The document provides an overview of the Roman Empire through several sections. It begins with the physical setting and establishment of the Roman Republic. It then discusses the class wars and transition to the Roman Empire, covering significant events and leaders. The document outlines the expansion of the Empire through military conquest. It also describes the periods of stagnation and collapse, as well as the Empire's significant legacies in law, architecture, literature and unified rule. In conclusion, it lists references used to compile the information.
The document discusses the fall of the Western Roman Empire and its implications for Christianity. It describes how the empire was split between West and East, with Constantine uniting it briefly before it split again. The Western empire collapsed in the 5th century due to invasions. This led Christianity to spread and unify Western Europe with the Roman Catholic Church gaining power. Meanwhile, the Eastern Empire became the Byzantine Empire, with the Eastern Orthodox Church developing under imperial control. Tensions later arose between the churches over icons and authority, culminating in their Great Schism in 1054.
The document summarizes the history of the Roman Empire from its founding as a monarchy in 750 BCE to its fall in 476 CE. It discusses the establishment of the Roman Republic and the shift to empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus. Key events included the republic's expansion through military conquests, the Pax Romana period of stability under emperors like Nero, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves followed by invasions and the fall of the western portion in the 5th century. The document also covers aspects of Roman life, culture, and the empire's lasting legacies.
The Roman Empire entered a period of peace and prosperity under Augustus, who established himself as the first emperor and transformed the republic into a principate. He retained republican institutions but consolidated power by controlling the military and senate. As princeps, or first citizen, Augustus instituted social reforms, public works programs, and established the Pax Romana, during which the Western world was generally peaceful for over two centuries. However, Augustus did not solve the problem of imperial succession, establishing a system of heredity and designation that later caused instability in the third century. Roman law also contributed to integrating the empire under a common legal system.
The Roman Empire began under Augustus in 27 BC and lasted over 200 years. Augustus cleverly transitioned Rome to a stable empire through strengthening his authority but maintaining traditions. This period of stability and growth under Augustus is known as Pax Romana. During Pax Romana, trade increased, Roman law was standardized across the empire, and Roman culture spread. However, by the 400s AD, the empire was in decline due to overtaxation of citizens to pay soldiers, inflation, and raids from Germanic tribes. The Western Roman Empire finally fell in 476 AD when the Germanic chief Alaric sacked Rome, marking the transition from Roman rule to the Middle Ages in Europe.
The document provides details about Augustus Caesar and his rise to power in Rome. It describes how after defeating Mark Antony at Actium, Octavian consolidated his power while maintaining a facade of republican government. He was given the honorific title Augustus and became Rome's first emperor. Augustus reformed Roman government and society, helping to usher in two centuries of Pax Romana, or Roman peace. The document outlines Augustus' political and military reforms that stabilized Rome and established it as the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of ancient Rome. It discusses how Rome's central location in Italy contributed to its success in unifying the Italian peninsula and surrounding Mediterranean lands. Key events summarized include the transition from kingdom to republic around 509 BCE, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, the establishment of an empire under Augustus, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century CE. The document also examines factors that influenced the rise and fall of the Roman Empire such as invasions by barbarian tribes, the adoption of Christianity as the official religion, and the lasting impacts of Roman civilization.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire through its three main historical phases: the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD). It describes how the Roman Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire after the civil war sparked by Julius Caesar's assassination. It then outlines key reforms and achievements under Augustus, the first Roman emperor, which established over 200 years of stability and growth, known as the Pax Romana or Roman Peace.
The document provides an overview of the history and government of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome transitioned from being ruled by kings to a republic governed by the Senate. It then outlines the four main social classes in Roman society - slaves, plebeians, equestrians, and nobles. Several important figures are also discussed, including Julius Caesar, as well as some iconic locations in Rome like the Colosseum and Circus Maximus.
The document discusses the fall of the Western Roman Empire and its implications for Christianity. It describes how the empire was split between West and East, with Constantine uniting it briefly before it split again. The Western empire collapsed in the 5th century due to invasions. This led Christianity to spread and unify Western Europe with the Roman Catholic Church gaining power. Meanwhile, the Eastern Empire became the Byzantine Empire, with the Eastern Orthodox Church developing under imperial control. Tensions later arose between the churches over icons and authority, culminating in their Great Schism in 1054.
