This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which refers to the ongoing reduction in size of the residual alveolar ridge after tooth extractions. It provides information on the basic concepts of bone structure, the mechanisms of bone resorption, and the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of RRR. RRR is a normal process, but becomes pathological when the rate of resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation. The document outlines the anatomical and metabolic factors that contribute to RRR and the changes seen in the maxilla and mandible as a result of ongoing resorption.
Residual ridge resorption /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the ongoing resorption of the alveolar ridge that occurs after tooth extractions. It begins with definitions and an overview of the extraction healing process. It then describes the pathology and pathophysiology of RRR, including the changes that occur in the maxilla and mandible over time. RRR is a progressive process caused by abnormal osteoclastic bone resorption that results in reduced ridge height and width. While normal bone remodeling occurs, the rate of resorption in RRR exceeds new bone formation.
The document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the ongoing reduction in size of the residual alveolar ridge after tooth extractions. It occurs due to normal bone remodeling by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. RRR results in decreasing height and width of the ridges over time. The maxillary ridge becomes narrower from side to side while the mandibular ridge spreads wider. RRR is influenced by anatomic factors like the initial bone quantity/quality and metabolic factors like general bone metabolism. Prosthetic factors like poor denture support can also affect the rate of RRR. The stages of RRR are described from initial post-extraction healing to advanced bone loss.
The document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the diminishing quantity and quality of the residual ridge after tooth extraction. RRR is caused by ongoing bone resorption after healing is complete. It describes the classification of RRR orders based on ridge shape. The pathology involves microscopic evidence of osteoclastic activity and reduced bone density. The pathophysiology is an imbalance where resorption exceeds formation over time, progressively reducing the ridge.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which refers to the ongoing reduction in the size of the residual alveolar ridge even after tooth extractions have healed. RRR is a multifactorial process influenced by anatomic, metabolic, prosthetic, and functional factors. It occurs most rapidly in the first 6 months after extraction but continues slowly throughout life. Management of RRR focuses on preventing excessive bone loss through denture design, materials, and maintenance of proper occlusal vertical dimension.
Residual ridge resorption (RRR) is the loss of bone in the jawbones after tooth extraction. It is classified based on the amount of remaining bone. RRR is caused by a combination of anatomic, metabolic, and mechanical factors. Anatomic factors include the initial bone quantity and quality. Metabolic factors relate to bone formation and resorption. Mechanical factors involve forces transmitted through dentures or the jaw. RRR can be treated through ridge preservation surgery, ridge augmentation, and modified denture construction. Management aims to minimize bone loss and support denture retention.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption, which is the process of bone loss in the jaw after tooth extraction. It defines residual ridge resorption and classifies it in various ways. It describes the cells involved in bone remodeling and the mechanisms, causes, and implications of excessive residual ridge resorption, including ill-fitting dentures and increased challenges for prosthodontic treatment. Pathologically, imbalances between bone formation and resorption can lead to more bone being lost over time, ultimately decreasing jaw structure and function.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which refers to the diminishing quantity and quality of the residual ridge after tooth extraction. It defines key terms and classifies RRR as a major oral disease entity. The document explores the etiology of RRR, identifying anatomic, metabolic, and mechanical cofactors. Anatomic factors include ridge morphology, facial morphology, and mandibular shape. Metabolic factors involve bone resorption and formation processes influenced by local and systemic factors. Mechanical forces from prosthetics can also contribute to RRR depending on factors like force amount, frequency, duration, and direction. The document will further discuss pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of RRR.
Residual ridge resorption /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the ongoing resorption of the alveolar ridge that occurs after tooth extractions. It begins with definitions and an overview of the extraction healing process. It then describes the pathology and pathophysiology of RRR, including the changes that occur in the maxilla and mandible over time. RRR is a progressive process caused by abnormal osteoclastic bone resorption that results in reduced ridge height and width. While normal bone remodeling occurs, the rate of resorption in RRR exceeds new bone formation.
The document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the ongoing reduction in size of the residual alveolar ridge after tooth extractions. It occurs due to normal bone remodeling by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. RRR results in decreasing height and width of the ridges over time. The maxillary ridge becomes narrower from side to side while the mandibular ridge spreads wider. RRR is influenced by anatomic factors like the initial bone quantity/quality and metabolic factors like general bone metabolism. Prosthetic factors like poor denture support can also affect the rate of RRR. The stages of RRR are described from initial post-extraction healing to advanced bone loss.
The document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the diminishing quantity and quality of the residual ridge after tooth extraction. RRR is caused by ongoing bone resorption after healing is complete. It describes the classification of RRR orders based on ridge shape. The pathology involves microscopic evidence of osteoclastic activity and reduced bone density. The pathophysiology is an imbalance where resorption exceeds formation over time, progressively reducing the ridge.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which refers to the ongoing reduction in the size of the residual alveolar ridge even after tooth extractions have healed. RRR is a multifactorial process influenced by anatomic, metabolic, prosthetic, and functional factors. It occurs most rapidly in the first 6 months after extraction but continues slowly throughout life. Management of RRR focuses on preventing excessive bone loss through denture design, materials, and maintenance of proper occlusal vertical dimension.
Residual ridge resorption (RRR) is the loss of bone in the jawbones after tooth extraction. It is classified based on the amount of remaining bone. RRR is caused by a combination of anatomic, metabolic, and mechanical factors. Anatomic factors include the initial bone quantity and quality. Metabolic factors relate to bone formation and resorption. Mechanical factors involve forces transmitted through dentures or the jaw. RRR can be treated through ridge preservation surgery, ridge augmentation, and modified denture construction. Management aims to minimize bone loss and support denture retention.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption, which is the process of bone loss in the jaw after tooth extraction. It defines residual ridge resorption and classifies it in various ways. It describes the cells involved in bone remodeling and the mechanisms, causes, and implications of excessive residual ridge resorption, including ill-fitting dentures and increased challenges for prosthodontic treatment. Pathologically, imbalances between bone formation and resorption can lead to more bone being lost over time, ultimately decreasing jaw structure and function.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which refers to the diminishing quantity and quality of the residual ridge after tooth extraction. It defines key terms and classifies RRR as a major oral disease entity. The document explores the etiology of RRR, identifying anatomic, metabolic, and mechanical cofactors. Anatomic factors include ridge morphology, facial morphology, and mandibular shape. Metabolic factors involve bone resorption and formation processes influenced by local and systemic factors. Mechanical forces from prosthetics can also contribute to RRR depending on factors like force amount, frequency, duration, and direction. The document will further discuss pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of RRR.
This document provides an overview of residual ridge resorption (RRR), including definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment and prevention. It discusses how RRR is influenced by anatomical factors like the amount and quality of bone, as well as bone resorbing factors like hormones, nutrition, and force factors. RRR occurs as the residual alveolar ridges undergo structural changes and reductions in size after tooth extractions, due to changes in force distribution and the activity of cells like osteoclasts that resorb bone. Managing RRR requires addressing its multiple contributing biological and mechanical causes.
Alveolar bone and its relavance in prosthodontics / dental coursesIndian dental academy
This document discusses alveolar bone, its relevance in prosthodontics, and its development, composition, structure, and role in supporting teeth. Alveolar bone forms the sockets in the jawbones that hold the roots of teeth in place. It is composed of cortical plates, cribriform plates surrounding each tooth socket, and sometimes intervening spongy bone. The bone undergoes remodeling throughout life in response to tooth movement and forces from occlusion. Loss of teeth leads to residual ridge resorption that reduces the available bone for dental implants or dentures.
