IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fault Tolerant Congestion based Algorithms in OBS NetworkCSCJournals
In Optical Burst Switched networks, each light path carry huge amount of traffic, path failures may damage the user application. Hence fault-tolerance becomes an important issue on these networks. Blocking probability is a key index of quality of service in Optical Burst Switched (OBS) network. The Erlang formula has been used extensively in the traffic engineering of optical communication to calculate the blocking probability. The paper revisits burst contention resolution problems in OBS networks. When the network is overloaded, no contention resolution scheme would effectively avoid the collision and cause blocking. It is important to first decide, a good routing algorithm and then to choose a wavelength assignment scheme. In this paper we have developed two algorithms, Fault Tolerant Optimized Blocking Algorithm (FTOBA) and Fault Tolerant Least Congestion Algorithm (FTLCA) and then compare the performance of these algorithms on the basis of blocking probability. These algorithms are based upon the congestion on path in OBS network and based on the simulation results, we shows that the reliable and fault tolerant routing algorithms reduces the blocking probability.
Fault Tolerant Congestion based Algorithms in OBS NetworkCSCJournals
In Optical Burst Switched networks, each light path carry huge amount of traffic, path failures may damage the user application. Hence fault-tolerance becomes an important issue on these networks. Blocking probability is a key index of quality of service in Optical Burst Switched (OBS) network. The Erlang formula has been used extensively in the traffic engineering of optical communication to calculate the blocking probability. The paper revisits burst contention resolution problems in OBS networks. When the network is overloaded, no contention resolution scheme would effectively avoid the collision and cause blocking. It is important to first decide, a good routing algorithm and then to choose a wavelength assignment scheme. In this paper we have developed two algorithms, Fault Tolerant Optimized Blocking Algorithm (FTOBA) and Fault Tolerant Least Congestion Algorithm (FTLCA) and then compare the performance of these algorithms on the basis of blocking probability. These algorithms are based upon the congestion on path in OBS network and based on the simulation results, we shows that the reliable and fault tolerant routing algorithms reduces the blocking probability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In ad hoc networks, routing plays a pertinent role. Deploying the appropriate routing protocol is very important in order to achieve best routing performance and reliability. Equally important is the mobility model that is used in the routing protocol. Various mobility models are available and each can have different impact on the performance of the routing protocol. In this paper, we focus on this issue by examining how the routing protocol, Optimized Link State Routing protocol, behaves as the mobility model is varied. For this, three random mobility models, viz., random waypoint, random walk and random direction are considered. The performance metrics used for assessment of Optimized Link State Routing protocol are Optimized Link State Routing protocol, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract In optical circuit switching the high values of blocking probability is resolved by dynamic wavelength routing algorithms with wavelength conversion. The aim of this paper is to study these algorithms. Then the algorithm is selected which gives good results with and without wavelength conversion. The selected algorithm is then checked for other parameters of networking namely throughput, packet delivery ratio, and delay. A comparative study is then carried out for increasing traffic. We try to prove that these algorithms satisfy the criteria of QoS parameters by this comparative study. The results of simulation show that the parameters follow the trend of blocking probability of the selected algorithm. Keywords: optical burst switching, throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay.
Effect of multipath routing in autonomous mobile mesh networkseSAT Journals
Abstract
Autonomous mobile mesh networks are a combination of mobile ad hoc networks and mesh networks. Mobile ad hoc networks are temporarily formed for a specific purpose, without any fixed infrastructure. Mesh networks are fully connected networks with the support of fixed infrastructure. Autonomous mobile mesh networks (AMMNET in short) [1], is the framework designed for supporting mesh networks, which are mobile still expects connectivity as opposed to ad hoc networks. This paper proposes a multipath routing technology for AMMNETs which provides better packet delivery ratio in AMMNETs. The simulations are done in ns2. The results prove that, multipath routing technology works well with AMMNET framework.
Keywords: AMMNET, routing, multipath, ns2.
Load Balancing for Achieving the Network Lifetime in WSN-A SurveyAM Publications
a wireless sensor network is network form of sense compute, and communication elements which helps to
observe, events in a specified environment. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor network are depends on battery power they
have limited transmission range that’s why energy efficiency plays a vital role to minimize the overhead through which
the Network Lifetime can be achieved. The lifetime of network, depends on number of nodes, strength, range of area
and connectivity of nodes in the network. In this paper we are over viewing techniques which are used in wireless sensor
network for load balancing. Wireless sensor network having different nodes with different kind of energy which can be
improve the lifetime of the network and its dependability. This paper will provide the person who reads with the
groundwork for research in load balancing techniques for wireless sensor networks.
Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in University Networkijtsrd
In an enterprise network, multiple dynamic routing protocols are used for forwarding packets with the best routes. Therefore, performance of the network is based on routing protocols and the route redistribution is an important issue in an enterprise network that has been configured by multiple different routing protocols in its routers. So, aim of the system is to analyze the performance and comparison of different Interior Gateway routing protocols. Routing is depended on many parameters critical such as network convergence time, Ethernet delay, throughput, end to end delay, jitter, packet delivery, security and bandwidth, etc. In this paper, the analysis of characteristics and the performance of the different routing protocols as Routing Information Protocol RIP , Open Shortest Path First OSPF and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP are evaluated in a university network. The performance evaluation are based on end to end packet delay, network convergence time, packet delay variation and administrative distance, etc. The analysis focuses on the performance of the routing protocols with its routing table in a simulator. The Simulation software can be used to evaluate and compare the performance of the routing protocols. The simulator return the routing table for each node or router in the university network which would contain the best path to reach the remote destination on the metric chosen based on the routing protocol implemented. The simulation software give results used to evaluate the performance of routing protocols, the performance of different routing protocols will be compared, and to analyze the convergence time and administrative distance of routing protocols. Kyaw Zay Oo "Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in University Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26582.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/26582/performance-evaluation-of-routing-protocols-in-university-network/kyaw-zay-oo
Route Stability in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networksarpublication
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network consisting of mobile nodes, which can communicate with each other without any infrastructure support. In these networks, nodes typically cooperate with each other, by forwarding packets for nodes which are not in the communication range of the source node. A fundamental issue arising in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is the selection of the optimal path between any two nodes. A method that has been advocated to improve routing efficiency is to select the most stable path so as to reduce the latency and the overhead due to route reconstruction. In this work we study the stability of a routing path, which is subject to link failures caused by node mobility, and we consider as metrics of interest the duration and the availability of a path. Moreover, using the results on path duration and availability, we show how to determine the optimal path in terms of route stability, under the Random Direction mobility models.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of element shape in the design for multi band applicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In ad hoc networks, routing plays a pertinent role. Deploying the appropriate routing protocol is very important in order to achieve best routing performance and reliability. Equally important is the mobility model that is used in the routing protocol. Various mobility models are available and each can have different impact on the performance of the routing protocol. In this paper, we focus on this issue by examining how the routing protocol, Optimized Link State Routing protocol, behaves as the mobility model is varied. For this, three random mobility models, viz., random waypoint, random walk and random direction are considered. The performance metrics used for assessment of Optimized Link State Routing protocol are Optimized Link State Routing protocol, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract In optical circuit switching the high values of blocking probability is resolved by dynamic wavelength routing algorithms with wavelength conversion. The aim of this paper is to study these algorithms. Then the algorithm is selected which gives good results with and without wavelength conversion. The selected algorithm is then checked for other parameters of networking namely throughput, packet delivery ratio, and delay. A comparative study is then carried out for increasing traffic. We try to prove that these algorithms satisfy the criteria of QoS parameters by this comparative study. The results of simulation show that the parameters follow the trend of blocking probability of the selected algorithm. Keywords: optical burst switching, throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay.
Effect of multipath routing in autonomous mobile mesh networkseSAT Journals
Abstract
Autonomous mobile mesh networks are a combination of mobile ad hoc networks and mesh networks. Mobile ad hoc networks are temporarily formed for a specific purpose, without any fixed infrastructure. Mesh networks are fully connected networks with the support of fixed infrastructure. Autonomous mobile mesh networks (AMMNET in short) [1], is the framework designed for supporting mesh networks, which are mobile still expects connectivity as opposed to ad hoc networks. This paper proposes a multipath routing technology for AMMNETs which provides better packet delivery ratio in AMMNETs. The simulations are done in ns2. The results prove that, multipath routing technology works well with AMMNET framework.
Keywords: AMMNET, routing, multipath, ns2.
Load Balancing for Achieving the Network Lifetime in WSN-A SurveyAM Publications
a wireless sensor network is network form of sense compute, and communication elements which helps to
observe, events in a specified environment. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor network are depends on battery power they
have limited transmission range that’s why energy efficiency plays a vital role to minimize the overhead through which
the Network Lifetime can be achieved. The lifetime of network, depends on number of nodes, strength, range of area
and connectivity of nodes in the network. In this paper we are over viewing techniques which are used in wireless sensor
network for load balancing. Wireless sensor network having different nodes with different kind of energy which can be
improve the lifetime of the network and its dependability. This paper will provide the person who reads with the
groundwork for research in load balancing techniques for wireless sensor networks.
Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in University Networkijtsrd
In an enterprise network, multiple dynamic routing protocols are used for forwarding packets with the best routes. Therefore, performance of the network is based on routing protocols and the route redistribution is an important issue in an enterprise network that has been configured by multiple different routing protocols in its routers. So, aim of the system is to analyze the performance and comparison of different Interior Gateway routing protocols. Routing is depended on many parameters critical such as network convergence time, Ethernet delay, throughput, end to end delay, jitter, packet delivery, security and bandwidth, etc. In this paper, the analysis of characteristics and the performance of the different routing protocols as Routing Information Protocol RIP , Open Shortest Path First OSPF and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP are evaluated in a university network. The performance evaluation are based on end to end packet delay, network convergence time, packet delay variation and administrative distance, etc. The analysis focuses on the performance of the routing protocols with its routing table in a simulator. The Simulation software can be used to evaluate and compare the performance of the routing protocols. The simulator return the routing table for each node or router in the university network which would contain the best path to reach the remote destination on the metric chosen based on the routing protocol implemented. The simulation software give results used to evaluate the performance of routing protocols, the performance of different routing protocols will be compared, and to analyze the convergence time and administrative distance of routing protocols. Kyaw Zay Oo "Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in University Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26582.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/26582/performance-evaluation-of-routing-protocols-in-university-network/kyaw-zay-oo
Route Stability in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networksarpublication
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network consisting of mobile nodes, which can communicate with each other without any infrastructure support. In these networks, nodes typically cooperate with each other, by forwarding packets for nodes which are not in the communication range of the source node. A fundamental issue arising in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is the selection of the optimal path between any two nodes. A method that has been advocated to improve routing efficiency is to select the most stable path so as to reduce the latency and the overhead due to route reconstruction. In this work we study the stability of a routing path, which is subject to link failures caused by node mobility, and we consider as metrics of interest the duration and the availability of a path. Moreover, using the results on path duration and availability, we show how to determine the optimal path in terms of route stability, under the Random Direction mobility models.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of element shape in the design for multi band applicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Authorization mechanism for multiparty data sharing in social networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancing security features in cloud computing for healthcare using cipher an...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Integrated grid inverter with frequency control scheme for wind mill applicat...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of energy efficiency and throughput using csmaca dcf operation fo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Routing of traffic sensors in intelligent transportation systemeSAT Journals
Abstract As country develops, the application of technology in each and every field increases to fulfill the demand of people. The application of technology in transportation system is called Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which has more demand in today’s world for traffic management. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is one of the technology used in Intelligent Transportation System. In Vehicular Ad hoc Network temporary network is formed within the vehicles or vehicle to traffic infrastructure which has sensors within it for communication. The temporary network establishes and ends after exchanging the required information. This process should happen within fraction of seconds which is more complicated issue in highly mobile vehicles, so routing is a major problem in Vehicular Ad hoc Network. In this work, hybrid two stage heuristic routing protocol which is based on ant colony optimization and particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to make routing more efficient in Vehicular Ad hoc Network. The MATLAB software is used to implement the algorithm. The result shows that two stage heuristic protocol perform better than Ad hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) protocol. Keywords: Intelligent Transportation System, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), Ad Hoc on Demand Vector (AODV), Ant Colony optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ANTHOCNET AND BEEHOCNET NATURE INSPIRED M...IAEME Publication
There are multiple algorithms and protocols which are present in MANeT but no one is perfect for each situation because of the presence of high topology changes and dynamicity of number of nodes. That’s the reason of opting biological algorithm like Ant based or Bee based algorithms which are swarm intelligence based nature inspired algorithms which finds out the best route as per the real time status of network. In communications network research, there is currently an increasing interest for the paradigm of autonomic computing. The idea is that networks are becoming more and more complex and that it is desirable that they can self-organize and self-configure, adapting to new situations in terms of traffic, services, network connectivity, etc. To support this new paradigm, future network algorithms should be robust, work in a distributed way, be able to observe changes in the network, and adapt to them. Nature’s self-organizing systems like insect societies show precisely these desirable properties
Routing Enhancement of MANETs using Hybrid Protocol Combined with PBOIJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) show an astonishing qualities in the concept of networks which are used without wires. MANETs experience numerous communication medium restrictions such as constrained storage of memory and development of effectual routing protocols. Furthermore, multihop routing mechanism employed in MANETs gives rise to the contention in the channel and jamming within the network. This limits the effectiveness of the network which reduces the energy efficiency of the network and also lessens the routing performance of MANETs. Hence, the major matter in MANETs is to minimize the congestion and contention in order to enhance the routing mechanism. Hence, in this paper, a novel protocol is put into practice having an enhanced route discovery mechanism which is implemented in order to avoid the congestion during the routing. The proposed protocol chooses the route for the transference of information on the basis of load within the traffic on the node and then resets the route with the change in topology. The protocol is then integrated with the proposed algorithm Pollination Based Optimization (PBO) algorithm. This is an efficient technique for transmission that requires a link for longer period of time. The simulator used for the simulation of the work is Network Simulator-2 (NS-2). Simulation results have been carried out showing that the route optimization and enhancement in the route discovery using Pollination Based Optimization (PBO) algorithm.
