triggering events. Steeper slopes have higher shear stresses from gravity, making failure more likely. Water reduces shear strength by allowing soil grains to separate, and saturation can cause liquefaction. Earthquakes, slope modifications, and erosion undercutting slopes can trigger mass wasting events like landslides by reducing stability.
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2) It explains the characteristics and causes of each type of disaster such as tornadoes being funnel-shaped windstorms and volcanoes forming at tectonic plate boundaries.
3) Details are provided on the specific mechanisms that cause volcanic eruptions and properties of wildfires like their extensive size and unpredictable behavior.
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1) The document defines and describes several types of natural disasters including tornadoes, volcanoes, wildfires, avalanches, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
2) It explains the characteristics and causes of each type of disaster such as tornadoes being funnel-shaped windstorms, volcanoes forming at tectonic plate boundaries, and tsunamis being large sea waves caused by underwater earthquakes or landslides.
3) Details are provided on the specific mechanisms that cause volcanic eruptions and characteristics used to classify different types of wildfires.
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The document defines and describes several types of natural disasters including tornadoes, volcanoes, wildfires, avalanches, earthquakes, and tsunamis. It explains that tornadoes are powerful windstorms with a visible funnel, volcanoes erupt due to tectonic plate movement or mantle plumes, wildfires spread rapidly through vegetation, avalanches involve a rapid flow of snow down a slope, earthquakes are caused by sudden energy release in the Earth's crust, and tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by underwater seismic events.
Nevado del ruiz case study
Nevado Del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted in 1985, sending ash 30km into the air and melting glaciers which caused deadly lahars. The lahars flowed at 40mph, reached 50m wide, and killed 23,000 people as they destroyed the town of Armero. The hazard was not properly managed as scientists warned of the risk of lahars but officials failed to evacuate areas despite continuing volcanic activity in the months before the eruption.
Nevado del ruiz 1985
The 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia was made deadly due to secondary effects of the eruption. The eruption melted the ice cap atop the volcano, causing massive lahars or mudflows that buried the town of Armero, killing nearly 23,000 people. While the primary eruption was not particularly powerful, a lack of early warning and effective evacuation led to the large loss of life. Lessons from this disaster emphasized improving monitoring of volcanoes to better predict eruptions and evacuate threatened populations.
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The USGS monitors almost 70 active and potentially active volcanoes in the US to assess hazards and closely monitor the most dangerous ones. Volcanoes produce many hazards including eruption columns and clouds, lava and pyroclastic flows, landslides, and lahars (mudflows) that can kill people and destroy property even long distances away. The USGS works to detect signs of unrest and warn the public of impending eruptions and hazards in order to protect lives and property.
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Volcanoes form when pressure builds up below the Earth's crust, causing magma and gases to erupt through openings. Scientists categorize volcanoes as active, dormant, or extinct based on their eruption history. The movement of tectonic plates causes friction that results in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, particularly along plate boundaries, according to the theory of plate tectonics. There are over 1,500 active volcanoes on Earth, with more located under the oceans, and active volcanoes in the United States are primarily found in Hawaii, Alaska, California, Oregon and Washington.
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The document discusses different types of volcanic hazards including lahars, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, volcanic gases, lava flows, and ballistic projectiles. It provides details on the characteristics and impacts of each hazard. The document instructs to conduct research on volcanic hazards from books and websites and prepare a visual aid for presentation.
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1) The document defines and describes several types of natural disasters including tornadoes, volcanoes, wildfires, avalanches, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
2) It explains the characteristics and causes of each type of disaster such as tornadoes being funnel-shaped windstorms and volcanoes forming at tectonic plate boundaries.
3) Details are provided on the specific mechanisms that cause volcanic eruptions and properties of wildfires like their extensive size and unpredictable behavior.
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Nevado del ruiz case study
Nevado Del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted in 1985, sending ash 30km into the air and melting glaciers which caused deadly lahars. The lahars flowed at 40mph, reached 50m wide, and killed 23,000 people as they destroyed the town of Armero. The hazard was not properly managed as scientists warned of the risk of lahars but officials failed to evacuate areas despite continuing volcanic activity in the months before the eruption.
Nevado del ruiz 1985
The 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia was made deadly due to secondary effects of the eruption. The eruption melted the ice cap atop the volcano, causing massive lahars or mudflows that buried the town of Armero, killing nearly 23,000 people. While the primary eruption was not particularly powerful, a lack of early warning and effective evacuation led to the large loss of life. Lessons from this disaster emphasized improving monitoring of volcanoes to better predict eruptions and evacuate threatened populations.