Residual ridge resorption is the diminishing of the residual alveolar ridge after tooth extraction. It occurs due to an imbalance between bone formation and resorption following tooth loss. It has multiple contributing factors including anatomic, metabolic, mechanical, and prosthetic. The amount of resorption increases over time after extraction and can be evaluated radiographically. Treatment focuses on addressing underlying tissues, pre-prosthetic surgery, and using dentures or implants to improve force distribution and reduce resorption.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses distraction osteogenesis, which is a technique for regenerating bone and soft tissue by gradually separating bone segments that have been surgically cut. It describes the history, biological process, phases involving surgery, latency period and distraction period, factors to consider like rate and rhythm of distraction, applications for maxillofacial deficiencies and reconstruction, and techniques involved. Distraction osteogenesis is an alternative to orthognathic surgery that allows for gradual adjustment of bony and soft tissues.
The document discusses alveolar bone and its relevance in prosthodontics. It defines alveolar bone and related terms, and describes the functions, composition, cells, classification, anatomy, development, histological structure, and influence of systemic diseases, vitamins, hormones, and drugs on alveolar bone. Alveolar bone supports teeth, distributes forces, provides attachment for muscles, acts as a reservoir for minerals, and works to maintain pH balance. Its microscopic structure consists of concentric lamellae that form Haversian systems. Conditions like hyperparathyroidism and diabetes can negatively impact alveolar bone through increased resorption.
This document summarizes bone formation and resorption. It classifies bones based on shape, development, and microscopic structure. It describes the composition of bone including bone cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Bone formation is influenced by growth factors while resorption involves acid secretion and enzyme activity by osteoclasts. Bone remodeling maintains bone mass through coupled formation and resorption, regulated by hormones and cytokines. Markers like TRAP indicate the rate of resorption.
The document summarizes the process of bone fracture healing in three stages: 1) initial hematoma and granulation tissue formation at the fracture site within the first few weeks, 2) callus formation between 4-12 weeks as the granulation tissue develops into woven bone, and 3) consolidation and remodeling over months as the woven bone is replaced with mature lamellar bone and the fracture site becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding bone. Key factors that influence healing include age, blood supply, stability of the fracture, and infection. Non-union can occur if the normal healing process is disrupted by factors like movement, poor blood supply, or infection.
The periodontal ligament is the soft connective tissue between the cementum and alveolar bone. It has an hourglass shape that is thinnest in the middle and widens coronally and apically. During tooth eruption, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that develop into principal fiber groups including the transseptal, alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, apical, and interradicular fibers. The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers, cellular elements like fibroblasts, and ground substances such as glycosaminoglycans. It functions to support the tooth, sense pressure, and maintain attachment through Sharpey's fibers embedded in the cementum and bone.
This document provides an overview of distraction osteogenesis. It discusses the history of distraction techniques dating back to the early 1900s. It then covers the indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages of distraction osteogenesis. The document explains the biology and phases of distraction osteogenesis including osteotomy, latency, distraction, consolidation, and remodeling. It discusses variables in the distraction phase such as rate and rhythm. Overall, the document provides a high-level summary of distraction osteogenesis techniques and processes.
Alveolar bone is the specialized bone that forms the sockets for teeth in the maxilla and mandible. It consists of alveolar bone proper surrounding the tooth root, supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone, and bundle bone where periodontal ligament fibers insert. Osteoblasts build bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb it, allowing remodeling. With age, alveolar bone thins with wider marrow spaces and more fragile trabeculae, leading the alveolar crest to slope down distally as teeth tilt mesially.
The document provides information about alveolar bone, including its development, functions, composition, classification, gross morphology, histology, bone formation, bone resorption, and bone remodeling. It defines alveolar bone as the portion of maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the tooth socket. It develops from the dental follicle during tooth eruption. The size and shape of alveolar bone is dependent on the teeth. It has important functions like housing tooth roots and providing attachment for the periodontal ligament and muscles.
This document discusses non-vascularized bone grafts. It notes that autogenous bone grafts are the gold standard for bony reconstruction of the jaws. Costochondral rib harvesting is described as a technique for obtaining bone grafts. The document outlines the advantages of autogenous bone grafts and principles of non-vital grafts, such as needing a blood supply from the recipient site. It provides details on harvesting and using costochondral rib grafts, including preoperative preparation, incision and procedure steps.
Distraction osteogenesis in orthodontics -Dr.G V SHETTYDr.G.V SHETTY
DISTRACTION IN ORTHODONTICS IMPLICATIONS
ROLE OF ORTHODONTIST IN MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE MAXILLOMANDIBULAR OR OROFACIAL DISCREPANCY
SCOPE OF DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS
This document provides an overview of bone physiology. It begins with definitions of bone and its functions, including supporting the body, protecting organs, and allowing movement. It then covers the classification, anatomy, histology, composition, growth and remodeling of bone. Key points include that bone is made up of inorganic minerals and organic collagen matrix, and is in a constant state of breakdown and formation through the actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, maintaining homeostasis. The document provides details on intramembranous and endochondral ossification, as well as the structure of alveolar bone and its importance for dentistry.
This document provides an organizational structure and performance details for PT. Cahaya Surya Bali Indah (PT. CSBI), a Hino vehicle parts supplier in Bali, Indonesia. It outlines PT. CSBI's sales strategy, areas served, revenue by channel from 2011-July 2012, and projections. It also includes a organizational chart and breakdown of part sales by category over that time period.
Young Rebel Prabhas’ surgery news revealed by Rajamouli shocked all his fans who started worrying about their ‘Darling’. They started wondering why the news was kept as secret from them for more t
[plan politika] Pemuda dan Politik Indonesia : In Search of Truly Youthful Un...Plan Politika
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
Tunas Indonesia Raya (TIDAR) adalah organisasi kepemudaan yang berfokus pada pendidikan dan olahraga serta kepemimpinan dan entrepreneurship. Wawancara dengan dua fungsionaris TIDAR menunjukkan pencapaian organisasi tersebut dalam bidang olahraga dan pendidikan kewirausahaan. Namun, tantangan utama TIDAR adalah membagi waktu antara kegiatan organisasi dengan tang
Le support de la conférence que j'aurais du donner le 29 avril dans le cadre de la conférence ITIS (Université Laval: https://www.itis.ulaval.ca/files/content/sites/itis/files/fichiers/Colloque2014_Programmation5mars.pdf) Big Data et Open Data au coeur de la ville intelligente.
This document summarizes jQuery, an open source JavaScript library. It simplifies HTML and JavaScript interaction by allowing developers to select elements, handle events, perform animations and AJAX calls with simple and concise code. The document highlights key features like DOM manipulation, events, effects and plugins. It also discusses jQuery's community, adoption by major sites, and future plans.
This document provides an overview of residual ridge resorption (RRR), including definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment and prevention. It discusses how RRR is influenced by anatomical factors like the amount and quality of bone, as well as bone resorbing factors like hormones, nutrition, and force factors. RRR occurs as the residual alveolar ridges undergo structural changes and reductions in size after tooth extractions, due to changes in force distribution and the activity of cells like osteoclasts that resorb bone. Managing RRR requires addressing its multiple contributing biological and mechanical causes.
Alveolar bone and its relavance in prosthodontics / dental coursesIndian dental academy
This document discusses alveolar bone, its relevance in prosthodontics, and its development, composition, structure, and role in supporting teeth. Alveolar bone forms the sockets in the jawbones that hold the roots of teeth in place. It is composed of cortical plates, cribriform plates surrounding each tooth socket, and sometimes intervening spongy bone. The bone undergoes remodeling throughout life in response to tooth movement and forces from occlusion. Loss of teeth leads to residual ridge resorption that reduces the available bone for dental implants or dentures.