The document summarizes the history of the Roman Empire from its founding as a monarchy in 750 BCE to its fall in 476 CE. It discusses the establishment of the Roman Republic and the shift to empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus. Key events included the republic's expansion through military conquests, the Pax Romana period of stability under emperors like Nero, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves followed by invasions and the fall of the western portion in the 5th century. The document also covers aspects of Roman life, culture, and the empire's lasting legacies.
The Roman Empire entered a period of peace and prosperity under Augustus, who established himself as the first emperor and transformed the republic into a principate. He retained republican institutions but consolidated power by controlling the military and senate. As princeps, or first citizen, Augustus instituted social reforms, public works programs, and established the Pax Romana, during which the Western world was generally peaceful for over two centuries. However, Augustus did not solve the problem of imperial succession, establishing a system of heredity and designation that later caused instability in the third century. Roman law also contributed to integrating the empire under a common legal system.
The Roman Empire began under Augustus in 27 BC and lasted over 200 years. Augustus cleverly transitioned Rome to a stable empire through strengthening his authority but maintaining traditions. This period of stability and growth under Augustus is known as Pax Romana. During Pax Romana, trade increased, Roman law was standardized across the empire, and Roman culture spread. However, by the 400s AD, the empire was in decline due to overtaxation of citizens to pay soldiers, inflation, and raids from Germanic tribes. The Western Roman Empire finally fell in 476 AD when the Germanic chief Alaric sacked Rome, marking the transition from Roman rule to the Middle Ages in Europe.
The document provides details about Augustus Caesar and his rise to power in Rome. It describes how after defeating Mark Antony at Actium, Octavian consolidated his power while maintaining a facade of republican government. He was given the honorific title Augustus and became Rome's first emperor. Augustus reformed Roman government and society, helping to usher in two centuries of Pax Romana, or Roman peace. The document outlines Augustus' political and military reforms that stabilized Rome and established it as the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of ancient Rome. It discusses how Rome's central location in Italy contributed to its success in unifying the Italian peninsula and surrounding Mediterranean lands. Key events summarized include the transition from kingdom to republic around 509 BCE, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, the establishment of an empire under Augustus, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century CE. The document also examines factors that influenced the rise and fall of the Roman Empire such as invasions by barbarian tribes, the adoption of Christianity as the official religion, and the lasting impacts of Roman civilization.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire through its three main historical phases: the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD). It describes how the Roman Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire after the civil war sparked by Julius Caesar's assassination. It then outlines key reforms and achievements under Augustus, the first Roman emperor, which established over 200 years of stability and growth, known as the Pax Romana or Roman Peace.
The document provides an overview of the history and government of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome transitioned from being ruled by kings to a republic governed by the Senate. It then outlines the four main social classes in Roman society - slaves, plebeians, equestrians, and nobles. Several important figures are also discussed, including Julius Caesar, as well as some iconic locations in Rome like the Colosseum and Circus Maximus.
The geographic location of the Italian peninsula in the central Mediterranean provided easy access to trade routes between Europe, Asia and Africa, which contributed to Rome's rise. The rugged mountains also provided protection for the northern Italian settlements. The Etruscans were the first inhabitants of northern Italy from around 750 BCE and conquered Rome around 600 BCE. They introduced artistic styles, religious practices, the alphabet and other cultural influences. The Etruscans ruled Rome under a monarchy for over 200 years until the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud, was expelled in 509 BCE due to a popular rebellion, paving the way for Rome to establish itself as a republic.
The most important ideas about Rome are its achievements that still influence modern society. The Latin language formed the basis for many current languages. Rome's early law codes influenced later legal systems. Technologies like aqueducts and roads shaped infrastructure, while military organization foreshadowed modern armies. Overall, Rome left a profound legacy through its language, laws, technologies, and military strategies that can still be seen today.
The document provides a historical overview of Western civilization from ancient Greece through the fall of Rome. It discusses the development of Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta and the spread of Greek culture by Alexander the Great. It then covers the rise of Rome as a republic and empire, the establishment of Christianity in the Roman Empire, and the eventual decline and fall of Rome in the 5th century AD.
Rome expanded its territory through military conquests between 264 BC and 44 BC, gaining control of the Mediterranean region. Its central location on the Tiber River in Italy allowed it to develop trade networks by sea and an extensive road system across its empire. Over time, Rome transitioned from a republic to an empire ruled by emperors like Augustus, Trajan, and Hadrian. The Roman economy was based on farming and trade, though inflation increased as the value of currency decreased under various emperors. Roman society was stratified, with patricians, plebeians, consuls, tribunes, and slaves filling different roles.
