Liquidity Preference Theory suggests that investors demand higher interest rates or additional premiums for medium or long-term maturities and investments. Simply put, interest rates directly indicate the price of the money.
https://efinancemanagement.com/investment-decisions/liquidity-preference-theory
Liquidity Preference Theory suggests that investors demand higher interest rates or additional premiums for medium or long-term maturities and investments. Simply put, interest rates directly indicate the price of the money.
https://efinancemanagement.com/investment-decisions/liquidity-preference-theory
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICSDiploma and Certificate Programmes.docxlynettearnold46882
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICS
Diploma and Certificate Programmes
BBB 1207 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICS
THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
What is development?
In general, development is the process of improving the quality of human life.
The economic view of development is that it is the capacity of a national economy whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long period of time, to generate and ascertain an annual increase in its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at the rate of 5% to 7%.
Development includes: quantity of resources available, equitable distribution of income, people’s quality of life e.g. access to education, healthcare, employment opportunities, security, etc.
· Development is a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social structures, personal attributes and national institutions.
· Development is progressive
· The new economic view of development defines economic development in terms of its reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within the context of a growing economy.
Underdevelopment:
This is a state of inadequate development. It is characterized by diverse problems including unemployment, low level of technology and skills, under-utilization of resources, low literacy levels, confusion and ignorance, hopelessness, etc. It affects more than 3 billion people in the world.
Objectives of development
1. To increase availability and widespread distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, security and health.
2. To raise the standards of living with emphasis on higher income, better education and greater attention to cultural and human values, all of which serve not only to enhance material well-being but also to generate individual and national esteem.
3. Expansion of the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and the nations in order to free them from servitude and dependency.
Core values of development
(i) Sustenance: This means the ability to meet basic needs. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These life-sustaining human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. Their absence implies a condition of absolute underdevelopment.
· A basic function of all human activity is to provide as many people as possible with the means of overcoming the helplessness and misery arising from lack of the above.
· Without sustained and continuous economic progress at the individual as well as society level, the realization of human potential would not be possible.
(ii) Self-esteem : This means a sense of worth and self respect
· The nature and form of this self-esteem may vary from society to society, culture to culture.
(iii) Freedom from servitude: This means human freedom i.e. emancipation from alienating materials e.g. conditions of life and from social servitude to nature, ignorance, other people, misery, institutions and dogmatic beliefs.
· Fr.
Similar to Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth.pptx (20)
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
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Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
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What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
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USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
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BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
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How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population aging
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth.pptx
1. Rostow’s Stages of
Economic Growth
Prof. Nithin Kumar S
Assistant Professor
Department of Economics
J.S.S Banshankari Arts, Commerce and
Shantikumar Gubbi Science College
Vidyagiri, Dharwad - 580004
3. Introduction
• Many economists have been of the opinion that economic
development of a country passes through a number of stages.
• Walt Witchman Rostow has made a brilliant and magnificent
contribution to such thinking.
• Rostow has classified the process of economic development into
five stages.
• Therefore, it is more appropriate to consider Rostow's theory as an
analysis of stages of economic development.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 3
4. Rostow’s Stages of Growth
1. Traditional society
2. Pre-take off stage
3. Take-off stage
4. Drive to maturity, and
5. The age of high mass consumption
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 4
5. 1. Traditional Society
• Traditional Society is also termed as primitive
society.
• Agriculture will be the primary and predominant
activity in such a society and more than 75
percent of the total labour force of the country
depend upon this occupation.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 5
6. • This is a society marked by utter lack of scientific
knowledge and technology and contact with the outer
world.
• People are not aware of the methods of effective utilization
of natural resources and the ways in which output could be
increased.
• Landlords wield power in the society and economic
activities are determined according to status and
conventions in the society.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 6
7. • In Rostow's description, traditional society "is
one whose structure is developed within
limited production functions based on pre-
Newtonian science and technology and pre-
Newtonian attitude towards physical world”
• The society is based on primitive technology
and orthodox ideas.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 7
8. 2. Pre Take-off Stage
• This is a transformative stage building a
magnificent foundation for a definite change.
• Many types of changes are visible in the society
of this stage. Basic changes are found in social,
political and economic structure.
• Savings and investment rise to the level of about
five percent of the national product.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 8
9. • In the pre take-off stage, land reforms become an
integral part of development of agricultural sector.
• A revolutionary change to prepare agriculture to
provide food grains to the growing population and raw
materials to the industry takes place.
• This is a stage where a strong foundation is built for
industrialization.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 9
10. • It is a stage involving multi-faceted changes
leading to establishment of a society which
prepares necessary conditions for take-off of
the economy.
• Pre take- off is a stage involving a very long
period spanning to more than a century.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 10
11. • According to Rostow, certain pre-conditions are
needed for sustained industrialization, and pre
take-off is a stage to prepare the economy to
inculcate the needed conditions for industrial
development.
• In his opinion, for rapid industrialization, four
radical changes should occur in non-industrial
sectors.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 11
12. 1. Radical changes should take place in the
agricultural sector in order to raise its
productivity. Rise in agricultural output is very
much needed to provide food for the growing
population and raw materials to the industry.