Residual ridge resorption is the diminishing of the residual alveolar ridge after tooth extraction. It occurs due to an imbalance between bone formation and resorption following tooth loss. It has multiple contributing factors including anatomic, metabolic, mechanical, and prosthetic. The amount of resorption increases over time after extraction and can be evaluated radiographically. Treatment focuses on addressing underlying tissues, pre-prosthetic surgery, and using dentures or implants to improve force distribution and reduce resorption.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses distraction osteogenesis, which is a technique for regenerating bone and soft tissue by gradually separating bone segments that have been surgically cut. It describes the history, biological process, phases involving surgery, latency period and distraction period, factors to consider like rate and rhythm of distraction, applications for maxillofacial deficiencies and reconstruction, and techniques involved. Distraction osteogenesis is an alternative to orthognathic surgery that allows for gradual adjustment of bony and soft tissues.
The document discusses alveolar bone and its relevance in prosthodontics. It defines alveolar bone and related terms, and describes the functions, composition, cells, classification, anatomy, development, histological structure, and influence of systemic diseases, vitamins, hormones, and drugs on alveolar bone. Alveolar bone supports teeth, distributes forces, provides attachment for muscles, acts as a reservoir for minerals, and works to maintain pH balance. Its microscopic structure consists of concentric lamellae that form Haversian systems. Conditions like hyperparathyroidism and diabetes can negatively impact alveolar bone through increased resorption.
This document summarizes bone formation and resorption. It classifies bones based on shape, development, and microscopic structure. It describes the composition of bone including bone cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Bone formation is influenced by growth factors while resorption involves acid secretion and enzyme activity by osteoclasts. Bone remodeling maintains bone mass through coupled formation and resorption, regulated by hormones and cytokines. Markers like TRAP indicate the rate of resorption.
The document summarizes the process of bone fracture healing in three stages: 1) initial hematoma and granulation tissue formation at the fracture site within the first few weeks, 2) callus formation between 4-12 weeks as the granulation tissue develops into woven bone, and 3) consolidation and remodeling over months as the woven bone is replaced with mature lamellar bone and the fracture site becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding bone. Key factors that influence healing include age, blood supply, stability of the fracture, and infection. Non-union can occur if the normal healing process is disrupted by factors like movement, poor blood supply, or infection.
The periodontal ligament is the soft connective tissue between the cementum and alveolar bone. It has an hourglass shape that is thinnest in the middle and widens coronally and apically. During tooth eruption, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that develop into principal fiber groups including the transseptal, alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, apical, and interradicular fibers. The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers, cellular elements like fibroblasts, and ground substances such as glycosaminoglycans. It functions to support the tooth, sense pressure, and maintain attachment through Sharpey's fibers embedded in the cementum and bone.
This document provides an overview of distraction osteogenesis. It discusses the history of distraction techniques dating back to the early 1900s. It then covers the indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages of distraction osteogenesis. The document explains the biology and phases of distraction osteogenesis including osteotomy, latency, distraction, consolidation, and remodeling. It discusses variables in the distraction phase such as rate and rhythm. Overall, the document provides a high-level summary of distraction osteogenesis techniques and processes.
Alveolar bone is the specialized bone that forms the sockets for teeth in the maxilla and mandible. It consists of alveolar bone proper surrounding the tooth root, supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone, and bundle bone where periodontal ligament fibers insert. Osteoblasts build bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb it, allowing remodeling. With age, alveolar bone thins with wider marrow spaces and more fragile trabeculae, leading the alveolar crest to slope down distally as teeth tilt mesially.
The document provides information about alveolar bone, including its development, functions, composition, classification, gross morphology, histology, bone formation, bone resorption, and bone remodeling. It defines alveolar bone as the portion of maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the tooth socket. It develops from the dental follicle during tooth eruption. The size and shape of alveolar bone is dependent on the teeth. It has important functions like housing tooth roots and providing attachment for the periodontal ligament and muscles.
This document discusses non-vascularized bone grafts. It notes that autogenous bone grafts are the gold standard for bony reconstruction of the jaws. Costochondral rib harvesting is described as a technique for obtaining bone grafts. The document outlines the advantages of autogenous bone grafts and principles of non-vital grafts, such as needing a blood supply from the recipient site. It provides details on harvesting and using costochondral rib grafts, including preoperative preparation, incision and procedure steps.
Distraction osteogenesis in orthodontics -Dr.G V SHETTYDr.G.V SHETTY
DISTRACTION IN ORTHODONTICS IMPLICATIONS
ROLE OF ORTHODONTIST IN MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE MAXILLOMANDIBULAR OR OROFACIAL DISCREPANCY
SCOPE OF DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS
This document provides an overview of bone physiology. It begins with definitions of bone and its functions, including supporting the body, protecting organs, and allowing movement. It then covers the classification, anatomy, histology, composition, growth and remodeling of bone. Key points include that bone is made up of inorganic minerals and organic collagen matrix, and is in a constant state of breakdown and formation through the actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, maintaining homeostasis. The document provides details on intramembranous and endochondral ossification, as well as the structure of alveolar bone and its importance for dentistry.
This document provides an organizational structure and performance details for PT. Cahaya Surya Bali Indah (PT. CSBI), a Hino vehicle parts supplier in Bali, Indonesia. It outlines PT. CSBI's sales strategy, areas served, revenue by channel from 2011-July 2012, and projections. It also includes a organizational chart and breakdown of part sales by category over that time period.
Young Rebel Prabhas’ surgery news revealed by Rajamouli shocked all his fans who started worrying about their ‘Darling’. They started wondering why the news was kept as secret from them for more t
[plan politika] Pemuda dan Politik Indonesia : In Search of Truly Youthful Un...Plan Politika
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
Tunas Indonesia Raya (TIDAR) adalah organisasi kepemudaan yang berfokus pada pendidikan dan olahraga serta kepemimpinan dan entrepreneurship. Wawancara dengan dua fungsionaris TIDAR menunjukkan pencapaian organisasi tersebut dalam bidang olahraga dan pendidikan kewirausahaan. Namun, tantangan utama TIDAR adalah membagi waktu antara kegiatan organisasi dengan tang
Le support de la conférence que j'aurais du donner le 29 avril dans le cadre de la conférence ITIS (Université Laval: https://www.itis.ulaval.ca/files/content/sites/itis/files/fichiers/Colloque2014_Programmation5mars.pdf) Big Data et Open Data au coeur de la ville intelligente.
This document summarizes jQuery, an open source JavaScript library. It simplifies HTML and JavaScript interaction by allowing developers to select elements, handle events, perform animations and AJAX calls with simple and concise code. The document highlights key features like DOM manipulation, events, effects and plugins. It also discusses jQuery's community, adoption by major sites, and future plans.
Day Two of an unknown event is described in the document. No other details are provided about what occurred on this day or any relevant context. The single word "Day Two" is the only information given, providing little insight into the overall topic or story.
Este documento describe cómo crear y configurar cursos en Moodle. Explica los roles de usuario como administrador, profesor, alumno e invitado y sus permisos. Detalla el proceso de creación de un curso, incluyendo la configuración de opciones como formato, visibilidad, grupos, fechas y acceso. También cubre la asignación de profesores y roles dentro de un curso.
