The document provides an overview of Ancient Rome and Early Christianity between 500 BC and 500 AD. It is divided into 5 sections: (1) The Roman Republic, (2) The Roman Empire, (3) The Rise of Christianity, (4) The Fall of the Roman Empire, and (5) Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization. Key events include the founding of the Roman Republic in 509 BC, the rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus in the 1st century BC, the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman world in the 1st century AD, and the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. The document examines the political, social, economic and cultural developments during this pivotal period.
This document provides an overview of classical Greek history and culture from 2000 BC to 300 BC. It covers the rise of the Mycenaean civilization and its decline after being overtaken by the Dorians. It then discusses the development of Greek city-states and different forms of government. Key events included the Persian Wars and Athens' growth of democracy under Pericles. The document also outlines Greece's Golden Age of art, architecture and philosophy under Pericles, as well as the Peloponnesian War and Alexander the Great's conquests which spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean world.
The document provides an overview of the interactions between the Byzantine, Russian, and Turkish empires from 500 to 1500 AD. It discusses the rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople, the emergence of Russian culture from a blending of Slavic and Byzantine influences, and the establishment of Turkish empires in Anatolia after the decline of the Abbasids. Key events covered include the rule of Justinian and the codification of Byzantine law, the conversion of Kievan Rus to Orthodox Christianity, the Mongol invasions of Russia, and the Seljuks' conquests from the Byzantines and conflicts with the Crusaders and Mongols.
The document provides an overview of the Muslim world from 600-1250 CE. It discusses how tolerance of other cultures and a focus on learning helped Muslim leaders build a large empire that stretched across parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Key events mentioned include the rise of Islam under Muhammad, the expansion of the Muslim empire under early caliphs, and the growth of Muslim culture and learning centers in major cities under later caliphates.
This document provides a summary of early river valley civilizations between 3500 BC and 450 BC. It covers the civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians established the first cities and city-states like Uruk and Kish around 3000 BC. They developed irrigation, laws, writing, and a social hierarchy. In Egypt, King Narmer unified Upper and Lower Egypt around 3000 BC and established the first dynasty. The Egyptians built pyramids and large tombs for pharaohs and developed hieroglyphic writing. Along the Indus River, the Harappan civilization established well-planned cities with
The document is a chapter from a lecture on migrations and the spread of ideas from 2000 BC to 250 BC. It covers the migrations of Indo-European peoples like the Hittites and Aryans into Europe, India and Southwest Asia. It also discusses the emergence of Hinduism and Buddhism in India and the role of seafaring traders like the Minoans and Phoenicians in spreading civilization. Finally, it addresses the origins of Judaism among the Hebrews in ancient Palestine and their exile in Babylon.
During the European Middle Ages from 500-1200 CE:
- Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms under his Frankish Empire in the late 8th century.
- The feudal system emerged across Europe, based on a pyramid of land ownership and obligations of vassals to lords.
- The Catholic Church grew enormously in influence and power, establishing canon law and frequently competing for authority with political rulers.
Muhammad received revelations from God and taught the religion of Islam, which has five main beliefs and practices known as the Five Pillars: professing faith, praying five times daily, giving alms to the poor, fasting during Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's lifetime. As Islam spread from Arabia, the Quran outlined moral and legal guidelines for Muslim behavior and society.
The document provides an overview of developments in Western Europe between 800-1500 CE. It is divided into 4 sections that discuss: 1) Church reform and the Crusades, 2) Changes in medieval society as the feudal system declined, 3) The development of England and France into nations with democratic traditions, and 4) The Hundred Years' War and the plague in the 1300s. The document contains maps, charts and images to accompany the textual summaries of significant political, economic, social, and religious transformations during this period.
This document provides an overview of classical Greek history and culture from 2000 BC to 300 BC. It covers the rise of the Mycenaean civilization and its decline after being overtaken by the Dorians. It then discusses the development of Greek city-states and different forms of government. Key events included the Persian Wars and Athens' growth of democracy under Pericles. The document also outlines Greece's Golden Age of art, architecture and philosophy under Pericles, as well as the Peloponnesian War and Alexander the Great's conquests which spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean world.
The document provides an overview of the interactions between the Byzantine, Russian, and Turkish empires from 500 to 1500 AD. It discusses the rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople, the emergence of Russian culture from a blending of Slavic and Byzantine influences, and the establishment of Turkish empires in Anatolia after the decline of the Abbasids. Key events covered include the rule of Justinian and the codification of Byzantine law, the conversion of Kievan Rus to Orthodox Christianity, the Mongol invasions of Russia, and the Seljuks' conquests from the Byzantines and conflicts with the Crusaders and Mongols.
The document provides an overview of the Muslim world from 600-1250 CE. It discusses how tolerance of other cultures and a focus on learning helped Muslim leaders build a large empire that stretched across parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Key events mentioned include the rise of Islam under Muhammad, the expansion of the Muslim empire under early caliphs, and the growth of Muslim culture and learning centers in major cities under later caliphates.
This document provides a summary of early river valley civilizations between 3500 BC and 450 BC. It covers the civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians established the first cities and city-states like Uruk and Kish around 3000 BC. They developed irrigation, laws, writing, and a social hierarchy. In Egypt, King Narmer unified Upper and Lower Egypt around 3000 BC and established the first dynasty. The Egyptians built pyramids and large tombs for pharaohs and developed hieroglyphic writing. Along the Indus River, the Harappan civilization established well-planned cities with
The document is a chapter from a lecture on migrations and the spread of ideas from 2000 BC to 250 BC. It covers the migrations of Indo-European peoples like the Hittites and Aryans into Europe, India and Southwest Asia. It also discusses the emergence of Hinduism and Buddhism in India and the role of seafaring traders like the Minoans and Phoenicians in spreading civilization. Finally, it addresses the origins of Judaism among the Hebrews in ancient Palestine and their exile in Babylon.
During the European Middle Ages from 500-1200 CE:
- Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms under his Frankish Empire in the late 8th century.