Performance of energy balanced territorial predator scent marking algorithm b...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
There are number of cluster based routing algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks. Since ad hoc networks are not accompanied by fixed access points, efficient routing is a must for such networks. Clustering approach is applied in mobile ad hoc network because clusters are more easily manageable and are more viable. It consists of segregating the given network into several reasonable clusters by using a clustering algorithm. By performing clustering we elect a worthy node from the cluster as the cluster head in such a way that we strive to reduce the management overheads and thus increasing the efficiency of routing. As for the fact that nodes in mobile ad hoc network have frequent host change and frequent topology change routing plays an important role for maintenance and backup mechanism to stabilize network performance. This paper aims to review the previous research papers and provide a survey on the various cluster based routing protocols in mobile ad hoc network. This paper presents analytical study of cluster based routing algorithms from literature. Index Terms— Ad- hoc networks, Cluster head, Clustering, Protocol, Route selection.
AN EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK FOR SECURED COMMUNICA...pijans
Security and reliable communication is challenging task in mobile Ad Hoc network. Through mobility of
network device compromised with attack and loss of data. For the prevention of attack and reliable
communication, various authors proposed a method of secured routing protocol such as SAODV and SBRP
(secured backup routing protocol). The process of these methods work along with route discovery and
route maintains, discovery and route maintained needed more power consumption for that process. The
power of devices is decrease during such process and network lifetimes expire. In this paper, we modified
the secured stateless protocol for secured routing and minimized the utilization of power during path
discovering and establishment. For the authentication of group node used group signature technique and
sleep mode threshold concept for power minimization. Our proposed technique is simulated in ns-2 and
compare to other routing protocol gives a better performance in comparison to energy consumption and
throughput of network.
An Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network for Secured Communica...pijans
Security and reliable communication is challenging task in mobile Ad Hoc network. Through mobility of network device compromised with attack and loss of data. For the prevention of attack and reliable communication, various authors proposed a method of secured routing protocol such as SAODV and SBRP (secured backup routing protocol). The process of these methods work along with route discovery and route maintains, discovery and route maintained needed more power consumption for that process. The power of devices is decrease during such process and network lifetimes expire. In this paper, we modified the secured stateless protocol for secured routing and minimized the utilization of power during path discovering and establishment. For the authentication of group node used group signature technique and sleep mode threshold concept for power minimization. Our proposed technique is simulated in ns-2 and compare to other routing protocol gives a better performance in comparison to energy consumption and throughput of network.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ANTHOCNET ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR HYBRID AD HOC NETWORKKhushbooGupta145
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are communication networks which consist of wireless nodes, placed together in an ad hoc manner, i.e. with minimal prior planning. The random node movement unpredictable behavior makes the topology very dynamic in nature. MANETs poses substantially different challenges to routing protocols than more traditional wired networks. The classification of MANETs protocols are Proactive based, Reactive based or Bio-inspired routing protocols. AntHocNet is a bio-inspired routing protocol based on ant colony optimization (ACO) which has many parallels with biology
thus the solutions of biology can also be used to solve the problems of computer networks.
This paper discusses the implementation and performance analysis of the AntHocNet algorithm which is based on the nature-inspired Ant Colony Optimization framework for
routing in mobile MANETs. AntHocNet is an adaptive hybrid algorithm which combines the reactive route setup process with the proactive maintenance process. The reactive route setup is carried out at the start of a communication session or whenever the source of a current session has no more routing information available for the destination. The proactive route maintenance is run for the entire duration of the session. Its aim is to keep
information about existing routes up to date and explore new routes. During simulation, the performance of AntHocNet is compared with DSR and AODV routing protocols.
Broadcasting Scenario under Different Protocols in MANET: A Surveyrahulmonikasharma
A wireless network enables people to communicate and access applications and information without wires. This provides freedom of movement and the ability to extend applications to different parts of a building, city, or nearly anywhere in the world. Wireless networks allow people to interact with e-mail or browse the Internet from a location that they prefer. Adhoc Networks are self-organizing wireless networks, absent any fixed infrastructure. broadcasting of data through proper channel is essential. Various protocols are designed to avoid the loss of data. In this paper an overview of different broadcast protocols are discussed.