Este documento resume la evolución de la doctrina sobre la justicia penal juvenil. Explica que la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño de 1989 marcó el fin de la doctrina de la situación irregular, que criminalizaba la pobreza y trataba a los niños como objetos de tutela, e introdujo la doctrina de la protección integral, que reconoce a los niños como sujetos de derechos. Además, bajo esta nueva doctrina, los adolescentes pueden ser responsables por sus actos ilícitos según su edad y grado de desar
El documento presenta un itinerario de 15 días para un viaje por Cuba que incluye visitas a las ciudades de La Habana, Pinar del Río, Isla de la Juventud, Sancti Spiritus, Camagüey, Holguín y Santiago de Cuba. El itinerario describe las actividades y lugares turísticos a visitar en cada ciudad, así como los hoteles y medios de transporte entre destinos.
Argentina está dividida en 23 provincias y la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires, que es la capital federal. Tiene una población de 40 millones de personas y el fútbol es muy importante culturalmente, con figuras como Maradona y Messi. El tango también es una parte importante de la cultura argentina, originado en Buenos Aires. Las provincias, playas y paisajes variados lo convierten en un destino atractivo para visitar.
Tecnologie e Startup: ICT è solo una commodity? - Matteo Valoriani - Codemoti...Codemotion
Questa sessione vuole affrontare il tema della tecnologia e come questa possa essere una leva fondamentale per le nuove Startup. Nella prima parte saranno discussi i maggiori trend di mercato: le tecnologie più in voga e ricercate, quelle già mature e consolidate e quelle che sono in fase calante ma che avranno un alto impatto in futuro. Nella seconda parte mostrerò alcuni tool e tecniche che possono migliorare la gestione del lavoro di una start-up introducendo meccanismi di sviluppo agili.
El documento presenta información sobre el tercer departamento de Paraguay, Cordillera. Ubicado en el centro oeste de la región oriental, limita con otros departamentos. Su capital y ciudad más poblada es Caacupé. El departamento se caracteriza por su riqueza natural como arroyos y reservas, y su economía se basa en la agricultura, ganadería e industria. Entre los principales sitios turísticos se encuentran la Basílica de Caacupé, Jardín de la República en Itacurubí, y Tobatí
Modulo2.T3.Que necesito para tener un blogProfesorOnline
Para tener un blog, una persona necesita:
1) Alojamiento web gratuito o pago que proporcione espacio para almacenar contenido en internet y un nombre de dominio.
2) Software para crear y administrar el blog, como sistemas de gestión de contenido de código abierto (CMS) como WordPress o plataformas de blogs en línea.
3) Contenido como artículos, fotos y videos para publicar en el blog.
El documento presenta información sobre cinco proyectos de investigación del CIATEJ. Tres de los proyectos se enfocan en obtener fructanos y biocombustibles a partir de plantas nativas mexicanas con beneficios para la salud y el medio ambiente. Los otros dos proyectos desarrollan soluciones para mejorar la vitalidad de plantas y tratar efluentes industriales de forma sustentable.
O plano de aula tem como objetivo delinear a importância do trabalho do tutor no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. O plano inclui uma aula expositiva sobre a história da educação a distância e seus atores, disponibilização de materiais impressos e links para auxiliar na fixação do conteúdo, e vídeos explicativos sobre a diferença de atuação dos tutores. A avaliação final irá verificar se os alunos compreendem a história da educação a distância e podem identificar as funções dos tutores.
Rrr final1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the ongoing loss of jawbone that occurs after tooth extraction. It begins with definitions and an overview of the extraction healing process. It then covers the basic bone structure, cells involved in bone remodeling, and the mechanisms of bone resorption. The pathology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of RRR are explained. Changes to the maxilla and mandible due to RRR are described. The document lists anatomical, metabolic, functional, and prosthetic factors that contribute to RRR and discusses its epidemiology and etiology.
Dental Implant lecture concerning with bone resorption would take care of practice in the dental implant and help in considering the bone density as well as dental implant successful procedures.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which refers to the ongoing reduction in size of the residual alveolar ridges following tooth extraction. It notes that RRR occurs most rapidly in the first six months but continues slowly throughout life. RRR is caused by a combination of anatomical, metabolic, functional, and prosthetic factors. While RRR cannot be reversed, its progression can be slowed by maintaining oral health, using dental implants or overdentures when possible, and designing dentures to minimize forces on the residual ridges.
The document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the reduction in size of the residual alveolar ridge that occurs after tooth extraction. It states that RRR occurs most rapidly in the first six months but continues slowly throughout life. RRR results from bone resorption on the external surface of the ridge. The rate of RRR is influenced by anatomic, metabolic, functional and prosthetic factors. Forces applied to the ridge by dental prostheses can increase RRR by stimulating bone resorption if they exceed the damping effect of surrounding tissue.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption after tooth extraction. It covers the etiology, classification, prevention and treatment. Residual ridge resorption is caused by anatomical, metabolic, mechanical and prosthodontic factors and results in reduced alveolar bone size over time. The residual ridge can be classified based on its shape and height. Prevention focuses on maintaining oral health and correcting systemic factors. Treatment involves improving denture fit through specialized impression techniques to maximize support and retention of dentures on resorbed ridges.
The document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which is the progressive loss of jaw bone after tooth extraction. It defines RRR and provides classifications. RRR is considered a pathological process due to its variability between individuals. The document covers the epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors of RRR, including anatomical, mechanical, metabolic and prosthetic factors. Treatment aims to prevent or reduce RRR through denture design and patient education.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Bone is a highly vascular, living, mineralized connective tissue that makes up the human skeleton. It has two types of tissue - compact bone, which forms the dense outer layer of bones, and spongy or cancellous bone, which makes up the inner layer. Bone is formed through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification and is remodeled throughout life by bone cells. The process of bone resorption and formation allows bones to repair microdamage and change shape. Key bone cells include osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which break it down. Alveolar bone supports the teeth and is composed of the alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone
Alveolar bone / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Alveolar bone /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Alveolar bone ppt dental periodontic topic by channu m g 2k18Channu G
The document provides information about alveolar bone, including:
- Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth and is found in the maxilla and mandible.
- It develops along with erupting teeth and is composed of bundles of bone, marrow spaces, and plates of compact bone.
- Alveolar bone anchors teeth, distributes forces, and provides blood and nerve supply to the periodontium. It undergoes remodeling throughout life in response to forces.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the healing of mandibular fractures. It begins with an introduction and covers topics such as the classification, etiology, signs and symptoms, investigation, management, healing process, components of bone formation, stages of healing, and factors affecting healing of mandibular fractures. Complications are also mentioned. The outline provides a comprehensive overview of mandibular fracture healing.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption, which is the ongoing breakdown of the jawbone after tooth loss. It defines residual ridge resorption and classifies the types and stages. Factors that influence the rate and amount of resorption include anatomy, mechanics, metabolism, prevention through nutrition and implant placement. Surgical techniques like ridge augmentation and metal dentures can treat severe resorption. The conclusion emphasizes educating patients on treatment options based on their individual prognosis.
Alveolar bone forms tooth sockets and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It is composed of outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Osteoblasts form bone matrix containing collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Bone is remodeled through the balanced actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulated by hormones and growth factors.
The alveolar process forms and supports the tooth sockets. It is composed of cortical plates and cancellous bone that develop during tooth formation and undergo remodeling throughout life. The alveolar bone supports the teeth, adapts to forces, and maintains calcium homeostasis through the coordinated activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Loss of bone support can occur through various patterns of resorption, such as horizontal, vertical, or crater-shaped defects that compromise tooth retention over time.