- The feudal system emerged across Europe, based on a pyramid of land ownership and obligations of vassals to lords.
- The Catholic Church grew enormously in influence and power, establishing canon law and frequently competing for authority with political rulers.
Muhammad received revelations from God and taught the religion of Islam, which has five main beliefs and practices known as the Five Pillars: professing faith, praying five times daily, giving alms to the poor, fasting during Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's lifetime. As Islam spread from Arabia, the Quran outlined moral and legal guidelines for Muslim behavior and society.
The document provides an overview of developments in Western Europe between 800-1500 CE. It is divided into 4 sections that discuss: 1) Church reform and the Crusades, 2) Changes in medieval society as the feudal system declined, 3) The development of England and France into nations with democratic traditions, and 4) The Hundred Years' War and the plague in the 1300s. The document contains maps, charts and images to accompany the textual summaries of significant political, economic, social, and religious transformations during this period.
The Byzantine Empire emerged after the fall of Rome, with its capital in Constantinople. It included parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Emperor Justinian expanded the empire through conquest but strained its resources. He also codified Roman law and built churches. The Orthodox Church worked closely with the government. Meanwhile, the prophet Muhammad spread Islam through the Middle East and North Africa. The Quran outlined the religion's beliefs and duties. As Islam expanded through trade and war, conquered lands adopted Islamic culture and governance. Non-Muslims faced restrictions and high taxes. Muslim advances in fields like banking, science, and navigation aided their expansion.
Este documento presenta información sobre el arte medieval, dividiéndolo en varias secciones: arte paleocristiano y bizantino, arte prerrománico, románico, gótico e islámico/hispanomusulmán. Se detalla la basílica paleocristiana, su origen, función y características. También se explica la evolución de la pintura y el mosaico paleocristiano, con su iconografía. Finalmente, se describen las características del arte bizantino a través de ejemplos como Santa Sofía de
The document discusses the spread of Islam after Muhammad's death. It summarizes that Islam expanded rapidly under early caliphs, creating a large empire within 100 years. However, internal conflicts emerged, such as between the Sunnis and Shias. Over time, the caliphate lost power as smaller states broke away, ending the unified rule of the caliphate.
The document summarizes the transition of Rome from a republic to an empire. It describes the problems the late Roman Republic faced, including social unrest, rebellions, and civil war. This led to the rise of prominent military leaders who took control, like Julius Caesar and Augustus, ending the Republic. Under the emperors Rome experienced stability, expansion, and cultural growth during the Pax Romana period. The Roman government, legal system, and trade tied the vast empire together.
The document discusses several ancient civilizations in the Fertile Crescent region:
The Hittites built a strong empire in Asia Minor through their military advantages of horse-drawn war chariots and new techniques. The Assyrians and later Chaldeans also formed powerful empires through formidable war machines and efficient administration, although the Chaldean empire was relatively short-lived. In contrast, the Phoenicians developed a wealthy trading society along the Mediterranean coast and are particularly notable for inventing the alphabet that later evolved into many modern forms.
Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. This led to the rise of feudalism, a political and economic system where lords provided land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service. Knights emerged as the dominant warriors and developed a code of chivalry. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church grew increasingly powerful and influential across Europe under the leadership of figures like Pope Gregory I.
The Han Dynasty restored unity in China after the fall of the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang defeated his rival Xiang Yu to found the Han Dynasty in 202 BC. He established a centralized government with lower taxes that gained popular support. The Han Dynasty saw economic growth through advances in agriculture and commerce. Confucianism became the dominant ideology and civil service exams tested applicants on Confucian classics. However, inequality grew and rebellions eventually caused the Han Dynasty to fall in AD 220.
Roman society was stratified between the wealthy, who lived in large homes with amenities, and the poor, who lived in crowded apartment buildings. Entertainment like gladiator battles and chariot races were popular among all classes. Rome developed technologies like concrete and aqueducts, and architectural styles like arches and vaults that still influence buildings today. Roman influences also extended to areas like language, literature, science, and law, as civil law systems based on Roman code were adopted around the world.
Greek civilization emerged in Southeastern Europe and gave rise to classical civilization. The Minoan civilization on Crete influenced the Greeks and traded extensively. After a volcanic eruption, the Mycenaeans invaded Crete and established separate city-states. Two influential city-states were Sparta, a militaristic society ruled by two kings and elders, and Athens, which developed democracy under Solon and Cleisthenes. The Persian Wars united the Greeks against Persia and allowed Athens to emerge as the most powerful city under Pericles, though this dominance led to war with Sparta. Alexander the Great then conquered Persia and spread Greek culture across his vast empire, establishing the long-lasting Hellenistic civilization.
The document summarizes the art of the Late Antiquity period, from the 3rd to 6th centuries AD. It describes how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire during this time. Art forms such as mosaics, frescoes, and sarcophagi incorporated Christian imagery and themes. Important early Christian sites mentioned include the Dura Europos synagogue, Roman catacombs, the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and Ravenna churches containing beautiful mosaic artwork. The blending of Greco-Roman and Christian traditions during this period formed the basis of Western art and architecture.
El documento describe la evolución del retrato romano a través de los siglos, desde la República hasta el siglo IV d.C. En la República, los retratos eran muy realistas y enfocados en los rasgos distintivos, mientras que en la época de Augusto se volvieron más idealizados y políticos. En la era Flavia hubo un retorno al realismo pero sin exagerar, y durante los siglos II y III los retratos mostraban más movimiento y barroquismo. Finalmente, en el siglo IV los retratos se volv
Muhammad's successors expanded Islam rapidly after his death in 632. By 750, the Muslim empire stretched from Spain to India under the early caliphs. However, internal conflicts emerged, including a split between the Sunni and Shi'a over who should lead the Muslim community. The Umayyad dynasty took power but was eventually replaced by the Abbasids in 750. This established the Muslim capital in Baghdad and further expanded Islamic rule, though independent states also emerged.