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This document provides an introduction to natural hazards. It discusses the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia, which killed over 21,000 people and caused $200 million in damage. The document outlines various natural processes including internal processes like earthquakes and volcanoes from plate tectonics, and external processes from solar energy like storms. It defines hazards, risk, disasters and catastrophes, and discusses how human settlement can increase risk. The role of history in understanding hazards is described.
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One died one minute sooner than the other but both were ten miles apart - how? The document discusses the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington state. It describes the tectonic plates in the area, notably the North American and Juan de Fuca plates, and details how a massive eruption destroyed part of the mountain and sent out a pyroclastic flow. The eruption had wide-ranging effects and responses included establishing a new visitor center and observing the continued growth of a lava dome within the volcano's crater.
Mount St. Helens
Mount St. Helens is a volcano located in Washington state. In May 1980, it erupted in a massive explosion, causing widespread destruction. The eruption began with an earthquake that triggered a landslide on the north side of the mountain. This removed pressure that had been building inside. Ash and gases were released at over 300 mph, reaching as high as 10 miles into the sky. The eruption killed 57 people and destroyed hundreds of square miles of forest. It removed over 1,300 feet from the mountain's peak. Today, the area is recovering but the powerful eruption is not forgotten.
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Mount St. Helens is a volcano located in Washington state near Seattle and Portland. In 1980, it erupted in the deadliest volcanic eruption in U.S. history, killing 57 people. The eruption destroyed 200 miles of highway and 250 homes. It occurred when the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate subducted under the North American plate, causing pressure that resulted in an earthquake and eruption. The eruption devastated the surrounding area through ash and debris flows.
Mt St Helens
The document summarizes the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington state. It describes how seismic activity in March 1980 signaled an impending eruption. On May 18th, an earthquake triggered a massive landslide on the north side of the mountain. This was followed by a powerful lateral blast that killed 57 people and destroyed 150,000 homes worth of timber. Over 500 square km were scorched and 540 million tons of ash were ejected up to 30 km into the sky.
Mt St Helens Geography Case Study
On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted, destroying over 15 cubic kilometers of timber and killing 57 people. Mount St. Helens is an active volcano located in Washington state on the boundary between the North American and Juan de Fuca tectonic plates. As the Juan de Fuca plate slid under the North American plate, it melted and caused magma to rise and build up in Mount St. Helens, resulting in earthquakes until the top of the volcano was blown off in the eruption. The eruption covered over 60,000 square kilometers with volcanic debris and ash and caused extensive economic and environmental damage to the surrounding area.
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Mt. St. Helens is a volcano located in Washington State that last erupted in 1980. [1] The eruption killed 57 people and caused widespread damage and environmental impacts. [2] It produced a landslide and later pyroclastic flows that destroyed forests, homes and infrastructure. [3] The eruption had significant economic and social costs for the region.
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Nevado del Ruiz is an active composite volcano located in Colombia that last erupted in 1985, killing over 23,000 people when a lahar was created and flowed into towns. The volcano is monitored using tools like tiltmeters and seismographs to detect changes that may indicate an impending eruption. Past eruptions have produced both pyroclastic material and lahars that have had devastating impacts on surrounding areas.
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Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are driven by gas and eject ash and rock high into the air, while effusive eruptions allow lava to flow slowly. Major hazards of explosive eruptions include pyroclastic flows, surges and falls, which can travel long distances and bury or burn everything in their path. To monitor and mitigate volcanic risks, observatories measure seismic activity, ground deformation and gas emissions to help forecast eruptions and issue warnings.
Volcanic Eruptions, Dangers and Hazards.ppt
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises up from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on how viscous the magma is and how much gas it contains. Explosive eruptions are fueled by gas and send ash high into the sky, while effusive eruptions allow lava to flow slowly. During an explosive eruption, pyroclastic flows can race down the sides of the volcano at high speeds, burying anything in their path like the cities of Pompeii and St. Pierre. Scientists monitor volcanoes for earthquakes, deformation, and gas emissions to better understand eruption warning signs and help
Volcanoes types and volcanic eruptions (1).ppt
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises up from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are driven by gas and eject ash and rock high into the air, while effusive eruptions allow lava to flow slowly. Major hazards from eruptions include pyroclastic flows, ash falls, lava flows, lahars, earthquakes, and noxious gases. Volcano observatories monitor seismic activity, deformation, and gas emissions to study volcanoes and provide warnings of impending eruptions to reduce risks to nearby populations.
Volcanoes.pptx
Volcanic eruptions can be either explosive or effusive depending on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are hazardous, sending ash clouds high into the atmosphere and producing pyroclastic flows that can travel long distances at high speeds, burying everything in their path. Effusive eruptions produce lava flows that while destructive, flow more slowly. To monitor and mitigate volcanic hazards, observatories measure seismic activity, ground deformation, and gas emissions to help predict eruptions and issue warnings. Understanding eruption precursors is key to developing evacuation plans and minimizing damage from these powerful natural phenomena.