The document provides an overview of the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 476 AD. It summarizes the key aspects of the empire, including its geographic reach across Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, its political organization under emperors and administration, and its social hierarchy dominated by patricians, plebeians, freedmen and slaves. The empire spread Roman culture and Latin language widely through the process of Romanization. It developed advanced architecture, converted to Christianity in the 4th century AD, and saw economic growth through agriculture, trade and crafts before its eventual decline and fall in the 5th century AD.
The Roman civilization originated in Italy from the city of Rome between 800 BC to 500 AD. At its height, the Roman Empire stretched from Britain to Egypt and as far east as Mesopotamia. Roman culture was heavily influenced by Greek culture and adopted Greek ideas of government, law, architecture, art and literature. The Roman Republic established around 500 BC was later transformed into a monarchy and then an Empire under Augustus Caesar. The Pax Romana period from 27 BC to 180 AD saw the expansion and consolidation of Roman power. Key innovations included advancements in engineering, architecture, sanitation and the development of Latin as the lingua franca of Western Europe.
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization, including its economy, society, culture, architecture, and art. The Roman economy centered around agriculture, livestock, crafts, and trade within the large empire and abroad. Society was stratified but included citizens, freemen, slaves, and women. Roman culture had a significant impact through its Latin-based languages, legal system, and the adoption of Christianity. Famous Roman architectural achievements included aqueducts, temples, amphitheaters, and infrastructure to support cities laid out in a grid pattern. Roman art incorporated sculpture, painting, and mosaic techniques.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire through its three main historical phases: the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD). It describes how the Roman Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire after the civil war sparked by Julius Caesar's assassination. Augustus became Rome's first emperor in 27 BC and brought two centuries of Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, through his reforms and expansion of the empire.
The document discusses a Roman senator who is worried about the growing power of military generals in Rome's government. Some senators want to use violence against generals to prevent them from gaining power in the senate, fearing the generals could become dictators. The revised scenario asks you to write a few sentences with your thoughts on whether using violence against generals would be acceptable to save the Roman Republic.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire from 500 BC to 500 AD. It describes how Rome conquered the Mediterranean region through military victories over Carthage in the Punic Wars, establishing its dominance. It also discusses aspects of Roman society such as government, law, daily life, and the impact of geography in allowing the empire to thrive.
The document provides an overview of the rise and fall of ancient Rome and the emergence of the Silk Road connecting Rome and China. It discusses Rome's early history and development, the establishment of the Roman Republic, the Punic Wars which expanded Rome's control over the Mediterranean, and the eventual decline of the Republic. It also describes the Roman Empire at its height under Augustus, key aspects of Roman culture and society, and the spread of Christianity throughout the Empire. Finally, it outlines the rise of the Han Dynasty in China, the expansion of its territory and trade networks, notably the Silk Road connecting China and Rome.
The document provides an overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the Greeks and Etruscans influenced early Rome and the establishment of the Roman Republic. Key events included the Punic Wars with Carthage and the rise of powerful individuals like Julius Caesar which contributed to the transition from Republic to Empire. The Roman Empire reached its height under strong emperors before experiencing instability, economic problems, and invasions from barbarian groups which ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The document provides background information on the rise of ancient Rome. It describes geographic factors that contributed to Rome's growth as a trade center located in the central Mediterranean. It then discusses Rome's origins as a city founded by Romulus in 753 BCE and ruled by Etruscan kings. The Etruscans conquered Rome around 600 BCE and had significant influence on early Roman culture, contributing artistic styles, religious practices, and technologies like the alphabet, arch, and drainage systems. Their rule ended with a rebellion in 509 BCE, paving the way for Rome to become a republic.
The Roman Empire spanned from 31 BC to 476 AD, controlling vast territories across Europe, Asia, and Africa and unifying them under a single ruler. It established Latin as a common language and principles of law and order while building great infrastructure projects. Christianity began as a persecuted religion but eventually became the official state religion in 380 AD. However, the Empire faced internal problems as it grew too large and decentralized, with constant warfare and economic issues. It split into Western and Eastern divisions and the Western half ultimately fell when the city of Rome was invaded in 476 AD.