The document summarizes key events and developments during the Classical Age of ancient Greece, including the rise of Athenian democracy, the Persian Wars, Athens' Golden Age under Pericles, and the Peloponnesian War. It describes how tensions grew between Athens and Sparta as Athens' power increased, eventually leading to the Peloponnesian War between the Delian League led by Athens and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta from 431 to 404 BC.
The document provides an overview of ancient Aegean art from 3000 BCE to 1100 BCE, focusing on the Minoan and Cycladic civilizations. It describes key artworks and artistic traditions, including Cycladic marble figurines, Minoan frescoes depicting daily life and religious ceremonies, architectural features like the columns of Knossos, and pottery decorated with marine motifs reflecting the importance of sea trade. The artistic styles of the Aegean laid the groundwork for later Greek art and emphasized naturalistic motifs from the environment.
The document summarizes the history of the ancient Nubian civilization of Kush. It began along the Nile south of Egypt in the region of Nubia. As Egypt's power waned, Kush expanded to rule all of Nubia. Eventually Kush grew powerful enough to conquer Egypt, though Kushite rule there only lasted around a century before being pushed back by Assyria. Later, the Kushites moved their capital south from Napata to Meroë, where they developed their own writing system and culture increasingly distinct from Egypt, establishing an independent Kushite civilization at Meroë that lasted until its decline in the 300s AD.
World History Chapter 6: Ancient Rome and Early Christianitykatetygers
1) Rome was founded in the 8th century BC by Romulus and Remus on the Tiber River. It was built on seven hills and became a center of power in the Italian peninsula due to its strategic location and fertile soil.
2) In the early republic, Rome transitioned from villages to a city covering 500 square miles. However, the patricians and plebeians struggled for power and influence.
3) Julius Caesar rose to power as a military leader and was appointed dictator for life, concentrating power in his hands. However, many senators saw him as a threat and assassinated him, plunging Rome into further civil war and destroying the Roman Republic.
The document provides an overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the Greeks and Etruscans influenced early Rome and the establishment of the Roman Republic. Key events included the Punic Wars with Carthage and the rise of powerful individuals like Julius Caesar which contributed to the transition from Republic to Empire. The Roman Empire reached its height under strong emperors before experiencing instability, economic problems, and invasions from barbarian groups which ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The document provides an overview of Ancient Rome and Early Christianity between 500 BC and 500 AD. It covers the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion across Italy and the Mediterranean. It then discusses the transition to a Roman Empire under Augustus and the Pax Romana period. The rise of Christianity in Rome is summarized, including the life of Jesus, the teachings of Paul, and the growth of Christianity despite persecution. The decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD is briefly covered. The lasting influences of Roman civilization on law, language, architecture and Western culture are also noted.
1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early ChristianityDrew Burks
The document outlines the plan to discuss the contributions of the Romans, the development of Eastern and Western empires, the spread of Christianity, and briefly look at Charlemagne and the Franks. It then provides details on the Pax Romana period of stability in Rome, developments like trade, architecture, spectacle, and the early spread of Christianity throughout the Roman empire before its eventual split into Eastern and Western halves.
The Byzantine Empire emerged after the fall of Rome, with its capital in Constantinople. It included parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Emperor Justinian expanded the empire through conquest but strained its resources. He also codified Roman law and built churches. The Orthodox Church worked closely with the government. Meanwhile, the prophet Muhammad spread Islam through the Middle East and North Africa. The Quran outlined the religion's beliefs and duties. As Islam expanded through trade and war, conquered lands adopted Islamic culture and governance. Non-Muslims faced restrictions and high taxes. Muslim advances in fields like banking, science, and navigation aided their expansion.
Este documento presenta información sobre el arte medieval, dividiéndolo en varias secciones: arte paleocristiano y bizantino, arte prerrománico, románico, gótico e islámico/hispanomusulmán. Se detalla la basílica paleocristiana, su origen, función y características. También se explica la evolución de la pintura y el mosaico paleocristiano, con su iconografía. Finalmente, se describen las características del arte bizantino a través de ejemplos como Santa Sofía de
The document discusses the spread of Islam after Muhammad's death. It summarizes that Islam expanded rapidly under early caliphs, creating a large empire within 100 years. However, internal conflicts emerged, such as between the Sunnis and Shias. Over time, the caliphate lost power as smaller states broke away, ending the unified rule of the caliphate.
The document summarizes the transition of Rome from a republic to an empire. It describes the problems the late Roman Republic faced, including social unrest, rebellions, and civil war. This led to the rise of prominent military leaders who took control, like Julius Caesar and Augustus, ending the Republic. Under the emperors Rome experienced stability, expansion, and cultural growth during the Pax Romana period. The Roman government, legal system, and trade tied the vast empire together.
The document discusses several ancient civilizations in the Fertile Crescent region:
The Hittites built a strong empire in Asia Minor through their military advantages of horse-drawn war chariots and new techniques. The Assyrians and later Chaldeans also formed powerful empires through formidable war machines and efficient administration, although the Chaldean empire was relatively short-lived. In contrast, the Phoenicians developed a wealthy trading society along the Mediterranean coast and are particularly notable for inventing the alphabet that later evolved into many modern forms.
Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. This led to the rise of feudalism, a political and economic system where lords provided land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service. Knights emerged as the dominant warriors and developed a code of chivalry. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church grew increasingly powerful and influential across Europe under the leadership of figures like Pope Gregory I.
The Han Dynasty restored unity in China after the fall of the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang defeated his rival Xiang Yu to found the Han Dynasty in 202 BC. He established a centralized government with lower taxes that gained popular support. The Han Dynasty saw economic growth through advances in agriculture and commerce. Confucianism became the dominant ideology and civil service exams tested applicants on Confucian classics. However, inequality grew and rebellions eventually caused the Han Dynasty to fall in AD 220.