Volcanoes presentation for grade 9 students
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises up from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on how viscous the magma is and how much gas it contains. Explosive eruptions are fueled by gas and send ash high into the sky, while effusive eruptions allow lava to flow slowly. During an explosive eruption, pyroclastic flows can race down the sides of the volcano at high speeds, burying anything in their path like the cities of Pompeii and St. Pierre. To monitor and mitigate volcanic hazards, observatories measure seismic activity, ground deformation, and gas emissions to help predict
Volcanoes.ppt
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are driven by gas and throw ash and rock into the air, generating pyroclastic flows that can travel long distances and devastate areas. Effusive eruptions gently flow lava. Volcanoes are monitored for seismic activity, deformation, and gas emissions to provide warning of impending eruptions and help mitigate hazards like ash falls, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and noxious gas releases.
Volcanoes.ppt
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises up from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are driven by gas and eject ash and rock high into the air, while effusive eruptions allow lava to flow slowly. Major hazards from eruptions include pyroclastic flows, ash falls, lava flows, lahars, earthquakes, and noxious gases. Volcano observatories monitor seismic activity, deformation, and gas emissions to study volcanoes and provide warnings of impending eruptions to reduce risks to nearby populations.
Volcanoes
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are driven by gas and throw ash and rock into the air, generating pyroclastic flows that can travel long distances and devastate areas. Effusive eruptions gently flow lava. Volcanoes are monitored for seismic activity, deformation, and gas emissions to provide warning of impending eruptions and help mitigate hazards like ash falls, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, earthquakes, and noxious gases.
Chapter 15.2: Volcanoes
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 15 Lesson 2 on volcanoes. This lesson goes into detail about volcanoes, plate boundaries, lava chemistry, eruption types, and volcano types. The purpose of this lesson is for students to understand where and why volcanoes form and what factors cause differing volcanic features.
Volcanoes - Types & Volcanic Hazards
Everything about volcanoes, their types and different volcanic hazards. Complete with high definition images. Enjoy!
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Earthquakes and volcanoes occur in three main zones around the world. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, with the most common type occurring along faults. The San Andreas fault in California regularly produces earthquakes, including the 1906 quake in San Francisco. Volcanoes form when magma reaches the surface from underground chambers; the type of eruption determines the volcano's shape, such as cinder cones from explosive eruptions or shield volcanoes from fluid lava flows. Major zones of earthquake and volcanic activity encircle the Pacific Ocean, extend through the Mediterranean region, and follow the Mid-Atlantic Ridge under the ocean.
volcanic erruption
Volcanic eruptions occur when magma reaches the Earth's surface through cracks in the crust. They can be devastating in the short term but also beneficial in the long run by enriching soils. Two main types are shield volcanoes, which erupt gently and form low slopes, and composite volcanoes with alternating lava and ash layers that can produce deadly pyroclastic flows. The eruption of Yellowstone supervolcano thousands of years ago was catastrophic globally. Montserrat was devastated in the 1990s when the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted, destroying the capital and forcing mass evacuations, though it has since calmed and rebuilding is underway.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes Q4. G6.ppt
Earthquakes occur when energy is released along faults in the Earth's crust. The San Andreas fault extends through California and causes earthquakes like the 1906 San Francisco quake when the lands on either side move in opposite directions. Earthquakes can also trigger tsunamis and different types of seismic waves. Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface through vents, erupting as either dark-colored basaltic lava flows or light-colored explosive rhyolitic eruptions. The three major zones of earthquake and volcanic activity are the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Mediterranean, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes.ppt
The document discusses earthquakes and volcanoes. It describes how earthquakes occur along fault lines as the earth's crust shifts, and how different types of seismic waves transmit earthquake energy. It also explains volcano formation from magma pockets in the earth's crust, and how different types of lava and eruptions shape volcanoes into cinder cones, shield volcanoes, or composite volcanoes. Finally, it identifies the Ring of Fire around the Pacific, the Mediterranean zone, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as the three major zones of earthquake and volcanic activity.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes form at plate boundaries where magma rises to the surface. There are two main types - acid/explosive volcanoes found at subduction zones and basaltic/shield volcanoes at hotspots. Mount Vesuvius near Naples, Italy is a composite acid volcano that has erupted frequently throughout history, most notably destroying Pompeii in 79AD. With over 3 million people now living nearby, Vesuvius presents a significant risk and authorities monitor it closely and have evacuation plans in place in case of a future eruption.