Efficient Routing Protocol in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) by using Gene...IOSR Journals
An Ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the
aid of any centralized administration or standard support services. MANET can be defined using unstable
network infrastructure, self-organizing network topology and independent node mobility. This becomes
obtainable due to their routing techniques; in other terms, routing is a backbone for MANET. However, due to
network load routing performance of MANET is degraded thus, some optimization on network routing strategy
is required.
In this paper, we introduce a new technique by using the concept of Genetic algorithm (GA) with
AODV Protocol to make routing decision in computer network.
The goal of this paper is to find the optimal path between the source and destination nodes and increased the
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Qos group based optimal retransmission medium access protocol for wireless se...IJCNCJournal
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A NALYSIS OF ANTHOCNET AND AODV P ERFORMANCE USING NS2 IJCI JOURNAL
Adhoc wireless multi-hop Networks (AHWMNs) are buil
t with wireless nodes arranged in an adhoc manner.
Every node can forward packets and also acts as a s
ource. AODV establishes a path to receiver when it
is
needed by the sender and is on the standardization
process of Internet engineering task force.
AntHocNetwhich is based on ants foraging behavior,
includes reactive and proactive mechanisms.
AntHocNet builds the path as per the requirement of
source and maintains until the end of communicatio
n
session. In this paper performance of AODV and AntH
ocNetare analyzed at different parameters like data
rates, pause times, and speed. Metrics Packet deliv
ery ratio, Loss rate, End to End delay, jitter, and
throughput are evaluated at different simulation ti
mes. Simulation is performed using network simulat
or
NS-2.34 and 802.11b is the MAC protoco
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
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Route optimization in manets with aco and ga
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 587
ROUTE OPTIMIZATION IN MANETS WITH ACO AND GA
Pankaj Vidhate1
, Yogita Wankhade2
1
Lecturer, IT dept., S.G.R.E.F’s C.O.E.M, Ahmdnagar, Maharashtra, India, pankajvidhate@gmail.com
2
Lecturer, IT dept., S.G.R.E.F’s C.O.E.M, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India, yogita16.wankhade@gmail.com
Abstract
A mobile ad-hoc network consists of a collection of mobile nodes which can communicate with each other with the help of
wireless links without the help of any pre-existing communication infrastructure. Due to the lack of infrastructure in these type of
networks, nodes itself can act as a routers and relay the packets from source to destination. There are so many routing protocols
used in MANET which also maintains connectivity from source to destination when links on these paths are break due to some
causes like node movements, radio propagation, drainage of battery, and wireless interference. Routing is one of the important
issues which are having a significant impact on network performance. Different measures which are concerned with the Quality
of Service are like end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, control overhead, pause time, routing overhead, and distance in
between source and destination pair. Different optimization techniques can be used to find out an available optimal path from
source to destination. In this paper, we are using Ant Colony Optimization for finding out best possible paths, along with Genetic
Algorithm which helps in giving the globally optimal solution from all the best possible paths which were produced by Ant colony
optimization. This proposed algorithm called as GA-API overcomes the delay in packet delivery by producing the shortest path
and also overcomes the problem of communication interruption due to node or link failure by finding multiple paths between pair
of source and destination nodes.
Index Terms: MANET, Genetic Algorithm, Ant colony Optimization, API.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad-hoc network consists of a collection of mobile
nodes which can communicate with each other with the help
of wireless links without the help of any pre-existing
communication infrastructure. Nodes within each other’s
radio range communicate directly via wireless links, while
those that are far apart rely on intermediate nodes to forward
their messages. Mobile ad hoc networks are the self-
organizing and self-configuring wireless networks
consisting of multiple numbers of hops. MANET is made up
of a set of mobile hosts which can freely movable and helps
in delivering or relaying packets on behalf of one another.
Due to the lack of infrastructure in these type of networks,
nodes itself can act as a routers and relay the packets from
source to destination. For deploying MANETs, there is no
need of infrastructure resulting into the use of MANETs in
the scenarios like crowd control, search and disaster rescue
operations and battlefields.
Routing is one of the important issues which are having a
significant impact on network performance. These routing
protocols are playing a vital role in deciding Quality of
Service. Different measures which are concerned with the
Quality of Service are like end to end delay, packet delivery
ratio, control overhead, pause time, routing overhead, and
distance in between source and destination pair. One can
improve the Quality of Service by reserving the resources
which would be used in the path in between source and
destination pair for packets delivery, by minimizing delay
required by a packet to reach to its destination, by reducing
the probability of link failures or providing an alternate
arrangement of path in case of link or node failure, also by
providing security for the nodes which are being used in the
Mobile ad hoc network formation as well as for the nodes
which newly wants to join to the already existed Mobile ad
hoc network. Quality of Service for the routing protocols
also deals with an optimization of the routing paths.