Roman society was stratified between the wealthy, who lived in large homes with amenities, and the poor, who lived in crowded apartment buildings. Entertainment like gladiator battles and chariot races were popular among all classes. Rome developed technologies like concrete and aqueducts, and architectural styles like arches and vaults that still influence buildings today. Roman influences also extended to areas like language, literature, science, and law, as civil law systems based on Roman code were adopted around the world.
Greek civilization emerged in Southeastern Europe and gave rise to classical civilization. The Minoan civilization on Crete influenced the Greeks and traded extensively. After a volcanic eruption, the Mycenaeans invaded Crete and established separate city-states. Two influential city-states were Sparta, a militaristic society ruled by two kings and elders, and Athens, which developed democracy under Solon and Cleisthenes. The Persian Wars united the Greeks against Persia and allowed Athens to emerge as the most powerful city under Pericles, though this dominance led to war with Sparta. Alexander the Great then conquered Persia and spread Greek culture across his vast empire, establishing the long-lasting Hellenistic civilization.
The document summarizes the art of the Late Antiquity period, from the 3rd to 6th centuries AD. It describes how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire during this time. Art forms such as mosaics, frescoes, and sarcophagi incorporated Christian imagery and themes. Important early Christian sites mentioned include the Dura Europos synagogue, Roman catacombs, the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and Ravenna churches containing beautiful mosaic artwork. The blending of Greco-Roman and Christian traditions during this period formed the basis of Western art and architecture.
El documento describe la evolución del retrato romano a través de los siglos, desde la República hasta el siglo IV d.C. En la República, los retratos eran muy realistas y enfocados en los rasgos distintivos, mientras que en la época de Augusto se volvieron más idealizados y políticos. En la era Flavia hubo un retorno al realismo pero sin exagerar, y durante los siglos II y III los retratos mostraban más movimiento y barroquismo. Finalmente, en el siglo IV los retratos se volv
Muhammad's successors expanded Islam rapidly after his death in 632. By 750, the Muslim empire stretched from Spain to India under the early caliphs. However, internal conflicts emerged, including a split between the Sunni and Shi'a over who should lead the Muslim community. The Umayyad dynasty took power but was eventually replaced by the Abbasids in 750. This established the Muslim capital in Baghdad and further expanded Islamic rule, though independent states also emerged.
The document summarizes key events and developments during the Classical Age of ancient Greece, including the rise of Athenian democracy, the Persian Wars, Athens' Golden Age under Pericles, and the Peloponnesian War. It describes how tensions grew between Athens and Sparta as Athens' power increased, eventually leading to the Peloponnesian War between the Delian League led by Athens and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta from 431 to 404 BC.
The document provides an overview of ancient Aegean art from 3000 BCE to 1100 BCE, focusing on the Minoan and Cycladic civilizations. It describes key artworks and artistic traditions, including Cycladic marble figurines, Minoan frescoes depicting daily life and religious ceremonies, architectural features like the columns of Knossos, and pottery decorated with marine motifs reflecting the importance of sea trade. The artistic styles of the Aegean laid the groundwork for later Greek art and emphasized naturalistic motifs from the environment.
The document summarizes the history of the ancient Nubian civilization of Kush. It began along the Nile south of Egypt in the region of Nubia. As Egypt's power waned, Kush expanded to rule all of Nubia. Eventually Kush grew powerful enough to conquer Egypt, though Kushite rule there only lasted around a century before being pushed back by Assyria. Later, the Kushites moved their capital south from Napata to Meroë, where they developed their own writing system and culture increasingly distinct from Egypt, establishing an independent Kushite civilization at Meroë that lasted until its decline in the 300s AD.
World History Chapter 6: Ancient Rome and Early Christianitykatetygers
1) Rome was founded in the 8th century BC by Romulus and Remus on the Tiber River. It was built on seven hills and became a center of power in the Italian peninsula due to its strategic location and fertile soil.
2) In the early republic, Rome transitioned from villages to a city covering 500 square miles. However, the patricians and plebeians struggled for power and influence.
3) Julius Caesar rose to power as a military leader and was appointed dictator for life, concentrating power in his hands. However, many senators saw him as a threat and assassinated him, plunging Rome into further civil war and destroying the Roman Republic.
The document provides an overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the Greeks and Etruscans influenced early Rome and the establishment of the Roman Republic. Key events included the Punic Wars with Carthage and the rise of powerful individuals like Julius Caesar which contributed to the transition from Republic to Empire. The Roman Empire reached its height under strong emperors before experiencing instability, economic problems, and invasions from barbarian groups which ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The document provides an overview of Ancient Rome and Early Christianity between 500 BC and 500 AD. It covers the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion across Italy and the Mediterranean. It then discusses the transition to a Roman Empire under Augustus and the Pax Romana period. The rise of Christianity in Rome is summarized, including the life of Jesus, the teachings of Paul, and the growth of Christianity despite persecution. The decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD is briefly covered. The lasting influences of Roman civilization on law, language, architecture and Western culture are also noted.
1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early ChristianityDrew Burks
The document outlines the plan to discuss the contributions of the Romans, the development of Eastern and Western empires, the spread of Christianity, and briefly look at Charlemagne and the Franks. It then provides details on the Pax Romana period of stability in Rome, developments like trade, architecture, spectacle, and the early spread of Christianity throughout the Roman empire before its eventual split into Eastern and Western halves.
The Roman Empire unit test study guide provides an overview of the history and development of the Roman Empire from its origins as a kingdom in Rome to its eventual decline and fall. It covers the establishment of the Roman Republic and leaders like Julius Caesar who expanded Roman territory through military conquests. It also discusses the transition to an empire under Augustus and the influence and spread of Christianity. The guide outlines some of the key reasons for the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the continued existence of the Eastern Byzantine Empire centered in Constantinople until its conquest in 1453.
