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Definition of routing, Types of routing, Advantages of types of routing, Disadvantages of types of routing, Detail of types of routing
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Network Routing | Computer Science
Routing is the operation of transferring information transversely through an internetwork from a source to a destination. Alongside the approach, as a minimum one middle node normally is found. Routing is frequently compared with bridging, Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Network Routing:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/network-routing.aspx
Routing ppt
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks. this slide helps to describe routing protocols and their various aspects.
ROUTER PPT
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. There are two main types: wired routers that use physical connections like cables, and wireless routers that use radio frequencies to transmit data wirelessly. Routers contain routing tables that determine the best path to send data to its destination network, whether it is on the same local area network or a different remote network. Routers allow devices on different networks to communicate by directing traffic to the appropriate destination.
Bgp protocol
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects different autonomous systems on the internet. It allows for the exchange of routing and reachability information between these systems. BGP operates using a finite state machine to manage the states of connections between peers. It establishes TCP connections between routers to exchange routing updates and keep connections alive through regular keepalive messages. BGP version 4, defined in RFC 4271, is the current standard implementation which supports features like classless inter-domain routing and route aggregation.
Computer Networks Unit 1 Introduction and Physical Layer
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document also defines networks, explaining that a network allows interconnected devices to communicate and share resources. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are described as the main categories of networks.
Networking devices
This document discusses several common networking devices and their functions. It describes hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, CSU/DSUs, NICs, ISDN adapters, modems, and firewalls. Hubs broadcast traffic to all ports, wasting bandwidth, while switches only forward frames to their destination port. Bridges operate at the data link layer and routers at the network layer. Gateways perform protocol translation. NICs connect devices to the network. Modems convert digital to analog signals for transmission over phone lines. Firewalls control network access for security.
Rarp
This document presents on the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). It defines RARP as a protocol used to find the logical address for a machine that knows only its physical address. It describes how RARP works to dynamically map physical addresses to logical addresses, as ARP maps logical to physical addresses. The document outlines the uses of RARP and its limitations that led to its replacement by other protocols like BOOTP and DHCP.
Routing Protocols
There are two main types of routing protocols: distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP that determine the best path based on hop count and send the full routing table, and link state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that advertise link information to build a shared topology database and converge faster. EIGRP is a hybrid protocol that behaves like a distance vector protocol. Interior routing protocols like these are used within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
Recommended
Network Routing | Computer Science
Routing is the operation of transferring information transversely through an internetwork from a source to a destination. Alongside the approach, as a minimum one middle node normally is found. Routing is frequently compared with bridging, Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Network Routing:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/network-routing.aspx
Routing ppt
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks. this slide helps to describe routing protocols and their various aspects.
ROUTER PPT
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. There are two main types: wired routers that use physical connections like cables, and wireless routers that use radio frequencies to transmit data wirelessly. Routers contain routing tables that determine the best path to send data to its destination network, whether it is on the same local area network or a different remote network. Routers allow devices on different networks to communicate by directing traffic to the appropriate destination.
Bgp protocol
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects different autonomous systems on the internet. It allows for the exchange of routing and reachability information between these systems. BGP operates using a finite state machine to manage the states of connections between peers. It establishes TCP connections between routers to exchange routing updates and keep connections alive through regular keepalive messages. BGP version 4, defined in RFC 4271, is the current standard implementation which supports features like classless inter-domain routing and route aggregation.
Computer Networks Unit 1 Introduction and Physical Layer
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document also defines networks, explaining that a network allows interconnected devices to communicate and share resources. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are described as the main categories of networks.
Networking devices
This document discusses several common networking devices and their functions. It describes hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, CSU/DSUs, NICs, ISDN adapters, modems, and firewalls. Hubs broadcast traffic to all ports, wasting bandwidth, while switches only forward frames to their destination port. Bridges operate at the data link layer and routers at the network layer. Gateways perform protocol translation. NICs connect devices to the network. Modems convert digital to analog signals for transmission over phone lines. Firewalls control network access for security.