Different optimization techniques can be used to find out an
available optimal path from source to destination. It is not
necessary that the optimal path should be always the shortest
one, but it should the feasible path which gives the best
possible path from source to destination. In this paper, we
are using Ant Colony Optimization for finding out best
possible paths, along with Genetic Algorithm which helps in
giving the globally optimal solution from all the best
possible paths which were produced by Ant colony
optimization. It means ACO provides best possible solution
and GA prevents the algorithm from going into the local
optima.
2. RELATED WORK
2.1 Introduction
The highly dynamic nature of a mobile ad hoc network
results in frequent and unpredictable changes of network
topology, adding difficulty and complexity to routing among
the mobile nodes. The challenges and complexities, coupled
with the critical importance of routing protocol in
establishing communications among mobile nodes, make the
routing area the most active research area with the MANET
domain.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 588
Numerous routing protocols and algorithms have been
proposed. The performance of these protocols has been
studied and compared under different types of networks or
network environments and also under different traffic
conditions. Number of different survey papers and
comparative analyses of different mobile ad hoc routing
protocols have been published.
Routing of the packets in the MANET has several issues to
be cope up with, like host mobility, rate of frequent link
failures, rate of link repairs. The rate of link failures and
repairs may be high when nodes move fast [1].
Busola S. Olagbegi and Natarajan Meghanathan presented a
review on energy efficient and secure multicast routing
protocol for Mobile ad hoc network. A multicast routing
protocol is used to support the transmission of data from a
sender to all the receivers of a multicast group by using the
available bandwidth more efficiently, while topology is
frequently changing. Multicasting is improving the
efficiency of the wireless link when it is sending multiple
copies of messages. Secure multicast routing is also playing
an important role in Mobile ad hoc networks. They have
reviewed different energy efficient routing protocols like
Energy efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR), Power
Aware Localized Routing (PLR), Minimum Energy Routing
Protocol (MER), etc [2].
Ashwani Kush and Sunil Taneja take an effort to provide
Secured Routing over MANET with Power Management. In
this paper hashing and power estimation is done for route
request, reply and not in route error and route erasure
phases. So that less routing overhead occurs [3].
2.2 Ant Colony Optimization
The Quality of Service of routing protocols can also be
enhanced by minimizing the routing overhead. Different
optimization techniques can be used for that, Ant Colony
Optimization is one of them.
The ACO is based on the behavior of foraging of different
ants. When ants are searching for their food, these ants
wander randomly in any direction and after finding food or
resource they get returned to their nest position or colony.
While wandering and coming back to their colony ants are
laying some chemical substance along the path or route
which is called as pheromone. Many ants can take different
routes for reaching to the same food source. The ants, which
take or use the shortest path, reinforce that path with more
quantity of pheromone which helps other ants to follow that
shortest path. In the mean time, more number of other ants
are getting attracted because of this pheromone trail, which
makes the path even stronger. This nature of ants is helpful
in quickly identifying the shortest path. Ants are nothing but
autonomous agents which are interacting through an indirect
communication which is also known as stigmergy, where
stigmergy is one of the indirect forms of communication in
which these individual ant agents leave signals in the
environment. These signals are then being sensed by some
other agents to decide their own way of behaving.
S. Prasad, Y.P. Singh, and C.S. Rai has proposed
Probabilistic Ant Routing algorithm which is based on Ant
Colony Optimization. The Probabilistic Ant Routing
algorithm is a proactive routing protocol and it uses both
pheromone and heuristic value [4].
Gianni Di Caro, Frederick Ducatelle and Luca Maria
Gambardella have worked on AntHocNet. AntHocNet is a
hybrid multipath algorithm, designed by considering the
principles of Ant Colony Optimization routing. AntHocNet
consists of both proactive and reactive components. It does
not maintain routes to all possible destinations at all times
like the original ACO algorithms for wired networks, but
only sets up paths from source to destination when they are
needed while starting of a data session [5].
2.3 Genetic Algorithm
Genetic Algorithms is branch of different computational
models which gets its inspiration from the human evolution.
The solution for a specific problem is being encoded by
these genetic algorithms on a chromosome like data
structure. Then after recombination operators are being
applied to these structures. In this way genetic algorithms
preserve critical information. Genetic algorithms can be
used as a function optimizer, although the ranges of these
problems are very broad to which these algorithms have
been applied. With a random population of different
chromosomes an implementation of genetic algorithm is
begun. After this evaluation of these structures and the
allocated reproductive opportunities has been allocated to
different chromosomes which are representing good solution
for the defined problem are given more chances for
reproducing themselves as compared to the chromosomes
which are producing poorer solutions. The goodness of a
solution is decided with the help of current available
population.