Rome was located in a strategic position in central Italy on the Tiber River, allowing it to control the Mediterranean region. It began as a kingdom ruled by Etruscans but overthrew them in the 5th century BCE to establish a republic with a Senate dominated by patricians. Conflicts emerged between patricians and plebeians seeking more rights and power. Rome then expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean through military conquests, establishing itself as a major power and defeating Carthage. It transitioned from a republic to an empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus, though the form of a republic was maintained. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent by the 2nd century CE and spread its culture and laws
The document provides an overview of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from its origins as a republic through the decline of the Western Roman Empire. It discusses key periods and figures such as Augustus establishing the Roman Empire in 27 BCE, the Pax Romana lasting from 27 BCE to 180 CE, and the division of the empire into Western and Eastern halves in 285 CE. It also examines reasons for the decline of the Western Empire, including military, economic, political and social factors, before ending in 476 CE.
Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus around 1000 BC. It developed into a Republic in 509 BC after overthrowing the last king. The Republic expanded through military conquests including defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. Tensions grew between the patricians and plebeians leading to the rise of populists like Julius Caesar who became dictator for life. After his assassination, Octavian became the first emperor, Augustus, beginning the Roman Empire. The Empire reached its height under emperors like Trajan but declined due to military overspending and invasions by Germanic tribes, with the Western half falling in 476 AD. Rome left a lasting cultural legacy including its system of law,
The PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 509 BCE to 476 CE. It discusses the key periods of the Roman Republic and Empire. Important Roman emperors like Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Diocletian, Constantine, and Justinian are summarized. The presentation also touches on reasons for Rome's success like its administration of a vast empire, contributions to architecture, engineering and law, and the spread of Christianity and promotion of the Jewish Diaspora. Causes for the eventual decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire are examined.
The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and eventually declined as wealthy landowners took over plebeian land. This led to civil war and the rise of triumvirates including Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. After Caesar became dictator, he was assassinated, leading to further civil war. Ultimately, Octavian defeated Antony to become the first emperor, ending the republic and establishing the Roman Empire. Rome's success was due to factors like its geography along the Mediterranean, adoption of ideas and technologies from Greeks and Etruscans, strong military, and practical political system.
The document provides an overview of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 509 BCE to 476 CE. It discusses the transition from Roman Republic to Roman Empire under Augustus, key emperors like Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Vespasian, and Hadrian, as well as the division of the empire into eastern and western halves under Diocletian. It also examines factors that contributed to the decline of the western empire, including invasions by barbarian tribes and the removal of the capital to Constantinople, while the eastern empire continued on as the Byzantine Empire until 1453.
1. The document outlines the history of Rome from 750 BCE to 400 CE, including the establishment of the Roman Republic around 509 BCE and the factors that led to Rome achieving domination over the Mediterranean world by 100 AD.
2. It then discusses the crisis of the third century that nearly caused Rome's collapse, Rome's recovery and conversion to Christianity, and thinkers' ongoing interest in explaining Rome's fall in 476 CE.
3. The rise of Christianity is also summarized, including the life and teachings of Jesus, the role of Paul in establishing Christian theology, and the development of the Christian church as an institution following Paul.
The document provides an overview of the history of ancient Rome from 750 BCE to 400 CE. It discusses the founding and early history of Rome under Etruscan influence. As the Etruscans declined, Rome established itself as the dominant power in Italy and expanded across the Mediterranean through conquests. The Roman Republic developed but faced internal conflicts that led to the rise of Julius Caesar and the transition to a Roman Empire under Augustus. The empire reached its greatest extent under the Pax Romana but eventually faced economic troubles and invasions that contributed to its decline. Christianity also rose during this period and eventually became the dominant religion.
1) The document provides vocabulary related to the founding and history of ancient Rome, including important people, governments systems, and events. It defines terms like republic, empire, patricians, plebians, and the Punic Wars.
2) The vocabulary then shifts to defining important figures and developments during the Roman Republic and civil war era, such as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, and Augustus. It also introduces the concept of the Pax Romana period of peace and prosperity.
3) The final section defines religious and cultural terms like bishops, Jesus, and Constantine, as well as groups that invaded the Western Roman Empire like the Goths, Vandals, and Huns.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire from the end of the Roman Republic. It describes how Octavian defeated his rivals and established himself as the first emperor, taking the name Augustus. Under his rule and the following dynasty of "Five Good Emperors", the Roman Empire experienced two centuries of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. The document also outlines some key aspects of Roman culture like architecture, family structure, and virtues that helped the empire thrive.
1. Rome began as a city and grew into a vast empire that spanned most of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
2. The Roman Empire had a vast influence politically, intellectually, religiously, artistically, technologically, and economically.
3. Christianity spread widely throughout the Roman Empire due to factors like the extensive road system, period of peace and stability, religious syncretism, and eventual adoption as the official state religion.
The Roman Empire laid the foundations of its empire through military conquest and expansion. Rome emerged as a world power after defeating Carthage in the Second and Third Punic Wars in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. Rome's transformation from city-state to empire brought tensions as Greek culture influenced Rome and wealth inequality grew. The Roman Republic transitioned to imperial rule following a civil war, and by the 1st century BC the Roman Empire stretched across the Mediterranean and brought peace and governance for centuries. Rome's legacy includes concepts like the world state, influence on law and government, and preservation of Greek/Latin literature.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key points covered include:
- Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus around 1000 BC and gradually grew to dominate the Italian peninsula through conflict with neighboring groups like the Etruscans and Greeks.
- The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and was ruled by elected leaders and a senate, though real power was held by wealthy patricians.
- Rome expanded greatly through the Punic Wars against Carthage in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC, gaining control of the Mediterranean.
- Conflicts between political factions led to the rise of Julius
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key points covered include:
- Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus around 1000 BC and grew to become the dominant power in the Italian peninsula through defeating rival groups like the Etruscans and Greeks.
- The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and was ruled by elected leaders and a senate, though real power rested with wealthy patricians.
- Rome expanded dramatically through military conquests like the Punic Wars against Carthage, which gave Rome control of the Mediterranean.