Rarp
This document presents on the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). It defines RARP as a protocol used to find the logical address for a machine that knows only its physical address. It describes how RARP works to dynamically map physical addresses to logical addresses, as ARP maps logical to physical addresses. The document outlines the uses of RARP and its limitations that led to its replacement by other protocols like BOOTP and DHCP.
Routing Protocols
There are two main types of routing protocols: distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP that determine the best path based on hop count and send the full routing table, and link state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that advertise link information to build a shared topology database and converge faster. EIGRP is a hybrid protocol that behaves like a distance vector protocol. Interior routing protocols like these are used within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
Bgp
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP concepts such as autonomous systems, path attributes, and the BGP protocol operation. Key points include that BGP establishes peering sessions to exchange routing information, uses route attributes like AS path, next hop, and communities to determine the best path, and supports techniques like route reflection and confederation to improve scalability in large networks.
OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)
OSPF is an intra-domain routing protocol that uses a link-state algorithm to calculate the shortest path to destinations within an autonomous system. It divides an autonomous system into areas to limit routing updates and allows for route summarization between areas. OSPF uses hello packets to discover neighbors, database description packets to exchange routing information, link-state request packets to request updates, and link-state acknowledgment packets to acknowledge receipt of updates.
Computer networking devices
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
network hardware
The document discusses various types of network hardware including bridges, hubs, switches, and routers. Bridges operate at the data link layer and forward packets based on physical addresses. Hubs simply repeat all signals received on one port to all other ports. Switches are smarter than hubs and only forward frames to the port associated with the destination address. Routers operate at the network layer and filter traffic based on logical IP addresses, allowing different network types to connect. Routing tables map destination networks to the next hop, whether a directly connected network or the address of the next downstream router.
BASICS OF ROUTING IN NETWORKS
This document provides an overview of different routing protocols. It discusses IP routing, static routing, and dynamic routing. It also covers proactive routing protocols like DSDV which maintain routing tables and periodically update them. Reactive protocols like DSR and AODV establish routes on demand. Hybrid protocols combine proactive and reactive approaches. The document describes the key processes, advantages, and disadvantages of DSDV, DSR, AODV, and zone routing protocol.
Network interface card(nic)
Network Interface Card (NIC) is also commonly referred to as an Ethernet card and network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network (such as Internet) using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.
Network Topology
This document discusses network topologies. It defines network topology as the physical or logical layout of a network, including how nodes are arranged and connected. There are two main types: physical focuses on device placement, while logical focuses on data transfer patterns. The six basic network topologies covered are bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid. Each has its own unique structure for connecting nodes and routing data. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided.
Spanning tree protocol
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
W-LAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use radio waves to connect devices in a building or campus wirelessly. They integrate with wired networks through access points that bridge wireless and wired traffic. WLANs operate similarly to wired LANs but have some differences like lower security, limited bandwidth, and variable performance depending on location within the network coverage area. Common devices that use WLANs include tablets, smartphones and laptops.
Routers and Routing Configuration
Router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Cisco is the leading router manufacturer, making 70% of the market. Routers come in different sizes for different uses - access routers for small networks, distribution routers for ISPs, and core routers for backbone networks. Static routing requires manually configuring routes, while dynamic routing uses protocols to share route information between routers automatically.
computer network OSI layer
A brief understanding of the OSI layer with functionality of each layer and comparison of osi layer and Tcp/ip
Introduction to switching & circuit switching
The document discusses circuit switching in data communication networks, describing circuit switching as a method of establishing a dedicated connection between devices using switches, which involves three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and connection teardown. Examples of circuit switched networks are provided, including the public switched telephone network and cellular data networks, and different types of switches used for circuit switching like crossbar and multistage switches are explained.
QOS (Quality of Services) - Computer Networks
This is a topic in Computer Networks , which is applicable for all layers in networking.Hope it will others and any suggestions are deeply welcomed.