Kilauea volcano
Kilauea volcano is the youngest and most active volcano located on the southern part of the Island of Hawaii. It has been erupting nearly continuously since 1983 from its summit and two rift zones, producing frequent lava flows. Kilauea is a large shield volcano characterized by low-explosivity eruptions of mafic lava that form gentle slopes due to its high magma content and ability to easily release gases.
Volcanoes 1 to 4
The document discusses the risks and benefits of living near volcanic areas. It describes some key risks such as destruction from volcanic materials, landslides, pollution and effects on weather. It also outlines some benefits including fertile volcanic soil which supports agriculture, building materials and precious minerals, tourism attractions, and geothermal energy. While there are benefits, the document argues that there are more risks compared to benefits of living in volcanic areas, given the threats posed by potential eruptions. Proper management is needed to mitigate the risks and leverage the resources volcanoes provide.
Volcanoes
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are fueled by high gas content and can have catastrophic impacts, sending ash clouds high into the atmosphere. Effusive eruptions have lower gas content and result in lava flows. Monitoring volcanoes through seismic activity, deformation, and gas emissions can provide warning of impending eruptions to help mitigate hazards like pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, ash falls, and noxious gases.
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Ruiz volcano
- 2. Location • Ruiz is located in Calderas/Tolima, Columbia • In the Cordillera Central, Andes Range • Nevado del Ruiz lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire (convergent boundary) • The composition of the magma has a high viscosity and silica content • Like many other Andrean volcanoes, Nevado del Ruiz is a composite or stratovolcano • The summit of the volcano has steep slopes inclining from 20 to 30 degrees • The summit is covered by glaciers, in fact Nevado means “snow covered” • In the past when this volcano erupts it sends pyroclastic material out and creates a lahar most of the time, (a possible reason for the amount of glacier at the summit to decrease over time) • The capital of Columbia: Bagota is relatively close to Ruiz • Bagota has a population of 7,155,052
- 3. Location Diagrams On the left is all the volcanoes in Cloumbia
- 4. Type of Volcano • Nevado del Ruiz is a composite volcano consisting of hardened lava including volcanic ash • Composite volcanoes are created by alternate eruptions of pyroclastic material and lava flows • At the summit of the volcano there are glaciers covering 10 square kilometers of land • Due to the glaciers a few lahars have been created in the past
- 5. Self Created Image of Volcano • Diagram of Nevado Diagram of Nevado del Ruiz, composite volcano (Scanned) By Nic
- 6. Impact • The benefits of the volcano include tourist destination, provides a beautiful aspect to the land, and it is home to the mountain tapir and spectacled, both of which are ‘threatened’ • Some major dangers include another lahar, pyroclastic material causing physical damage to buildings, and the possibility of lowering temperatures in a violent eruption
- 7. Impact Pictures 1985 lahar New land forming from magma
- 8. Monitoring the Volcano • What is being used to monitor the volcano cannot be found • However a few methods that could be used to monitor Ruiz would be a tiltmeter: to measure the slope of the cone, or a seismograph measuring the earthquakes created by volcanoes • The steeper the measure of the slope the more likely there is to be an eruption • The more intense and the higher number of earthquakes the more likely there is to be an eruption
- 9. Monitoring Method Pictures Experts taking gas samples (above) Illustration of tilt and GPS methods (below)
- 10. Eruptive History • The first eruptions of Nevado del Ruiz occurred about 1.8 million years ago. Three primary eruption periods in the history of the volcano have been identified: ancestral, older and present. During the ancestral period between one million to two million years ago, a complex of large stratovolcanoes was created. Between 1.0 million and 0.8 million years ago, they partially collapsed, forming large (5– 10 km wide) calderas. During the older period, which lasted from 0.8 million to 0.2 million years ago, a new complex of large stratovolcanoes developed (including Older Ruiz, Tolima, Quindio, and Santa Isabel). Once again explosive summit calderas formed from 0.2 million to 0.15 million years ago. • On the morning of March 12, 1595, Nevado del Ruiz erupted. The volcano erupted pyroclastic material including lapilli and pumice bombs. Additionally, the eruption created a lahar was created killing more than 600 people • The worst recorded quake as far as casualties was at Amero on November 13, 1985 killing 23,000 civilians and more than 10,000 animals • The most recent eruption was in 2008, it was a minor one
- 11. Nevado del Ruiz Eruption Pictures
- 12. Bibliography Pics: • http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=ruiz+volca no&oe=UTF-8&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=FTJMT634LMW RiQLEqcCTDw&biw=1353&bih=967&sei=FzJMT43TDcibiAL1o_nJDw • http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=nevado+d el+ruiz&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 Info: • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz • http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Nevado.html • http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Colombia/Ruiz/description_er uption_lahar_1985.html • http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/stratoguide/nevadofact.html