This document provides an overview of residual ridge resorption (RRR). It begins with definitions of key terms like residual bone, residual ridge, and RRR. It then discusses the basic concepts of bone structure and the mechanisms of bone resorption. The document classifies and describes the various systems used to classify RRR. It explores the etiology of RRR, identifying anatomical, mechanical, metabolic, functional, and prosthetic factors. Other sections cover the pathology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of RRR as well as its epidemiology, diagnosis, consequences, and management.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. CONTENTS
•Introduction.
•Basic concept of bone.
•Mechanism of bone resorption
•Pathology of RRR
•Pathophysiology of RRR
•Pathogenesis of RRR
•Changes in maxilla and mandible
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3. •Epidemiology of RRR
•Etiology of RRR
•Calcium homeostasis and RRR
•Osteoporosis and RRR
•Management of RRR
•Summary
•Conclusion
•References
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4. Introduction
Residual ridge is a term used to describe the
shape of the clinical alveolar ridge after healing
of bone and soft tissues after tooth extractions.
It consists of the denture-bearing mucosa,
submucosa and periosteum, and the underlying
residual alveolar bone.
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5. •After tooth extraction, a cascade of inflammatory
reactions is immediately activated, and the extraction
socket is temporarily closed by the blood clot.
•Epithelial tissue begins its proliferation and
migration within the first week and the disrupted
tissue integrity is quickly restored.
•The most striking feature of the extraction wound
healing is that even after the healing of wounds, the
residual alveolar ridge bone undergoes a life-long
catabolic remodeling.
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6. •The size of the residual ridge is reduced most rapidly in
the first 6 months, but the bone resorption activity
continues throughout life at a slower rate, resulting in
removal of a large amount of jaw structure.
•This unique phenomena has been described as
RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION (RRR).
•The rate of RRR is different among persons and even at
different sites in the same person.
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7. The mechanical aspect of bone remodeling is usually
associated with Wolff’s law of bone transformation (1892)
which states that “EVERY CHANGE IN THE FORM AND
FUNCTION OF BONE , OR OF THEIR FUNCTION
ALONE,IS FOLLOWED BY CERTAIN DEFINITE
CHANGES IN THEIR INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE,
AND EQUALLY DEFINITE ALTERATION IN THEIR
EXTERNAL CONFORMATION, IN ACCORDANCE
WITH MATHEMATICAL LAWS.”, which simply means
that bone remodels in response to the forces applied.
However, the mere reference to ‘Wolff’s law’ in relation to
bone resorption is an inadequate explanation of this
complex physiologic process.
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8. Consequences of RRR
•Apparent loss of sulcus width and depth.
•Displacement of the muscle attachment closer to the
crest of the residual ridge.
•Loss of vertical dimension of occlusion.
•Reduction of lower face height.
•An anterior rotation of the mandible.
•Increase in relative prognathia.
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9. •Changes in inter-alveolar ridge relationship.
•Morphological changes such as sharp, spiny, uneven
residual ridges.
•Resorption of the mandibular canal wall and exposure of
the mandibular nerve.
•Location of the mental foramina close to the top of the
mandibular residual ridge.
This provides serious problems to the clinician on how
to provide adequate support, stability and retention of the
denture.
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11. Basic concept of bone:
A basic concept of bone structure and its functional
elements must be clear before bone resorption can be
understood. The structural elements of bone are:
a)Osteocytes found in bone lacunae.
b)The intercellular substance or bone matrix consisting of
fibrils and calcified cementing substance.
c) Osteoblasts.
d)Osteoclasts
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13. (a) Osteocytes:
These are small, flattened and rounded cells
embedded in the bone lacunae.
They are the main cells, of the developed bone and
are derived from the matured osteoblasts.
Function:
• Help to maintain bone as a living tissue because of
their metabolic activity.
• Play an important role in maintaining the exchange
of calcium between bone and extra cellular fluid.
(b) Calcified cementing substance:
Consists of mainly polymerized glycoproteins and
mineral salts namely CaCo3 and phosphate which
are bound to these protein substances.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
14. (c) Osteoblasts:
Concerned with bone formation and are situated on the
outer surface of bone in a continuous layer.
Functions:
• Responsible for synthesis of bone matrix.
• Role in calcification.
(d) Osteoclasts:
They are the giant multinucleated cells found in the
lacunae of bone matrix.
Functions:
• Responsible for bone resorption during bone
remodeling. Bone resorption always requires the
simultaneous elimination of organic and inorganic
components of the intercellular substance.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Mechanism of bone resorption
•The organic components of the intercellular substance
are removed by proteolytic action of the osteoclasts.
•Then, the Ca salts (inorganic) are dissolved by a
chelating action of the osteoclasts.
•As resorption takes place, the osteocytes released may
revert to osteoblasts or become osteoclasts, depending
on the physiologic and pathologic demands.
• Histologically, bone apposition and resorption take
place in close approximation, making possible the bone
balance of shape and size.
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17. Gross pathology:
The basic structural change in RRR is a reduction in the
size of the bony ridge under the mucoperiosteum. It is
primarily a localized loss of bone structure. In some
situations, this loss of bone may leave the overlying
mucoperiosteum excessive and redundant. In order to
provide a simplified method for categorizing the most
common residual ridge configurations, a system of six
orders of RR form has been described.
Order 1 - Pre extraction
Order 2 - Post extraction
Order 3 - High, well-rounded
Order 4 - Knife edge
Order 5 - Low, well-rounded
Order 6 - Depressedwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
19. •It is clear that RRR does not stop with the residual
ridge , but may well go below where the apices of the
teeth were, sometimes leaving only a thin cortical plate
on the inferior border of the mandible or virtually no
maxillary alveolar process on the upper jaw.
•Sometimes a knife edge ridge maybe masked by a
redundant or inflamed soft tissue, which can be detected
by palpation or by Lateral cephalometric radiographs.
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20. Microscopic pathology:
• Studies have revealed evidence of osteoclastic activity
on the external surface of the crest of the residual ridges.
The scalloped margins of Howship’s Lacunae sometimes
contain visible osteoclasts .
•Studies have shown total absence of periosteal lamellar
bone on the crest of the residual ridge, and a presence of
cortical layer consisting of an endosteal type of bone, or no
cortical layer but simply a medullary type of trabecular
bone.
•Varying degrees of inflammatory cells ,including
lymphocytes and plasma cells, have also been seen.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
22. •It is a normal function of bone to undergo constant
remodeling throughout life through the process of bone
resorption and bone formation.
•Growth : ↑ Bone formation.
•Osteoporosis/localized periodontal disease: ↑ Bone
resorption.
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23. •RRR is a localized pathologic loss of bone that is not
built back by simply removing the causative factors.
•Yet, the physiologic process of internal bone
remodeling goes on even in the presence of this
pathologic external osteoclastic activity that is
responsible for the loss of so much of bone substance.
•It has been shown that remodeling takes place in 3
dimensions such that certain portions of bone become
narrower to the extent that all existing cortical bone in
that area is removed by external osteoclastic activity
and is replaced by a new cortical layer that is formed
by simultaneous endosteal bone formation.
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24. •Even if a great deal of RR is removed in total, there is
often a cortical layer of bone over the crest of the ridge.
This means that new bone has been laid down inside the
RR in advance of the external osteoclastic removal of
bone.
•The mechanism of the reduction of the mandibular
residual ridge actually represents a modified version of
the Enlow’s “V” principle, showing external resorption
accompanied by endosteal deposition.
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26. Based on the clinical fact that :
•RRR is not inevitable
• Its rate varies
• The rate of resorption is greater that the rate of
formation in some patients ,
….RRR should be considered a pathologic
process.