- Julius Caesar rose to power as a dictator but was assassinated in 44
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The document summarizes key events and developments during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment era from 1550-1789:
1) Scientists like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton revolutionized scientific thinking by developing theories like heliocentrism and the laws of gravity based on empirical evidence and experimentation, challenging the dominant religious orthodoxies.
2) Enlightenment philosophers like Voltaire, Locke, and Rousseau popularized ideas of reason, individual rights, and religious tolerance which spread new secular thinking across Europe.
3) These ideas influenced the American Revolution, with colonists drawing on Enlightenment principles of natural rights and consent of the governed in the Declaration of Independence to declare
The document discusses the concepts of supply, including the law of supply which states that suppliers will offer more of a good at a higher price. It explains how supply schedules and curves are used to illustrate the relationship between price and quantity supplied. It also covers factors that influence supply, such as input costs, government policies, and expectations about future prices. Firms aim to maximize profits by producing at the quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
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- Elasticity of demand measures how responsive consumers are to price changes - elastic demand means consumers significantly change quantity demanded in response to price changes, while inelastic means they are not very responsive.
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This document is a chapter from the textbook Magruder's American Government titled "Voters and Voter Behavior". It is divided into 4 sections that discuss the history and expansion of voting rights in the United States, current voter qualifications, the impact of civil rights legislation and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and factors that influence voter behavior such as reasons for not voting, sociological influences, and psychological influences like party identification.
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This document provides an overview of classical Greece between 2000 BC and 300 BC. It covers the major cultures that influenced Greece like the Mycenaeans, Minoans, and Dorians. It then discusses the rise of city-states and different forms of government like democracy in Athens and the military state of Sparta. The Persian Wars of the 5th century BC are described where the Greeks resisted Persian invasion. Athens entered a golden age under the rule of Pericles, with advances in art, architecture, drama, and philosophy. Eventually Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War, though Greek culture continued to spread through Alexander the Great's later conquests.
This document provides an overview of the First Age of Empires from 1570 BC to 200 BC. It describes the major empires that arose during this period, including the Egyptian Empire, Assyrian Empire, Persian Empire, and the unification of China. Key developments are outlined for each empire, such as the military conquests of the Assyrians, the expansive rule and administration of the Persians, and the philosophies of Confucius and other thinkers that influenced Chinese society. Major rulers and their accomplishments are also highlighted for the different empires during the First Age of Empires.
This document provides an overview of the First Age of Empires from 1570 BC to 200 BC. It describes the major empires that arose during this period, including the Egyptian empire, Assyrian empire, Persian empire, and the unification of China. Key developments are outlined for each empire, such as the military conquests of the Assyrians, the expansive rule and innovations of the Persians, and the philosophies of Confucius and other thinkers that influenced Chinese society.
The document summarizes Chapter 2 of Magruder's American Government textbook. Section 1 discusses the origins of American government, including the basic concepts of government brought by English colonists, important English documents that influenced the US system, and the three types of colonies. Section 2 covers the growing colonial unity, the Continental Congresses, American independence, and common features of early state constitutions. Section 3 explains the Articles of Confederation, weaknesses that led to the Critical Period, and calls for a stronger national government. Section 4 describes the Constitutional Convention, different plans debated, compromises reached, and influences on and reactions to the final Constitution. Section 5 discusses the Federalists and Anti-Federalists, the ratification process, and New
The document provides an overview of human origins and early civilization. It describes how early humans originated in Africa and migrated throughout the world beginning around 2.5 million years ago. Various hominid species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens developed tools and technology over time. Around 10,000 years ago, humans began engaging in agriculture, leading to population growth and the rise of permanent settlements. Some of the earliest civilizations emerged in places like Mesopotamia and Sumer, where cities like Ur had populations of tens of thousands and featured specialized workers, systems of governance, and religious institutions.
This document provides guided questions and terms for a student to fill out as they read a text on government and the state. It asks the student to identify the four characteristics of a state, the four theories of the origins of a state, and six purposes of the American system of government. It also provides key terms for the student to define related to forms of government, the three powers, and political concepts like constitution, dictatorship, democracy, and state.
This document summarizes key sections from Chapter 1 of Magruder's American Government textbook. It discusses:
1) The definition of government and the four characteristics of the state (population, territory, sovereignty, government).
2) Different ways of classifying governments based on who can participate, the distribution of power, and the relationship between legislative and executive branches.
3) The foundations of democracy and the connections between democracy and free enterprise systems.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
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Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
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In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
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Speaker:
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Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
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[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
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Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
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3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
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Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
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Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
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Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
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Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
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Overcoming the PLG Trap: Lessons from Canva's Head of Sales & Head of EMEA Da...
Chapter06
1. Ancient Rome and Early Christianity,
500 B.C.– A.D. 500
Civilizations emerge and
develop on fertile river
plains in Mesopotamia,
Egypt, the Indus Valley,
and China.
Augustus (63 B.C. – A.D. 14), first
Roman emperor.
NEXT
2. Ancient Rome and Early Christianity,
500 B.C.– A.D. 500
SECTION 1
The Roman Republic
SECTION 2
The Roman Empire
SECTION 3
The Rise of Christianity
SECTION 4
The Fall of the Roman Empire
SECTION 5
Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
Map
Chart
Chart
NEXT
3. Section 1
The Roman Republic
The early Romans establish a republic,
which grows powerful and spreads its influence.
NEXT
4. SECTION
1
The Roman Republic
The Origins of Rome
Rome’s Geography
• Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil and strategic
location
• Located on Italian peninsula in center of
Mediterranean Sea
• Built on seven hills on Tiber River
The First Romans
• Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans compete for control
of region
• Latins found original settlement of Rome
between 1000 and 500 B.C.
• Etruscans native to northern Italy; influence
Roman civilization
NEXT
5. SECTION
1
The Early Republic
Early Rulers
•
•
•
•
Around 600 B.C., Etruscan kings begin to rule Rome
Kings build Rome’s first temples and public centers
Romans overthrow cruel Etruscan king in 509 B.C.
Romans found a republic—government in which
citizens elect leaders
Image
Continued . . .