C. Safak Sahin, Ibrahim Hokelek, and Giorgio Bertoli have
presented a force based genetic algorithm [6]. This
algorithm is for self-spreading mobile nodes uniformly over
a geographical area. In this algorithm, each mobile node
exchanges its genetic information of direction and speed
encoded in its chromosomes with its neighboring nodes.
D. Suresh Kumar, K. Manikandan and M.A. Saleem Durai
have worked on secure and adaptive backup routing
protocol for mobile ad hoc networks [7]. In the cases of
failure of links these discovered paths are used. To improve
quality of service of routing, size of the buffer, end to end
required delay and shortest possible paths are used as
parameters for GA in route discovery.
Damla Turgut, Sajal K. Das, Ramez Elmasri and Begumhan
Turgut have worked on a paper representing the usefulness
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 589
of the genetic algorithms for increasing the performance of
the clustering algorithms in ad hoc networks [8].
3. PROPOSED SCHEME
In Mobile ad hoc networks due to its dynamic topology
changes, there is always a requirement of route discovery
between the pair of nodes. Due to the mobile nature of the
nodes and the different constraints like node failure, link
failure, energy issues of the nodes plays a vital role in the
quality of service of routing algorithm. Because of these
factors it is always necessity to find out the possibilities of
the further routes present in between the pair of nodes. Ant
colony optimization will be very helpful to optimize the
possible available route in between the pair of source and
destination. The optimization in the route discovery and
route selection is required all the time in mobile ad hoc
networks.
This paper introduces a new algorithm which does the
hybridization in between API algorithm (one of the type of
ant colony optimization) and a real coded genetic algorithm
(RCGA). If API is compared to its ACO surrogates, who
were mainly applied to discrete optimization problems, API
is designed for the continuous optimization problems. The
proposed ant-base algorithm is different from the basic ant
colony optimization in terms of search strategy. In this
proposed ant-base algorithm, the ants have to travel with the
help of their memory which stores visual landmarks which
were encountered along with the familiar routes, rather than
using pheromones as used in ACO algorithms. Mainly, API
focuses at maximizing the prey rather than minimizing the
path. The drawback of API is that it may be ending up
quickly in a solution which is a local minimum. The reason
behind ending up quickly is due to a regular movement of
the nest which is only in the best position found by the ants.
API is used to find out the solution for the continuous
optimization problems although it could stop at local
minima, it is useful to find out the solutions which are close
to the globally optimal.
In mobile ad hoc networks due to its dynamic topology
changes, there is always a requirement of route discovery
between the pair of nodes. Different factors like link failure,
node failure, node battery backup leads to the continuous
changes in the mobile ad hoc network causing to find out all
the possible routes available in between source and
destination pair so that if one route gets failed there would
be the another possible route available. In case of the higher
dimension mobile ad hoc networks, there is a large number
of mobile nodes are available. So number of routes can be
available, out of these available routes, the route which is
optimal one should be get selected for the packet delivery.
So the Genetic algorithm creates a population of all these
routes in between the pair of nodes. From this population of
routes the optimal route is getting selected with the help of
Ant colony optimization.
Thus, ant colony optimization algorithms’ percentage of
best solutions (say K %) are added to the Genetic Algorithm
population pool after which the breeding process is followed
proportional to their fitness. Then after in this ACO search
process another percentage is added which is nothing but a
percentage of the best individuals in the Genetic Algorithm
(say L % of the GA population) which gives “fitness-
proportional pheromone”. As like the percentage of best
individuals, another percentage of worst fitted individuals of
Genetic algorithm (say M %) are used to “evaporate a
constant amount of pheromones” in the Ant Colony
Optimization search. The migration would not be taken
place when either algorithms find an improvement or both
algorithms do no improve after iteration.
This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm which stochastic in
nature, intending to solve global unconstrained continuous
optimization problems. These problems can be of medium
and large dimensions. With the help of a hybridization of the
two classes of evolutionary optimization algorithms an
algorithm is proposed in this paper. The two classes of
evolutionary optimization algorithms are as follows: a
special class of Ant Colony Optimization algorithm for
continuous domain and a Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm.
The proposed algorithm is entitled as GA-API, which keeps
the downhill search ability of API. Meanwhile the local
minimum trapping in the API algorithm is avoided by using
diversity in the solution which is given by Real-Coded
Genetic Algorithm. Due to the use of proposed optimization
tool the computational time is get reduced also increases the
robustness and consistency of high quality approximate
solutions.
4. STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF INPUT AND
OUTPUT TO THE PROJECT
Input to API:
API is one of the surrogates of ant colony optimization
algorithm. The mobile ad hoc network information is given
to this API algorithm. This API algorithm uses this
information of all nodes and the links present in between
these nodes and traces out the feasible paths in between the
source and destination pairs. As the nodes in MANETs are
mobile in nature, they are continuously changing their
positions causing the link breakage and new link formation
all the time. This behavior of mobility changes the
information provided to the API algorithm, and API has to
trace out all the available routing paths for this changing
behavior.