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28. Order I: pre-extraction: The tooth is in its socket with thin
labial and lingual cortical plates merged with the lamina
dura.
Order II: postextraction: The healing period includes clot
formation and organisation, filling of the socket with the
trabecular bone and epithelisation over the socket site. The
edges of the residual ridge are still sharp.
Order III: High , well rounded residual ridge: The cortical
plates are rounded off by external osteoclastic resorption,
narrowing of the crest of the ridge begins and remodelling
of the internal trabecular structure takes place.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Order IV: Knife edge RR : Sharp narrowing of the labio-
lingual diameter of the crest of the ridge with a
compensatory internal remodelling leading to a sharp
crest of the ridge.
Order V: Low well rounded RR : Progressive labio lingual
narrowing of knife edge ridge leads to a widely rounded
and lower residual ridge.
Order VI: Depressed RR: Eventually further progression of
the resorption leads to a flat, depressed ridge.
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32. •RRR is chronic, progressive, irreversible and
cumulative. Usually, RRR proceeds slowly over a
long period of time flowing from one stage
imperceptibly to the next. Autonomous regrowth
has not been reported. Annual increaments of
bone loss have a cumulative effect leaving less and
less residual ridge.
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33. Changes In TheChanges In The
Maxilla And TheMaxilla And The
MandibleMandible
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34. •Maxillary teeth are generally directed downward
and outward, so bone reduction generally is upward
and inward. Since the outer cortical plate is thinner
than the inner cortical plate, resorption from the
outer cortex tends to be greater and more rapid. As
the maxilla becomes smaller in all dimensions, the
denture bearing area (basal seat) decreases.
•The bone of the maxillae resorbs primarily from the
occlusal surface and from the buccal and labial
surfaces.
•Thus the maxillary residual ridge looses height and
maxillary arch becomes narrower from side to side
and shorter anteroposteriorly.
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37. •The anterior Mandibular teeth generally incline
upward and forward to the occlusal plane, whereas the
posterior teeth are either vertical or incline slightly
lingually.
•The mandibular ridge resorbs primarily from the
occlusal surface.
•Because the mandible is wider at its inferior border
than at the residual alveolar ridge in the posterior part
of the mouth, resorption, in effect, moves the left and
right ridges progressively farther apart.
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40. •The mandibular arch appears to become wider, while
the maxillary arch becomes narrower.
•Thus, RRR is centripetal in maxilla and centrifugal
in mandible.
•The cross section shrinkage in the molar region, is
downward and outward. In the anterior region it is
first downward and backward ,and then moves
forward.
•The surface of the arches maybe resorbed out of
parallelism which can result in diminished stability of
dentures.
•Severe ridge resorption can also result in increased
inter arch space.
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42. Epidemiology of RRR:Epidemiology of RRR:
•To date, it would appear that RRR is world-wide,
occurs in males and females, young and old, sickness
and in health, with and without dentures and is
unrelated to the primary reason for the extraction of
the teeth (Caries / periodontal disease).
•Rate of RRR is variable
-between persons.
-within the same person at diff. times.
-within the same person at diff. sites.
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44. It is postulated that RRR is a multifactorial,
biomechanical disease that results from a
combination of:
• Anatomic.
• Metabolic.
• Functional.
• Prosthetic factors.
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45. ANATOMIC FACTORS:
It is postulated that RRR varies with the quantity
and quality of the bone of the residual ridges:
RRR α anatomic factors
The amount of bone:
• It is not a good prognostic factor for the rate of RRR,
because it has been seen that some large ridges resorb
rapidly and some knife edge ridges may remain with little
changes for long periods of time.
•Although the broad ridge may have a greater potential for
bone loss, the rate of vertical bone loss may actually be
slower than that of a small ridge because there is more
bone to be resorbed per unit of time and because the rate
of resorption also depends on the density of bone.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Quality of bone:
On theoretic grounds, the denser the bone, the
slower the rate of resorption because there is more bone to
be resorbed per unit of time.
METABOLIC FACTORS.
Generally, body metabolism is the net sum of all the
building up (anabolism) and the tearing down (catabolism)
going on it the body.
RRR α bone resorption factors
bone formation factors
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47. •In equilibrium the two antagonistic actions (of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts) are in balance. In
growth, although resorption is constantly taking
place in the remodeling of bones as they grow,
increased osteoblastic activity more than makes up
for the bone destruction.
•Whereas in osteoporosis, osteoblasts are
hypoactive, and, in the resorption related to
hyperparathyroidism, increased osteoblastic
activity is unable to keep up with the increased
osteoclastic activity. The normal equilibrium may
be upset and pathologic bone loss may occur if
either bone resorption is increased or bone
formation is decreased, or if both occur.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
48. •Since bone metabolism is dependent on cell metabolism,
anything that influences cell metabolism of osteoblasts
and osteoclasts is important.
•The thyroid hormone affects the rate of metabolism of
cells in general and hence the activity of both, the
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
•Parathyroid hormone influences the excretion of
phosphorous in the kidney and also directly influences
osteoclasts.
•The degree of absorption of Ca, P and proteins
determines the amount of building blocks available for
the growth and maintenance of bone.
•Vit C aids in bone matrix formation.
•Vit D acts through its influence on the rate of
absorption of calcium in the intestines and on the citric
acid content of bone.
•Various members of Vit B complex are necessary for
bone cell metabolism.
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49. •According to Reifenstein, in the young person,
there is a relative predominance of anabolic
hormones (estrogen and testosterone) over the anti
anabolic hormones( cortisone and hydrocortisone)
resulting in continued growth of skeleton.
•He further states that, as people get older, the
anabolic hormones are so reduced that the
antianabolic hormones are in relative excess with
the result that bone resorption may take place
faster than bone formation and that bone mass
may be reduced.
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50. FUNCTIONAL FACTORS
•Forces within the physiological limits are beneficial
in their massaging effect. On the other hand,
increased or sustained pressure produces bone
resorption.
•Bone that is used as by regular physical activity
will tend to strengthen within certain limits , while
bone that is in disuse will tend to atrophy.
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51. Disuse atrophy
•It is directly proportional to the extent of disuse.
•It does not result from the direct loss of non
functional bone, but the lack of replacement of bone
not needed for function.
•After the loss of natural teeth, bone cannot be
stimulated by a denture base as the teeth did
internally. The lack of internal stimuli contributes
to the disuse atrophy.
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52. •The amount and frequency of stress and its
distribution and duration are important factors.
•The reaction of bone to pressure can cause both
apposition and resorption.
•Whenever pressure interferes with the blood or nerve
supply of the bone, resorption occurs.
•The interference maybe due to pressure directly from
the bone or inflammatory in origin.
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53. PROSTHETIC FACTORS
Excessive stress resulting from artificial
environment:
• Human tissues have not evolved in nature to
accept ranges of artificial things and the denture
acts as an artificial entity.
Abuse of tissues from lack of rest:
• Abused tissues are always manifested with a
slung, glistering surface. Bone is moldable. It can
tolerate masticatory forces within the limits of
physiologic tolerance but exceeding that it causes
damaging forces which will result in resorption of
the alveolar bone and alteration in tissue form .
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54. Long continued use of ill fitting dentures:
• In ill fitting dentures, there is an improper relation of
the denture base to the supporting tissue. Ill fitting
dentures may be due to :
• Long use
• Loss of bone
• Incorrect occlusion
• Incorrect jaw relation
UNDER EXTENDED DENTURES:
• Lead to less retentive dentures and increase load
per unit area. Common sites are:
• Lingual flange
• Buccal shelf area
• Retromylohyoid area
• Retromolar padwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
55. Faulty improper procedures employing
compression forces:
• Before impression procedures, care has to be
taken on selection of trays. If the tray selected is
too large, it will distort the tissues around the
borders of the impression, away from the tissues.