NEXT
6. SECTION
1
continued The
Early Republic
Patricians and Plebeians
• Different groups struggle for power in early Roman
Republic
• Patricians—wealthy landowning class that holds
most of the power
• Plebeians—artisans, merchants, and farmers; can
vote, can’t rule
• Tribunes—elected representatives protect
plebeians’ political rights
Continued . . .
NEXT
7. SECTION
1
continued The
Early Republic
Twelve Tables
• In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve
tablets
• Called Twelve Tables, they become basis for later
Roman law
• Laws confirm right of all free citizens to protection of
the law
• Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners
• Twelve Tables are hung in the Forum
Continued . . .
NEXT
8. SECTION
1
continued The
Early Republic
Government Under the Republic
• Rome elects two consuls—one to lead army, one to
direct government
• Senate—chosen from Roman upper class; makes
foreign, domestic policy
• Democratic assemblies elect tribunes, make laws for
common people
• Dictators are leaders appointed briefly in times of
crisis
The Roman Army
• Roman legion—military unit of 5,000 infantry;
supported by cavalry
• Army is powerful; key factor in Rome’s rise to
greatness
NEXT
9. SECTION
1
Rome Spreads Its Power
Rome Conquers Italy
• Romans defeat Etruscans in north and Greek
city-states in south
• By 265 B.C., Rome controls Italian peninsula
• Conquered peoples treated justly; this enables
Rome to grow
Rome’s Commercial Network
• Rome establishes large trading network
• Access to Mediterranean Sea provides many
trade routes
• Carthage, powerful city-state in North Africa,
soon rivals Rome
Continued . . .
NEXT
10. SECTION
1
continued Rome
Spreads Its Power
War with Carthage
• Rome and Carthage begin Punic Wars—three
wars between 264–146 B.C.
• Rome defeats Carthage, wins Sicily, in first
23-year war
• Hannibal—Carthaginian general—avenges
defeat in Second Punic War
• Attacks Italy through Spain and France, doesn’t
take Rome
Rome Triumphs
• Roman general Scipio defeats Hannibal in 202 B.C.
• Rome destroys Carthage, enslaves people in last
war (149–146 B.C.)
NEXT
11. Section 2
The Roman Empire
The creation of the Roman Empire
transforms Roman government, society,
economy, and culture.
NEXT
12. SECTION
2
The Roman Empire
The Republic Collapses
Economic Turmoil
• Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman
Republic grows
• Farmers, former soldiers, lose to large estates;
become homeless
• Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help poor,
are murdered
• Civil war—conflict between groups within same
country begins
Military Upheaval
• Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal
• Soldiers recruited from poor; show loyalty only to
their generals
Continued . . .
NEXT
13. SECTION
2
continued The
Republic Collapses
Julius Caesar Takes Control
• Military leader Julius Caesar elected consul in
59 B.C.
• Caesar, Crassus, Pompey form a triumvirate—a
group of three rulers
• Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity
and power
• Pompey fears Caesar’s growing power and
challenges him
• Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia,
Spain, Egypt
• Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.
Continued . . .
NEXT
14. SECTION
2
continued The
Republic Collapses
Caesar’s Reforms
• Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship,
creates jobs for poor
• Group of senators opposes Caesar; kills him on
March 15, 44 B.C.
Image
Beginning of the Empire
• 43 B.C., Caesar’s supporters take control; become
Second Triumvirate
• Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in
jealousy, violence
• In 31 B.C., Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are
defeated at Actium
• Octavian accepts title of Augustus, “exalted one,”
and rules Rome
Image
NEXT
15. SECTION
2
A Vast and Powerful Empire
Pax Romana
• Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to
an empire
• Power no longer resides with citizens, but a
single ruler
• Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity
known as Pax Romana
A Sound Government
• Augustus, Rome’s ablest ruler, creates lasting
system of government
- glorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings
- sets up a civil service to administer the empire
Continued . . .
NEXT
16. SECTION
2
continued A
Vast and Powerful Empire
Agriculture and Trade
• Agriculture most important industry in empire;
90% of Romans farm
• Common coin, denarius, makes trade within
empire easier
• Rome has vast trading network, includes China
and India
• Network of Roman roads links empire to Persia,
Russia
Map
Image
NEXT
17. SECTION
2
The Roman World
Slaves and Captivity
• Slavery is a significant part of Roman life in both
cities and farms
• Some slaves become gladiators; forced to fight to
death
Image
Gods and Goddesses
• Early Romans honor guardian spirits and gods
Jupiter, Juno, Minerva
• Worship of emperor becomes part of official
religion of Rome
Society and Culture
• Rich live well; most people are poor, receive
grain from government
• 150 holidays and Colosseum events created to
control the masses
Image
NEXT
18. Section 3
The Rise of Christianity
Christianity arises in Roman-occupied
Judea and spreads throughout the Roman
Empire.
NEXT
19. SECTION
3
The Rise of Christianity
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
Romans Conquer Judea
• Rome conquers Judea, home of Jews; makes it part
of empire, A.D. 6
• Many Jews believe a Messiah, or savior, eventually
will free them
Jesus of Nazareth
Image
• Jesus—a Jew born in Bethlehem (around 6 to 4
B.C.), raised in Nazareth
• At age 30 begins preaching monotheism, Ten
Commandments
• Does good works, reportedly performs miracles
• Stresses personal relationship with God, love for
friends and enemies
Continued . . .
NEXT
20. SECTION
3
continued The
Life and Teachings of Jesus
A Growing Movement
• Apostles—the twelve men who are disciples (or
pupils) of Jesus
• Jesus ignores wealth and status; his message
appeals to poor
Jesus’ Death
• Many Jews view Jesus as the Messiah; others
see him as a heretic
• Roman governor Pontius Pilate sentences Jesus
to be crucified
• Apostles believe Jesus ascended into heaven
after death
• Christos, Greek word for “savior”; Christianity
derived from “Christ”
NEXT
21. SECTION
3
Christianity Spreads Through the Empire
Growth of Christianity
Map
• Followers spread Christianity—new religion
based on Jesus’ teachings
Paul’s Mission
• Apostle Paul—spends life preaching and
interpreting Christianity
• Common languages of Latin and Greek help to
spread message
• Paul stresses Jesus is son of God who died for
people’s sins
• Paul declares that Christianity open to all converts
Image
Continued . . .