This document provides an overview of Roman civilization from its mythical origins through the establishment of the Roman Republic. Some key points:
- Romans traced their origins to the Trojan hero Aeneas who fled Troy and eventually settled in Italy, founding the city of Lavinium. His descendant Romulus founded Rome around 753 BC.
- Rome was initially ruled by seven kings before establishing a republic in 509 BC after the overthrow of the last king, Tarquinius Superbus.
- The Roman Republic expanded across the Italian peninsula through the 3rd century BC, bringing them into conflict with Carthage in the Punic Wars. Hannibal inflicted major defeats on Rome during the Second Punic
A presentation of the Roman Empire, suitable for Year 9 students, consisting in following: main periods, the Roman Republic, Patricians and plebeians, meals, bakeries, craft workers, reading and writing.
Ancient Greece emerged as the birthplace of Western civilization between 5000-300 BC. Key developments included the rise of city-states like Athens and Sparta between 800-500 BC, the Persian Wars in the 5th century BC which united the Greeks against an outside threat, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta which weakened Greece and allowed Philip II and his son Alexander the Great to conquer the region.
Rome was founded in 753 BC according to legend. Over the next few centuries, Rome was ruled by seven kings and experienced significant growth. The city was situated on seven hills along the Tiber River and had a Mediterranean climate. Around 500 BC, Rome transitioned to a republic as the Etruscan kings were overthrown. Over the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory through military conquests, defeating enemies like the Carthaginians and establishing its dominance over the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean region.
Rome was located in Italy on seven hills along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. Over centuries, Rome grew from a monarchy to a republic to a vast empire, reaching its peak under Emperor Trajan in the 2nd century AD. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD due to factors like corruption, civil wars, attacks from barbarian tribes, and overexpansion. The Roman army was a formidable force due to its discipline, tactics, and technology. Rome had a pantheon of major gods like Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, and Mars as well as many other deities.
Ancient Rome was located in central Italy near the Tiber River. It expanded through farming and military conquest during the Punic Wars against Carthage. Rome's location and resources like the Tiber River helped its growth and trade. Society was divided between patricians and plebeians. The Roman Republic developed a tripartite government that was later corrupted, leading to the rise of Julius Caesar as emperor who restored order. The Roman economy relied on farming, trade, and a stable currency until excessive military spending caused issues.
The geographic location of the Italian peninsula in the central Mediterranean provided easy access to trade routes between Europe, Asia and Africa, which contributed to Rome's rise. The rugged mountains also provided protection for the northern Italian settlements. The Etruscans were the first inhabitants of northern Italy from around 750 BCE and conquered Rome around 600 BCE. They introduced artistic styles, religious practices, the alphabet and other cultural influences. The Etruscans ruled Rome under a monarchy for over 200 years until the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud, was expelled in 509 BCE due to a popular rebellion, paving the way for Rome to establish itself as a republic.
The most important ideas about Rome are its achievements that still influence modern society. The Latin language formed the basis for many current languages. Rome's early law codes influenced later legal systems. Technologies like aqueducts and roads shaped infrastructure, while military organization foreshadowed modern armies. Overall, Rome left a profound legacy through its language, laws, technologies, and military strategies that can still be seen today.
The document provides a historical overview of Western civilization from ancient Greece through the fall of Rome. It discusses the development of Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta and the spread of Greek culture by Alexander the Great. It then covers the rise of Rome as a republic and empire, the establishment of Christianity in the Roman Empire, and the eventual decline and fall of Rome in the 5th century AD.
Rome expanded its territory through military conquests between 264 BC and 44 BC, gaining control of the Mediterranean region. Its central location on the Tiber River in Italy allowed it to develop trade networks by sea and an extensive road system across its empire. Over time, Rome transitioned from a republic to an empire ruled by emperors like Augustus, Trajan, and Hadrian. The Roman economy was based on farming and trade, though inflation increased as the value of currency decreased under various emperors. Roman society was stratified, with patricians, plebeians, consuls, tribunes, and slaves filling different roles.
The document provides an overview of the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 476 AD. It summarizes the key aspects of the empire, including its geographic reach across Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, its political organization under emperors and administration, and its social hierarchy dominated by patricians, plebeians, freedmen and slaves. The empire spread Roman culture and Latin language widely through the process of Romanization. It developed advanced architecture, converted to Christianity in the 4th century AD, and saw economic growth through agriculture, trade and crafts before its eventual decline and fall in the 5th century AD.