If it is too small, the border tissues will collapse
inward onto the residual ridge. This will reduce
the support of the lips by the denture flange.
• The use of minimal and selective pressure
impression techniques should be implicated in
order to avoid distortion of the mucosa and ridge
area which may be under considerable pressure
otherwise. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
56. Error in relating maxilla to the cranial landmarks
(orientation relation):
The plane of the maxilla should be oriented to the facial
reference line (Camper’s plane or ala tragus line). If not,
may cause instability of denture leading to resorption.
Lack of freeway space due to increased vertical
dimension of occlusion:
Freeway space is present in the teeth in the physiologic
rest position. It is normally 2-8mm but in complete
dentures it is around 2mm. At times, due to lack of
freeway space the bone resorbs because of increased
vertical height in an attempt to create the space.
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57. Incorrect Centric relation record:
If the Centric relation is not recorded properly, the
mandibular teeth will not occlude properly with those on
the maxillary arch. This proper occlusion is essential to
the health of bony support. Otherwise, during eccentric
movement, it causes pressure on bone due to failure of
denture stability. Hence resorption of base occurs.
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58. Faults in selection and placement of posterior teeth:
The selection of proper tooth size is based on :
•Capacity of ridges to receive and resist the
forces of mastication.
•Space available for the teeth.
•When the ridge is weak, resorbed and covered
by only lining mucosa, then the use of the
posterior teeth should be smaller. This will limit
the occlusal surface, which in turn will minimize
the forces directed to such a ridge.
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59. If occlusal corrections are not done:
• These errors which may be caused due to processing
techniques if not corrected causes premature contacts
resulting in increased stress.
• Selective grinding should be done to minimize lateral
stress and resulting tissue trauma.
Overclosure
• The loss of proper vertical dimension after the insertion
of complete dentures results in the triggering of a cyclic
series of events detrimental to the health of the residual
alveolar ridge.
• Overclosure causes the mandible to be moved or rotated
in an upward and forward direction causing occlusal
disharmony and excessive trauma to anterior region .www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
60. Bone resorption and Ca homeostasis:
The only sources of Ca for the body are
•Diet
•Bone reservoir.
Ca homeostasis is maintained by controlling Ca obtained
from these 2 sources. This can occur by altering internal
absorption mechanisms (income) or tubular reabsorption
(recycling) or by liberation of Ca from the skeleton via
resorption (savings).
There is a reciprocal relationship between Ca
concentration and bone resorption to maintain Ca
homeostasis. As the level of serum calcium develops,
resorption is stimulated and factors that would inhibit
resorption are depressed.
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61. •Skeletal depletion of calcium occurs as a result of
stimulation of parathyroid gland and the alveolar bone is
the first to be affected. This is due to the function of
parathyroid hormone in maintaining the blood calcium
level by mobilizing it from bones by osteoclastic activity.
•Simultaneously , there is an increased renal excretion of
phosphate, which disturbs the blood
calcium:phosphorous ratio by raising the blood calcium
level. This results in mobilization of phosphates from
bones by osteoclastic activity.
•Under these conditions , alveolar bone becomes
susceptible to diseases like osteoporosis.
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62. Osteoporosis and RRR
•Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and micro
architectural deterioration of the bone, which leads to
increased bone fragility and risk of fracture.
•It has two forms.
•The more prevalent Type I (post menopausal) affects
women for a decade or so after menopause.
•The Type II ( senile or idiopathic) attacks males and
females at any age for no obvious reason.
•RRR maybe a manifestation of Type I osteoporosis .
•Both cortical and trabecular bone are affected.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
63. Treatment for osteoporosis
•Estrogen replacement therapy
•Ca supplement
•Good nutrition and regular exercise
•New drugs for systemic osteoporosis are
under evaluation, including biophosphonates
to inhibit osteoclasts and injections and
calcitonin to reduce resorption.
Detection of bone loss i.e. radiographs
•Digital subtraction radiography
•Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
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64. Methods of evaluation of bone loss in RRR
• Radiographs:
- Cephalometrics .
- Panoramic.
• Tetracycline labeling
• Mercury porosimetry
• Anatomic studies
• Remount jig procedure
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69. Systemic evaluation
Diet
Tissue treatment therapy
Pre prosthetic surgery
Prosthetic management:
-Impression techniques.
-Denture base selection.
-Teeth selection and arrangement.
-Implant supported prosthesis.
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70. Systemic evaluation
•Any systemic condition that can contribute to the
degeneration of the bone condition should be
corrected and stabilized, for e.g.: osteoporosis,
hyperparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus.
•Any dental treatment should follow only after the
condition is under control and the patient is fit for
treatment.
•In cases where limited help can be given, the patient
should be counseled about its effect on dental health.
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71. Diet.
•Patients with bone disease need a diet high in
proteins, vitamins and mineral content.
•Should reduce or stop intake of refined
carbohydrates, white flour, and white sugar.
•In all dietary prescriptions , the consistency of food
prescribed must take into account the patients ability
to masticate.
Tissue Treatment Therapy.
•Soft conditioning materials can be used to
rejuvenate the tissue-bearing area.
•Hypertrophied tissues, previously treated by
surgery, can be reconditioned by using this material.
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72. Pre-prosthetic surgery
It aims at providing a good healthy surface for the
insertion of the dentures.
It includes all the surgical procedures by virtue of
which an ideal smooth, healthy U shaped ridge , without
any unfavourable undercuts or bony growths and with
sufficient vestibular depth is achieved.
It includes the following surgical procedures:
•Ridge correction.
•Ridge extension/vestibuloplasty.
•Ridge augmentation
•Surgical correction of maxillomandibular relation.
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73. Ridge Corrective surgery
Soft tissue deformities
•Labial frenectomy.
•Lingual frenectomy.
•High buccal frenal attachments.
•Hyperplasia of soft tissues.
Bony deformities
•Sharp irregular ridge.
•Alveoloplasty.
•Alveolectomy.
•Excision of tori and genial tubercles.
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80. Ridge augmentation
It is aimed at :
•Increase in the ridge height and width
providing a large denture bearing area ,
•Protection of neuro vascular bundles
•Restoration of proper maxillomandibular arch
relationship.
Ridge augmentation has been tried with:
•Bone transplants
•Autogenous and homogenous cartilage
•Hydroxylapatite
•Acrylic implants. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
81. Prosthetic management.
Impression technique
In patients with severely resorbed ridges, lack of ideal
amount of supporting structures decreases support and
the encroachment of the surrounding mobile tissues onto
the denture border reduces both stability and retention.
Thus the main aim of the impression procedure is to
gain maximum area of coverage. For e.g., in mandibular
ridge, obtaining a fairly long retromylohyoid flange
helps to achieve a better border seal and retention.
Selection of proper trays and the correct impression
procedure is very essential for an accurate impression.
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82. • Selective pressure technique
This technique is most widely advocated to manage RRR.
It makes it possible to confine the forces acting on the
denture to the stress bearing areas .
This helps in better withstanding the mechanical forces
induced by denture wearing.
• Winkler describes a technique which uses tissue
conditioners. An over extended primary impression of
alginate is made. Occlusal wax rims are constructed and
the borders are adjusted so that the lingual flange and
sublingual crescent area are in harmony with the resting
and acting phases of the floor of the mouth by an open
and closed – mouth technique.