Failure of agricultural sector gives a severe
push to the whole development process.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 12
13. 2. Equally needed is the expansion of social
overheard capital such as transportation,
communications and other basic facilities.
According to Rostow, expansion of transport and
communications helps in the flow of goods and
services from one place to the other and to
maintain economic stability.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 13
14. 3. Expansion of foreign trade is another
essential factor for rapid industrialization.
Exports are needed to pay off external debts.
Growth of foreign trade helps in availing
foreign capital and technical knowhow.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 14
15. 4. Transition also requires social change. Social
attitudes, expectations and values of people must
undergo a definite change. Development is
possible only when people are convinced about
the desirability of economic growth.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 15
16. 3. The Take-off Stage
• The take-off is a very decisive stage in the evolution of an
economy and it usually involves a period of three to four
decades.
• In such a stage, economic growth occurs automatically and
on its own.
• Rostow was of the opinion that in the take-off stage
industrial revolution occurs as a result of progressive
changes.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 16
17. • Social values take a complete turn and incline
towards attainment of development, growth
makes advances at geometrical proportions
and output and investment rise many fold.
• A true economic revolution occurs at this
stage.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 17
18. • Rostow has defined take-off stage "as an interval
during which the rate of investment increases in such
a way that real output per capita rises and this initial
increase carries with itself radical changes in
production techniques and the disposition of income
flows, which perpetuates the new scale of investment
and perpetuate thereby the rising trend in per capita
output".
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 18
19. • In Rostow's view, take-off stage is characterized
"as an industrial revolution, tied directly to radical
changes in method of production, having their
decisive consequences over a relatively short
period of time."
• During take-off stage, obstacles for development
are overcome and the process of steady growth
begins.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 19
20. • Take-off stage ends in self-sustaining and
self-generating economic growth.
• It is a crucial stage at the end of which
the economy of the nation gets a strong
assurance for growth.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 20
21. Take-off period happened in select
countries
Country Take-off Period (years)
Great Britain 1783-1802
France 1830-1860
Belgium 1833-1860
United States of America 1843-1860
Germany 1850-1873
Sweden 1868-1890
Japan 1878-1900
Russia 1890-1914
Canada 1896-1914
Argentina 1935
Turkey 1937
India 1952
China 1952
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 21
22. • Rostow had stated that three conditions are essential for
the economy to take-off.
1. Productive investment out of national product should rise
at the rate of five percent to ten percent.
2. Development of one or more considerably strong
manufacturing sectors having a very high rate of growth.
3. A political, social and institutional framework which can
stimulate evolution of the modern sector and can provide
new dimension to growth, should emerge.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 22
23. • For the economy to attain the take-off stage,
rate of rise in output should be more than the
rate of growth of population.
• Manufacturing industries should be in the fore
front and they should have a guiding role for
other sectors.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 23
24. • Rostow was of the belief that this stage begins
with one or the other decisive political, social
or economic upheaval.
• German revolution of 1948, Meiji restoration
in Japan in 1868 and political Independence
that India gained in 1947 are some of the
examples for such upheaval.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 24
25. 4. Drive to Maturity
• At the stage of drive to maturity, the economy
experiences all- round development.
• Rostow defines this stage "as the period when a
society has effectively applied the range of modern
technology to the bulk of its resources."
• It is a period of long sustained growth spanning over
four decades.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 25
26. • Technology will be the effective tool for increase
in output.
• Savings and investment get boosted in such a way
that the process of economic development
becomes automatic.
• At the stage of drive to maturity, the leading
sector which had involved a few industries in its
ambit will be all pervading.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 26
27. Dates for certain countries for having
attained maturity.
Country Year
Great Britain 1850
United States of America 1900
Germany 1910
France 1910
Sweden 1930
Japan 1940
Russia 1950
Canada 1953
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 27
28. • The following are the significant changes that take
place in the society at the stage of drive to maturity.
1. The composition of workforce undergoes changes.
The working class becomes more skilled. According
to Rostow, when the economy reaches the stage of
maturity, the percentage of working force depending
upon agriculture declines from about 75 percent to
about 20 percent.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 28
29. 2. Entrepreneurial leadership undergoes an
attitudinal change. Efficient and polished
managers will begin to control industries and
there will be dynamic leadership. There will
be substantial improvement in employer-
employee relationship which leads to
industrial peace and rise in industrial output.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 29
30. 5. The Age of High Mass
Consumption
• This is a stage that comes after maturity and the
final one in the process of economic development.
• The economy becomes prosperous at this stage.
• Production of durable consumer goods and
services will be the prominent goal of the
economy.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 30
31. • The attention of the economy gets shifted from
production to consumption of goods and attainment of
welfare of people.
• This is a stage marked by incessant efforts on the part
of the nation for removal of business cycles and
attainment of economic stability.
• According to Rostow, the resources deployed in the
following three directions lead to increase in social
welfare.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 31
32. 1. Implementation of a national policy aimed at extending power and
influence beyond national frontier.