TRANSPORT LAYER - Process-to-Process Delivery: UDP, TCP and SCTP
This presentation is on the Transport Layer of the OSI Model of Computer Network based on text book by Behrouz A. Forouzan
Spanning tree protocol
This is Basic of STP. By that you can able to understand basics of Spanning Tree.
ALSO THIS SLIDE IS JUST FOR KNOWLEDGE.
Router & functionality
A router connects two or more networks and routes packets between them using routing tables. It uses routing algorithms like distance vector or link state to dynamically determine the best paths. As a specialized computer, a router operates at the network layer and can function as a DHCP server, default gateway, and move data between networks through both hardware and software functionality.
Open Shortest Path First
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol, including that it is an interior gateway protocol that uses link state routing to establish neighbor relationships and exchange routing information within an autonomous system in order to determine the shortest path between any two routers on a network. OSPF detects changes in network topology quickly and converges on a new loop-free routing structure within seconds, and it has been widely implemented in large enterprise networks to provide efficient routing.
Comparative Analysis of Distance Vector Routing & Link State Protocols
This presentation is the review of paper Comparative Analysis of Distance Vector Routing & Link State Protocols
Mobile ad hoc networks (manets)
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-configuring networks of mobile routers connected by wireless links. They form a random, changing topology as routers move freely and unpredictably. MANETs are suitable for emergency situations where infrastructure is not available. They use routing protocols that are either table-driven and proactively maintain routes, or on-demand driven where routes are created as needed. Examples of protocols discussed are DSDV, AODV, DSR, and TORA. MANETs face challenges from their changing topology, but enable communication in infrastructure-less scenarios.
Connecting devices
computer network, Passive Hub, repeater(an active hub) , bridge( A two layer switch), Router(A three layer switch), gateway
Routing algorithms mehodology materials doc1
Routing algorithms in computer networks determine the best path for data transfer between nodes. There are two main types - non-adaptive algorithms which use static routes regardless of network conditions, and adaptive algorithms which can change routes dynamically based on conditions. Examples of routing algorithms include flooding, which broadcasts to all nodes, and link state routing which uses Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the most efficient paths based on information shared between nodes.
Routing and switching
Routing and switching are key processes in computer networks. Routing involves selecting the optimal path for data transfer from source to destination using routers and routing algorithms. There are three main types of routing: static, dynamic, and default. Switching transfers information between networks using switches and occurs at the data link layer. There are different switching techniques, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching, as well as different switching modes and networks like datagram and virtual circuit networks.
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Bgp
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP concepts such as autonomous systems, path attributes, and the BGP protocol operation. Key points include that BGP establishes peering sessions to exchange routing information, uses route attributes like AS path, next hop, and communities to determine the best path, and supports techniques like route reflection and confederation to improve scalability in large networks.
OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)
OSPF is an intra-domain routing protocol that uses a link-state algorithm to calculate the shortest path to destinations within an autonomous system. It divides an autonomous system into areas to limit routing updates and allows for route summarization between areas. OSPF uses hello packets to discover neighbors, database description packets to exchange routing information, link-state request packets to request updates, and link-state acknowledgment packets to acknowledge receipt of updates.
Computer networking devices
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
network hardware
The document discusses various types of network hardware including bridges, hubs, switches, and routers. Bridges operate at the data link layer and forward packets based on physical addresses. Hubs simply repeat all signals received on one port to all other ports. Switches are smarter than hubs and only forward frames to the port associated with the destination address. Routers operate at the network layer and filter traffic based on logical IP addresses, allowing different network types to connect. Routing tables map destination networks to the next hop, whether a directly connected network or the address of the next downstream router.
BASICS OF ROUTING IN NETWORKS
This document provides an overview of different routing protocols. It discusses IP routing, static routing, and dynamic routing. It also covers proactive routing protocols like DSDV which maintain routing tables and periodically update them. Reactive protocols like DSR and AODV establish routes on demand. Hybrid protocols combine proactive and reactive approaches. The document describes the key processes, advantages, and disadvantages of DSDV, DSR, AODV, and zone routing protocol.