NEXT
22. SECTION
3
continued Christianity
Spreads Through the Empire
Jewish Rebellion
• Jews rebel against Rome; Romans storm
Jerusalem, destroy Temple
• Rebellions in A.D. 66, 70, 132 fail; Jews driven
from homeland
• Diaspora—centuries of Jewish exile (from Greek
word for “dispersal”)
Image
Persecution of the Christians
• Christians won’t worship Roman gods; become
enemies of Roman rule
• Roman rulers use Christians as scapegoats for
hard times
• As Pax Romana crumbles, Christians crucified,
burned, killed in arena
NEXT
23. SECTION
3
A World Religion
Christianity’s Expansion
• Christianity becomes powerful force; reasons for
widespread appeal:
• embraces all people
• gives hope to the powerless
• appeals to those repelled by extravagance of
Roman life
• offers personal relationship with a loving God
• promises eternal life after death
Continued . . .
NEXT
24. SECTION
3
continued A
World Religion
Constantine Accepts Christianity
• Constantine—Roman emperor battles for control
of Rome in A.D. 312
• Has vision of cross, Christian symbol; places on
soldiers’ shields
• Believes Christian God helped him win; legalizes
Christianity
• In A.D. 380 Emperor Theodosius makes
Christianity religion of empire
Continued . . .
NEXT
25. SECTION
3
continued A
World Religion
Early Christian Church
• Priests direct a single church; bishops supervise
numerous churches
• Apostle Peter—first bishop of Rome; clergy trace
their authority to him
• Pope—the father, or head, of Christian Church;
Rome, center of Church
Continued . . .
NEXT
26. SECTION
3
continued A
World Religion
A Single Voice
• Church leaders compile standard Christian beliefs
in New Testament
• New Testament added to Hebrew Bible (also
called Old Testament)
The Fathers of the Church
• Early writers and scholars of teachings called
Fathers of the Church
• Augustine, bishop in North Africa, one of the most
Image
important Fathers
• Stressed receiving sacraments to obtain God’s
grace
• Wrote famous book, The City of God
NEXT
27. Section 4
The Fall of the
Roman Empire
Internal problems and innovations spur the
division and decline of the Roman Empire.
NEXT
28. SECTION
4
The Fall of the Roman Empire
A Century of Crisis
The Empire Declines
• Pax Romana ends in A.D. 180 with death of emperor
Marcus Aurelius
• Subsequent emperors unable to govern giant empire
Rome’s Economy Weakens
• Hostile tribes outside the empire disrupt trade
• Inflation—drop in value of money and rise in
prices—weakens trade
• Overworked soil, war-torn farmland leads to food
shortages
NEXT
29. SECTION
4
A Century of Crisis
Military and Political Turmoil
• By third century A.D. Roman military in turmoil
Soldiers loyal to commanders, not Rome;
commanders fighting for throne
• Government enlists mercenaries—foreign
soldiers they pay to fight
• Average citizens lose interest in the affairs of
Rome
NEXT
30. SECTION
4
Emperors Attempt Reform
Diocletian Reforms the Empire
• In A.D. 284 Emperor Diocletian restores order,
divides empire in two
• Two emperors in Greek-speaking East, Latinspeaking West
• In A.D. 305 Diocletian retires, rivals compete for
power
Constantine Moves the Capital
• Constantine becomes emperor of Western
Empire in A.D. 312
• Seizes Eastern Empire in A.D. 324; moves
Roman capital to Byzantium
• Byzantium eventually renamed
Constantinople—city of Constantine
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31. SECTION
4
The Western Empire Crumbles
Interactive
Germanic Invasions
• Mongol nomads from Asia, the Huns, invade
northern borders of empire
• Germanic tribes flee Huns, enter Roman lands,
sack Rome A.D. 410
Attila the Hun
• Attila—unites the Huns in A.D. 444; plunders 70
cities in East
• Attacks Rome in 452; famine and disease
prevents victory
An Empire No More
• Last Roman emperor falls to Germans in 476;
end of Western Empire
• East thrives for another thousand years
(Byzantine Empire)
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32. Section 5
Rome and the Roots of
Western Civilization
The Romans develop many ideas and
institutions that become fundamental to
Western Civilization.
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33. SECTION
5
Rome and the Roots of
Western Civilization
The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization
A New Culture Emerges
• Romans adopt aspects of Greek and Hellenistic
culture
• Results in Greco-Roman culture, or classical
civilization
Roman Fine Arts
• Romans develop bas-relief sculptures to tell stories
• Artists skilled in creating mosaics, painting frescoes
• Pompeii—Roman town; ash from volcano eruption
A.D. 79 preserves art
Image
Image
Continued . . .
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34. SECTION
5
continued The
Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization
Learning and Literature
• Romans borrow from Greek philosophy and
literature
• Poet Virgil writes epic Aeneid modeled after
Homer’s Greek epics
• Roman historian Tacitus excels in writing
factually accurate history
• Annals and Histories provide comprehensive look
at Roman life
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35. SECTION
5
The Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language
• Latin was official language of Roman Catholic
Church until 1900s
• Develops into French, Spanish, Portuguese,
Italian, Romanian
• More than half the words in English stem from
Latin
Master Builders
• Romans pioneer use of arch; also used domes
and concrete
• Create aqueducts—structures to bring water into
cities, towns
Continued . . .
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36. SECTION
5
continued The
Legacy of Rome
Roman System of Law
• Principles of Roman law form basis of modern
legal systems
Rome’s Enduring Influence
• By preserving and adding to Greek civilization,
Rome strengthened the Western cultural tradition
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