2. Establishment of welfare state through equal distribution of
national income by way of progressive tax system, higher social
security and more leisure to the working class.
3. Establishment of new commercial centers, production of cheap
automobiles, construction of houses on a large scale. There will be
diffusion of services on a mass basis and resources are directed
towards production of consumer durables.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 32
33. • In the age of high mass consumption, very
high rate of population growth is caused by
mass consumption of consumer goods,
incessant full-employment and continuous
belief of security in the economy.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 33
34. • W.W. Rostow had opined that the United States of
America was the first nation to attain the age of high
mass consumption in 1920.
• It was followed by Great Britain in 1930 and Japan
and West European countires in 1950.
• Russia attained this stage after the death of Stalin.
• The following figure narrates the five stages
elucidated by W.W. Rostow
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 34
36. • In Rostow's words, "these stages are not Just
self- explanatory. They do not constitute an
approach to generalize certain objective ideas
about chronological order of development of
modern societies. They have an internal logic
and continuity. They have an analytical body
structure deep rooted in the dynamic theory of
production."
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 36
37. Critical Evaluation
1. Classification of stages of development is irrelevant
2. Overlapping of stages
3. Absence of proper basis for the dates of take-off stage
4. Irrelevance of order of stages
5. Absence of effective classification of prerequisites
6. Defective concept of self-sustaining growth
7. Partial analysis
8. Lack of sound reasoning
9. Undue emphasis on certain aspects in the stage of high mass consumption
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 37
38. 1. Classification of stages of
development is irrelevant
• Classification of history into different stages of
development is severely criticized by many
thinkers.
• To state that all the economies should pass
through these stages is misleading.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 38
39. 2. Overlapping of stages
• The stages of economic growth mentioned by Rostow are
not mutually exclusive and they overlap each other.
• The characteristics of different stages are mixed up.
• Features of an initial stage are found in a later stage too.
• Therefore, it is very difficult to understand and clarify the
nature and features of each stage.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 39
40. 3. Absence of proper basis for the
dates of take-off stage
• The dates mentioned by Rostow pertaining to
different countries for attaining take-off stage
are not reliable.
• Empirical evidences are lacking in this sphere.
• This has rendered this theory to be unsound.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 40
41. 4. Irrelevance of order of stages
• Many writers have questioned the chronological order elucidated by W.W.
Rostor.
• Rostow had stated that in each economy traditional society would be the
first stage.
• But the critics have argued that countries such as the United States of
America and New Zealand did not pass through such stage.
• Those countries were influenced by Great Britain which was already
developed on a considerable scale and directly entered the transformation
stage.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 41
42. 5. Absence of effective classification
of prerequisites
• Absence of proper classification of the take off stage as well as its
prerequisites constitutes another drawback of this theory.
• According to Rostow, certain prerequisites are essential for attainment of
take-off stage.
• A country reaches the take-off stage only when these conditions are
fulfilled.
• However, according to critics, the pre requisites mentioned by Rostow are
accomplished only after the country attains the take- off stage.
• In this respect too, Rostow's analysis draws flak.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 42
43. 6. Defective concept of self-
sustaining growth
• The concept of "self-sustaining growth" as
stated by Rostow is defective and misleading.
• A Kuznetts averred, "any growth is neither self-
sustaining, nor self-limiting; economic
development is a continuous struggle."
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 43
44. 7. Partial analysis
• W.W. Rostow's theory, particularly his analysis of the take-off stage,
fails to take into coginisance many factors which must be considered
while making a description.
• According to H.J. Habakuk, "the analysis of take-off stage neglects
the effect of historical heritage, time of entry to the processes of
modern economic growth, degree of backwardness and other
relevant factors on the characteristics of early phases on modern
economic growth in different countries".
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 44
45. 8. Lack of sound reasoning
• Rostow's ideas do not help us to understand the past or in building a
promising future.
• His analysis of the pattern of growth is bitterly criticized.
• H.J. Habakuk had been of the opinion that the experience of
European countries does not conform to Rostow's pattern of growth,
and even economic development of underdeveloped countries does
not lend any credit to Rostow's pattern of growth.
• Rostow's description of the process of economic growth lacks sound
reasoning.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 45
46. 9. Undue emphasis on certain aspects in the stage
of high mass consumption
• Critics point out that Rostow has laid undue emphasis on
certain aspects in the stage of high mass consumption.
• According to A.K. Cairncross, "what is the significance of
the three fold choice between national power, social welfare
and high mass consumption in final stage when the same
choice has had to be made all along the path of growth?"
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 46
47. Conclusion
• Despite these criticisms, Rostow's theory cannot be dubbed
as unsound or useless.
• The drawbacks found in the theory cannot render it to be
irrelevant either theoretically or practically.
• Rostow's theory is said to be magnificent and unique since
it highlights the importance of social and institutional
factors needed for attainment of economic growth.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 47
48. • He seems to be very much right in his attempt in
incorporating non-economic factors as other set of
forces needed to attain growth.
• Many writers have been of the view that Rostow
was the first economist to take into consideration
even non-economic factors in the theory of
development.
Mr. Nithin Kumar S 48