Network interface card(nic)
Network Interface Card (NIC) is also commonly referred to as an Ethernet card and network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network (such as Internet) using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.
Network Topology
This document discusses network topologies. It defines network topology as the physical or logical layout of a network, including how nodes are arranged and connected. There are two main types: physical focuses on device placement, while logical focuses on data transfer patterns. The six basic network topologies covered are bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid. Each has its own unique structure for connecting nodes and routing data. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided.
Spanning tree protocol
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
W-LAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use radio waves to connect devices in a building or campus wirelessly. They integrate with wired networks through access points that bridge wireless and wired traffic. WLANs operate similarly to wired LANs but have some differences like lower security, limited bandwidth, and variable performance depending on location within the network coverage area. Common devices that use WLANs include tablets, smartphones and laptops.
Routers and Routing Configuration
Router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Cisco is the leading router manufacturer, making 70% of the market. Routers come in different sizes for different uses - access routers for small networks, distribution routers for ISPs, and core routers for backbone networks. Static routing requires manually configuring routes, while dynamic routing uses protocols to share route information between routers automatically.
computer network OSI layer
A brief understanding of the OSI layer with functionality of each layer and comparison of osi layer and Tcp/ip
Introduction to switching & circuit switching
The document discusses circuit switching in data communication networks, describing circuit switching as a method of establishing a dedicated connection between devices using switches, which involves three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and connection teardown. Examples of circuit switched networks are provided, including the public switched telephone network and cellular data networks, and different types of switches used for circuit switching like crossbar and multistage switches are explained.
QOS (Quality of Services) - Computer Networks
This is a topic in Computer Networks , which is applicable for all layers in networking.Hope it will others and any suggestions are deeply welcomed.
TRANSPORT LAYER - Process-to-Process Delivery: UDP, TCP and SCTP
This presentation is on the Transport Layer of the OSI Model of Computer Network based on text book by Behrouz A. Forouzan
Spanning tree protocol
This is Basic of STP. By that you can able to understand basics of Spanning Tree.
ALSO THIS SLIDE IS JUST FOR KNOWLEDGE.
Router & functionality
A router connects two or more networks and routes packets between them using routing tables. It uses routing algorithms like distance vector or link state to dynamically determine the best paths. As a specialized computer, a router operates at the network layer and can function as a DHCP server, default gateway, and move data between networks through both hardware and software functionality.
Open Shortest Path First
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol, including that it is an interior gateway protocol that uses link state routing to establish neighbor relationships and exchange routing information within an autonomous system in order to determine the shortest path between any two routers on a network. OSPF detects changes in network topology quickly and converges on a new loop-free routing structure within seconds, and it has been widely implemented in large enterprise networks to provide efficient routing.
Comparative Analysis of Distance Vector Routing & Link State Protocols
This presentation is the review of paper Comparative Analysis of Distance Vector Routing & Link State Protocols
Mobile ad hoc networks (manets)
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-configuring networks of mobile routers connected by wireless links. They form a random, changing topology as routers move freely and unpredictably. MANETs are suitable for emergency situations where infrastructure is not available. They use routing protocols that are either table-driven and proactively maintain routes, or on-demand driven where routes are created as needed. Examples of protocols discussed are DSDV, AODV, DSR, and TORA. MANETs face challenges from their changing topology, but enable communication in infrastructure-less scenarios.
Connecting devices
computer network, Passive Hub, repeater(an active hub) , bridge( A two layer switch), Router(A three layer switch), gateway
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Similar to Routing
Routing algorithms mehodology materials doc1
Routing algorithms in computer networks determine the best path for data transfer between nodes. There are two main types - non-adaptive algorithms which use static routes regardless of network conditions, and adaptive algorithms which can change routes dynamically based on conditions. Examples of routing algorithms include flooding, which broadcasts to all nodes, and link state routing which uses Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the most efficient paths based on information shared between nodes.