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83. 3 applications of conditioning material are used – each
application approximately 3-10 minutes. The third and
final wash is made with a light bodied material. This
technique results in the impression that has tissue
placing effect with relatively thick, buccal, lingual and
sublingual crescent area borders.
•Miller used mouth-temperature waxes instead of tissue
conditioners .
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84. Mucodynamic technique.
It is intended to integrate the changes in the shape of
the vestibules when functional movements are made. A
highly viscous thermoplastic reversible impression
material is placed in the custom tray, then carefully
adapted to the residual ridge and held with light and
uniform pressure while the functional movements are
made. As soon as the entire surface is smooth and the
buccal and lingual borders are molded to the outer
circumference without any folds, the impression is
complete.
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85. Selection of denture base
For degenerative ridge patients there are three types of
denture bases:
•Methyl methacrylate resin denture bases
•Cast metal bases
•Processed resilient , lined denture bases
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86. Methyl methacrylate resin denture bases
•These are the standard bases normally used.
•These bases are quickly and easily processed.
•Dimensionally stable.
•But in a short time the base appears to soften and change
color, and is not strong.
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87. Cast metal bases.
•Main advantage is the great accuracy of fit to the
tissues by surface tension, than acrylic denture bases.
•They maybe of gold, chromium cobalt or aluminium.
Processed resilient , lined denture bases.
Its greatest advantage is its cushioning effect on the
mucosa and its ability to distort and spring back.
Indications:
•Patients with severely undercut ridges, but for whom
surgery is contraindicated.
•Patients with parafunctional mandibular movement
habits.
•Patients with flat ridge and delicate tissues.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
89. Limitations:
•They can be used only under a hard-processed
acrylic resin base, and the lining works best when
there is a 2 mm thickness.
•Deterioration of the liner in some mouths.
In spite of this , it can be held up well in dentures
by proper cleansing and brushing with soft tooth
brush.
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90. Teeth selection and arrangement
Teeth can be selected acc. to their form and size:
•Anatomic or cuspal teeth
•Semi anatomic teeth
•Non anatomic or zero degree teeth.
The following requirements have to be met during
teeth arrangement:
•Stability of occlusion in centric relation.
•Balanced occlusion for eccentric contacts.
•Unlocking of the cusps mesio distally to accommodate
the settling of denture bases.
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91. •Control of horizontal force by buccolingual cusp height
reduction acc. to residual ridge shape and inter arch
space.
•Functional balance by favorable tooth to ridge crest
position.
•Cutting and shearing efficiency.
•Anterior clearance of teeth during mastication.
•Minimal occlusal stop areas for reduced pressure
during function.
•Teeth should be placed in neutral zone to create co
ordination between the primary and secondary
masticatory organs.
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92. •Relative to each other, the maxillary and mandibular
residual ridges are known to be in a favorable position
for normal arrangement of posterior teeth if the
connecting line between the midridge line of the max.
and mand. residual ridges are at an angle of more than
80 degrees.
•An angle less than 80 degrees necessitates a cross bite or
reverse occlusion arrangement of posterior teeth.
•A prognathic mandible necessitates the arrangement of
anterior teeth in a reverse occlusion.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
94. •Non anatomic teeth have known to cause fewer
denture sore spots and lesser ridge resorption.
•Semi anatomic reverse curve posterior teeth favor
the lower ridge
•Anatomic posterior teeth cause more denture
soreness and ridge resorption.
•Few studies state that anatomic posterior occlusion
favors lower dentures and non anatomic posterior
teeth favor upper denture.
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95. Implant supported prosthesis.
The various problems associated with RRR and stability
of removable soft tissue borne dentures have aroused
interest in dental implantology to provide stable
mechanical support to the dental prosthesis. This is
because of the following advantages offered by implant
supported prosthesis:
•Maintenance of alveolar bone
•Maintenance of occlusal vertical dimension.
•Height of alveolar bone is found to be maintained as
long as the implant remains healthy.
•Improved psychological health.
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96. •Regained proprioception.
•Increased stability, retention and phonetics.
•Maintenance of structure and function of muscles of
mastication and facial expression.
•Immune to caries.
•Increased trabeculation and density of bone.
•Overall volume of bone is maintained.
•Efficiency to take up stress and strain.
•There is 20 fold decrease in the loss of structure with
implants when compared with resorption that occurs with
removable prosthesis.
•Preventive implant is given following extraction to retard
ridge resorption.
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97. Prosthodontic classification of implants.
FP-1 : Fixed prosthesis replacing only crown.
FP-2 : Fixed prosthesis replacing crown and
portion of root.
FP-3 : Fixed prosthesis replacing missing crowns
and portion of the edentulous site.
RP-4 : Removable prosthesis : overdenture
supported by implants.
RP-5 : Removable prosthesis : overdenture
supported by both soft tissue and implant.
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100. •The success of implant supported prosthesis,
however, depends on the technical
knowledge and mastery of the
implantologist, and is directly related to the
selection of patient and implant, surgical
technique, follow up procedures and patient
acceptability.
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102. •Residual ridge resorption is a chronic, progressive,
irreversible, and disabling disease , of multifactorial
origin.
•Much is known about its pathology and pathophysiology,
but a lot remains to know about its pathogenesis,
epidemiology and etiology.
•RRR requires a multiple approach for diagnosis and
treatment planning.
•The cause must be detected, by the aid of a physician, and
then eliminated or stabilized before dentures are
constructed.
•Construction of a stable functioning denture and a
regular follow up treatment can help in the restoration of
function, and thus, the restoration of the physical and
mental vitality of the patient.
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104. •The preservation of supporting tissues is a sacred trust
that cannot be ignored.
•The application of the basic concepts and the advances
made in the basic sciences will help to keep this trust in
the hands of the dental profession.
•As prosthodontists, we need to perform the most
meticulous and intelligent prosthodontic care of the
patient within our capabilities.
•…and then , it would not seem a nebulous hope that
some day there will be control over residual ridge
resorption. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
106. •Ortman HR: Factors of bone resorption of the residual
ridge. J Prosthet Dent 1962;12,3:429-440.
•Atwood DA: Reduction of residual ridges: A major oral
disease entity. J Prosthet Dent 1971;26:266-279.
•Atwood DA: Some clinical factors related to rate of
resorption of residual ridges. J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:119-
125.
•Wendt DC: The degenerative denture ridge – Care and
treatment. J Prosthet Dent 1974;32,5:477-492.
•Ortman HR : The role of occlusion in preservation and
prevention in complete denture prosthodontics. J Prosthet
Dent 1971;25,2:121-138.
•Sobolik FC : Alveolar bone resorption. J Prosthet Dent
1960;10,4:612-619. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
107. •Jahangiri L, Devlin H, Ting K et al :Current perspectives
in residual ridge remodelling and its clinical implications:
A review. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80;224-237.
•Atwood DA : Post extraction changes in the adult
mandible as illustrated by microradiographs of midsagittal
sections and serial cephalometric roentgenograms. J
Prosthet Dent 1963;13:810-824.
•Winkler S : Essentials of complete denture
prosthodontics. 2nd
edition,2000.
•Boucher CO : Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous
patients. 12th
edition,2004.
•Alfred H G :Color Atlas of Dental Medicine – Complete
Denture and Overdenture Prosthetics.2nd
edition,1993.
•Misch CE : Contemporary implant dentistry. 2nd
edition,1999.
•Eroshenko VP : di Fiore’s Atlas of histology. 7th
edition.1993.
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