Input to GA:
Genetic algorithm basically works with the large quantity of
input. With this input genetic algorithm forms its own
population which is nothing but the solution space for the
given problem. In this project, the real coded genetic
algorithm is used. The output from the API is provided to
this RCGA, which further creates new routing paths from
these routes. These routing paths will leads to the formation
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 590
of population. From this population, by using different
genetic operators like crossover, mutation etc, next offspring
are created which are again included in the population. Out
of these solutions present in the solution then the good ones
are forwarded to the API algorithm again, so that API
algorithm will not get stuck to the local optima because of
its local solution space.
Input to GA-API:
GA-API algorithm is a combination of Genetic algorithm
and API algorithm. The output from the API algorithm is
provided to the GA-API algorithm for further improvement.
The solutions are track out by GA-API which was provided
by API algorithm. From these solutions the solution which
one is globally optimal is been selected as the optimized
solution or the optimized path from source to destination.
Output Analysis:
The output given by the GA-API algorithm is an optimized
path for routing in between the pairs of source and
destination. The output is analyzed with the help of different
parameters. The parameters used for analysis are such as
end to end delay required for packet delivery, packet
delivery ratio in between the given source and destination
pair, bandwidth consumed while transferring packets, the
amount of battery gets consumed during the communication.
By using all these measures it get decided that whether the
route selected by GA-API algorithm is the optimum one or
not.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a new algorithm, called as GA-API is
proposed which is a combination of Genetic Algorithm
along with API algorithm which is nothing but one of the
surrogate of Ant Colony Optimization algorithm. This
algorithm is proposed to solve global unconstrained
continuous optimization problems. By combining some
unique characteristics of two robust meta-heuristic
algorithms such as RCGA and API, the hybrid meta-
heuristic algorithm is proposed in this paper. GA-API
provides satisfactory or optimum solutions, with much less
computational effort. This algorithm works well for large,
complex problems with greater dimensionality. GA-API
gave near global solutions. But GA-API failed to find the
global optimum solution in some cases like for the
optimization problems which are generally of small
dimensions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge all the great people who
have been assisted me right the way through my research
work. I would like to thank my parents and my friends for
encouragement and suggestions at every time for this
research. The acknowledgement would be unfinished
without talk about of the lucky thing of the almighty.
REFERENCES
[1]. Josh Broch, David Maltz, David Johnson, Yih-Chun Hu,
and Jorjeta Jetcheva, “A performance comparison of multi-
hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols” in
MobiCom’98, ACM, 1998.
[2]. Busola Olagbegi and Natarajan Meghanathan, “A
Review of the Energy Efficient & Secure Multicast Routing
Protocols For MANETs” in International Journal on
applications of graph theory in Wireless ad hoc networks,
vol. 2, No. 2, June 2010.
[3]. Ashwani Kush and Sunil Taneja, “Secured Routing over
MANET with Power Management” in ACM, 2011.
[4]. S.Prasad, Y.P. Singh, and C.S. Rai, “Swarm based
intelligent routing for MANETs” in International Journal on
Recent Trends in Engg., Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2009.
[5]. Gianni Di Caro, Frederick Ducatelle and Luca Maria
Gambardella, “AntHocNet: An Adaptive Nature-Inspired
Algorithm for Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” in
IDSIA, 2004.
[6]. C. Safak Sahin, Ibrahim Hokelek, and Giorgio Bertoli,
“Genetic Algorithms for Self-Spreading Nodes in
MANETs” in GECCO’08 ACM 2008.
[7] D. Suresh Kumar, K. Manikandan and M.A. Saleem
Durai, “Secure On-Demand Routing Protocol for MANET
using Genetic Algorithm” in International Journal of
Computer Applications Vol. 19, No. 8, April 2011.
[8]. Damla Turgut, Sajal K. Das, Ramez Elmasri and
Begumhan Turgut, “Optimizing Clustering Algorithm in
Mobile Ad hoc Networks Using Genetic Algorithmic
Approach”,2000.
BIOGRAPHIES
Pankaj Vidhate received the Bachelor’s
degree in Information Technology
engineering from University of Pune, India
in 2009 and currently working for M.E.
degree in Computer Networks Engineering
from University of Pune, India.
He is currently lecturer with the SGREF
COE Ahemednagar, University of Pune.
His research interests include optimization problems in
mobile ad hoc networks
Yogita Wankhade received the Bachelor’s
degree in Information Technology
engineering from University of India in
2009 and currently working for M.E.
degree in Computer Networks Engineering
from University of Pune, India