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Routing and switching are key processes in computer networks. Routing involves selecting the optimal path for data transfer from source to destination using routers and routing algorithms. There are three main types of routing: static, dynamic, and default. Switching transfers information between networks using switches and occurs at the data link layer. There are different switching techniques, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching, as well as different switching modes and networks like datagram and virtual circuit networks.
Dynamic routing
Dynamic routing is a networking technique
that provides optimal data routing. Unlike
static routing, dynamic routing enables routers
to select paths according to real-time logical
network layout changes. ... The most popular
are Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).
CCN Unit-4 Network Layer by Dr. K. Adisesha
The document provides an overview of the network layer. It discusses key topics like the functions of the network layer such as logical addressing, routing, and internetworking. It describes different routing algorithms including distance vector, link state, and hierarchical routing. It also covers congestion control mechanisms like leaky bucket algorithm, token bucket algorithm, and admission control that are used to control congestion in the network layer.
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This document summarizes factors for designing routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses that MANETs allow wireless communication between nodes without a fixed infrastructure. Effective routing protocols consider factors like reachability, location-aided routing using GPS, energy efficiency to balance load, transmission reliability with acknowledgments, and metrics like packet delivery ratio and overhead. The document outlines different routing protocol classifications including table-driven, on-demand, and hybrid approaches. Location-aided and energy-efficient routing are highlighted as important design considerations.
Lecture number 5 Theory.pdf(machine learning)
This document discusses computer networks and routing protocols. It provides an overview of key topics including:
- The difference between routed protocols like IPv4 and IPv6 that transfer user data, and routing protocols like RIP and OSPF that send route update packets.
- Common routing and routed protocols including IGPs, EGPs, RIP, OSPF, EIGRP and BGP.
- Desirable properties of routing algorithms such as correctness, robustness, stability, fairness and efficiency.
- Types of routing including fixed, flooding, dynamic and default routing. Characteristics of distance vector and link state routing protocols are also outlined.
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A description and overview of basic routing algorithms such as Link State, Distance Vector and Path Vector Algorithms. Feel free to copy it
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Routing is the process of selecting the best path to send data from a source to a destination. Routers perform routing by using routing protocols and algorithms to determine the optimal path. Distance vector routing uses hop count as the metric to calculate the best path, while link state routing uses the least cost path based on metrics like bandwidth and delay. Key differences are that distance vector routing shares distance vectors with neighbors periodically, while link state routing shares complete topology information and triggers updates when links change state.
Topology,Switching and Routing
This document discusses network topologies, switching, and routing algorithms. It defines different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. It also describes hubs, switches, circuit switching, message switching, packet switching, datagram networks, and virtual circuit networks. For routing algorithms, it explains distance vector routing which uses hop count as the routing metric and link state routing which uses weighted metrics to calculate the shortest path.
3. WIRELESS_PROTOCOLS.pptx
This document discusses wireless sensor network protocols. It covers multi-hop routing, where sensor nodes act as relays to propagate data to the base station. Common routing protocols are discussed, including reactive protocols like AODV that establish routes on demand and proactive protocols like DSDV that maintain routing tables with periodic updates. MAC protocols help manage access to the shared wireless medium and examples covered include S-MAC and B-MAC. The OSI model layers and responsibilities are also summarized.
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The document discusses several key issues in network layer design including store-and-forward packet switching, services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram networks. It also covers routing algorithms such as shortest path, flooding, distance vector, link state, and hierarchical routing.
U5CSS2 (1).pdf
Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network by which to send traffic. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the standardized exterior gateway protocol used to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems on the Internet. It works by routers within an autonomous system sharing routing tables with connected routers in other autonomous systems to determine the best paths between any two points on the network.
Routing Presentation
routing table ,What is routing ? , what is static routing , what is dynamic routing , types of routing , routing protocols , routing strategy , Download Routing pdf , Download routing ppt , download routing notes , paper on routing
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Chapter 2.pptx
Wireless routing involves selecting network paths for traffic across multiple networks. There are several types of routing including static, default, and dynamic routing. Static routing requires manually adding routes but has less overhead, while dynamic routing automatically adjusts routes but uses more bandwidth. Wireless access points connect wireless devices to a wired network by receiving and transmitting Wi-Fi signals. They allow for wireless connectivity in places like offices and buildings. Access points come in different categories like standalone, multifunction, and controlled access points.
Network Layer
1) Computer networks allow communication and sharing of resources between computer systems and devices through communication channels. There are several types of networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs.
2) For communication between systems, both must agree on a protocol which sets rules for data transmission. The two main protocol stacks are OSI and TCP/IP.
3) The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It uses services from the data link layer and provides services to the transport layer. Common network layer protocols are IP (Internet Protocol) for connectionless service and MPLS for connection-oriented service.
Dynamic routing under_sec
Dynamic routing is necessary for large networks to automatically update routing tables when network changes occur. However, dynamic routing introduces security problems that need to be addressed. The document discusses static and dynamic routing, routing tables, common routing algorithms, and the need for a new secure routing algorithm that can adapt to topology changes while protecting sensitive network information from hackers.
Routing in Ad hoc networks
Ad hoc network is a local area network which allows different devices to communicate between each other without the use of any central device
They do not have any access points
Transfer of data depends in the intermediate nodes
Routing is done by each node connected to the network due to absence of any centralized device
Routing in MANET
This is the PPT of "Routing in Manet". It covers the entire topic of routing protocol.
This PowerPoint presentation is of Data Communication & Computer Network.
Network layer (Unit 3) part1.pdf
The network layer is responsible for end-to-end packet delivery across multiple hops between source and destination devices. It must choose appropriate paths through the network topology to avoid overloading some links while leaving others idle. The network layer deals with issues like routing, logical addressing, and internetworking between different network types. The main functions of the network layer are routing, logical addressing, internetworking, and fragmentation.
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Complete CHAPTER 3 Data Communication.pdf
CHAPTER 3
DATA COMMUNICATION
TERMINOLOGIES
DATA
COMMUNICATION
DATA COMMUNICATION
COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Message
Sender
Receiver
Medium
Protocol
STANDARDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA TRANSMISSIONS
SIGNAL
TYPES OF SIGNAL
Analog Signals With Example
Characteristics Of Analog Signals
Amplitude
Frequency
Digital Signals With Examples
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL
TRANSMISSION MODES (Asynchronous And Synchronous)
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION WITH EXAMPLE
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION WITH EXAMPLE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
DIRECTION OF TRANSMISSION
Simplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
Half-Duplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
Full-Duplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MODES
DATA COMMUNICATION SPEED AND MEDIA
DATA COMMUNICATION SPEED
BANDWIDTH
Narrowband
Voice band
Broadband
DATA COMMUNICATION MEDIA
Twisted-Pair Cable With Reason for twisting
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optics Cable With Advantages And Disadvantages
Microwaves
Terrestrial
Satellite
COMMUNICATION HARDWARE
MODEM
OSI MODEL
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
CHAPTER 3 Data Communication.pdf
DATA
The collection of raw facts and figures is called data. The word data is derived from the Latin language and it is plural of Datum. The text, numbers, symbols, images, voice, and video which are processed by computers and digital devices are called data. Data can be considered as unprocessed information.
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process of sharing a message. A conversation between two people is an example of communication.
DATA COMMUNICATION
Data Communication is the process of transferring data electrically from one place to another. It is the process of exchange of data and information between two parties such as humans and electronic or computing devices.
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
A Communication system has the following five components.
Message
It is the information or data to be communicated. Common forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
Sender
It is the device that generates and sends a message. It can be a computer, telephone handset, etc.
Receiver
Any particular digital electronic device can receive data in form of a message. The location of receiving computer is generally different from the sending computer. Like the sender, it can also be a computer, telephone handset, etc.
Medium
It is the channel or path through which the message is carried from the sender to the receiver. Some examples include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, radio waves, etc.
Protocol
Protocols are the rules and procedures by which computers exchange data on the network. The sender and receiver follow the same protocols to communicate with each other. In other words, a protocol is an agreement between two parties or vendors, using communication devices.
STANDARDS
Standards are the set of rules for data communication that are needed for the exchange of information among devices. It is important to follow Standards that are created by various Standard Organizations like IEEE, ISO, ANSI, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA TRANSMISSIONS
Data communication has several characteristics but some are discussed below:
1.Signal type
2.Transmission mode
3.Direction of transmission
1.SIGNAL
A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that carries data from one system or network to another.
TYPES OF SIGNAL
There are two types of signals discussed below:
Analog Signals
Analog signals are continuously varying signals or waves that change with time and are used to represent data.
Characteristics Of Analog Signals
Amplitude
The amplitude of a signal refers to the height of the signal. It is equal to the vertical distance from a given point on the waveform to the horizontal axis. It is measured in volts.
Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of periods in one second or the number of cycles per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Digital Signals
A digital signal is an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of bits to represent a sequence of discrete values, at any given time.
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What is AI? Research Field AI? What is motion and manipulation? Present About AI How motion and manipulation. Future planning of AI with Motion & Manipulation. Explain With Eg in Detail Advantage Of motion & manipulation Perception Conclusion
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Element compound and mixtures element, Metal and non metal with example, Compound ith example, Mixture with example, Electric circuits, Types of electric circuits, What is an electric current?, How to measure current?, Symbols, Voltage, Measurement of voltage
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Definition of routing information protocol, Details of routing information protocol, RIP's version, Advantages of routing information protocol, Disdvantages of routing information protocol, Features of routing information protocol, RIP updating algorithm, Topology, Ring topology
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Definition of routing information protocol, Routing information protocol versions, Features of routing information protocol, Routing information protocol updating algorithm, Ring topology, Command line interface code
External memory
Floppy disk definition, Types of floppy disk, History of floppy disk, Parts of floppy disk, Major parts of floppy disk, Working of floppy disk, Advantages of floppy disk and Disadvantages of floppy disk, Introduction of floppy disk
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Pros & cons of globalization,ecnomically pros & cons globalization ,cultural pros & cons of globalization,political pros & cons of globalization
Online doctor appointment
1. Existing System
2. Proposed System
3. Objective
4. SDLC
4.1. Project planning
4.2. Project Analysis
4.3. Project Development
4.4. Project Design
4.5. Implementation
4.6. Testing
4.7. System Maintenance
5. Project Schedule
6. Feasibility
6.1. Economic feasibility
6.2. Technical feasibility
6.3. Operational feasibility
6.4. Schedule feasibility
7. Context Diagram
7.1. Context diagram of the system
7.2. DFD 0
7.3. DFD 1 For Patient
7.4. DFD 1 For Doctor
7.5. DFD 2 For Patient
8. Gantt Chart
9. Use Case Diagram
10. Conclusion
11. Advantages
12. Limitation
13. Future Plan
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Memo writing
Definition of memo, Usage of memo, Sample of memo or Formate of memo, How to write an effective memo?, Example of memo
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Routing
- 3. Routing is a process which is performed by layer 3 (or network layer) devices in order to deliver the packet by choosing an optional path from one network to another.
- 4. Default Routing Dynamic Routing Static Routing
- 5. Static routing is a process in which we have to manually add routes in routing table.
- 6. • It is easy to implement. • It is most secure way of routing, since no information is shared with other routers. • It puts no overhead on resources such as CPU or memory. • It is suitable only for small network. • If a link fails it cannot reroute the traffic.
- 7. Dynamic routing is the process in which routes are automatically adjusted on the basis of a current state of the route in the routing table.
- 8. It is easy to configure. • More effective at selecting the best route to a destination remote network and also for discovering remote network. • Consumes more bandwidth for communicating with other neighbors. • Less secure than static routing.
- 9. The router is configured to send all packets towards a single router. It doesn’t matter to which network the packet belongs, it is forwarded out to router which is configured for default routing.