The Roman civilization originated in Italy from the city of Rome between 800 BC to 500 AD. At its height, the Roman Empire stretched from Britain to Egypt and as far east as Mesopotamia. Roman culture was heavily influenced by Greek culture and adopted Greek ideas of government, law, architecture, art and literature. The Roman Republic established around 500 BC was later transformed into a monarchy and then an Empire under Augustus Caesar. The Pax Romana period from 27 BC to 180 AD saw the expansion and consolidation of Roman power. Key innovations included advancements in engineering, architecture, sanitation and the development of Latin as the lingua franca of Western Europe.
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization, including its economy, society, culture, architecture, and art. The Roman economy centered around agriculture, livestock, crafts, and trade within the large empire and abroad. Society was stratified but included citizens, freemen, slaves, and women. Roman culture had a significant impact through its Latin-based languages, legal system, and the adoption of Christianity. Famous Roman architectural achievements included aqueducts, temples, amphitheaters, and infrastructure to support cities laid out in a grid pattern. Roman art incorporated sculpture, painting, and mosaic techniques.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire through its three main historical phases: the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD). It describes how the Roman Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire after the civil war sparked by Julius Caesar's assassination. Augustus became Rome's first emperor in 27 BC and brought two centuries of Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, through his reforms and expansion of the empire.
The document discusses a Roman senator who is worried about the growing power of military generals in Rome's government. Some senators want to use violence against generals to prevent them from gaining power in the senate, fearing the generals could become dictators. The revised scenario asks you to write a few sentences with your thoughts on whether using violence against generals would be acceptable to save the Roman Republic.
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire from 500 BC to 500 AD. It describes how Rome conquered the Mediterranean region through military victories over Carthage in the Punic Wars, establishing its dominance. It also discusses aspects of Roman society such as government, law, daily life, and the impact of geography in allowing the empire to thrive.
The document provides an overview of the rise and fall of ancient Rome and the emergence of the Silk Road connecting Rome and China. It discusses Rome's early history and development, the establishment of the Roman Republic, the Punic Wars which expanded Rome's control over the Mediterranean, and the eventual decline of the Republic. It also describes the Roman Empire at its height under Augustus, key aspects of Roman culture and society, and the spread of Christianity throughout the Empire. Finally, it outlines the rise of the Han Dynasty in China, the expansion of its territory and trade networks, notably the Silk Road connecting China and Rome.
The document provides an overview of the history of ancient Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the Greeks and Etruscans influenced early Rome and the establishment of the Roman Republic. Key events included the Punic Wars with Carthage and the rise of powerful individuals like Julius Caesar which contributed to the transition from Republic to Empire. The Roman Empire reached its height under strong emperors before experiencing instability, economic problems, and invasions from barbarian groups which ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The document provides background information on the rise of ancient Rome. It describes geographic factors that contributed to Rome's growth as a trade center located in the central Mediterranean. It then discusses Rome's origins as a city founded by Romulus in 753 BCE and ruled by Etruscan kings. The Etruscans conquered Rome around 600 BCE and had significant influence on early Roman culture, contributing artistic styles, religious practices, and technologies like the alphabet, arch, and drainage systems. Their rule ended with a rebellion in 509 BCE, paving the way for Rome to become a republic.
The Roman Empire spanned from 31 BC to 476 AD, controlling vast territories across Europe, Asia, and Africa and unifying them under a single ruler. It established Latin as a common language and principles of law and order while building great infrastructure projects. Christianity began as a persecuted religion but eventually became the official state religion in 380 AD. However, the Empire faced internal problems as it grew too large and decentralized, with constant warfare and economic issues. It split into Western and Eastern divisions and the Western half ultimately fell when the city of Rome was invaded in 476 AD.
This document provides an overview of Roman civilization from its mythical origins through the establishment of the Roman Republic. Some key points:
- Romans traced their origins to the Trojan hero Aeneas who fled Troy and eventually settled in Italy, founding the city of Lavinium. His descendant Romulus founded Rome around 753 BC.
- Rome was initially ruled by seven kings before establishing a republic in 509 BC after the overthrow of the last king, Tarquinius Superbus.
- The Roman Republic expanded across the Italian peninsula through the 3rd century BC, bringing them into conflict with Carthage in the Punic Wars. Hannibal inflicted major defeats on Rome during the Second Punic
A presentation of the Roman Empire, suitable for Year 9 students, consisting in following: main periods, the Roman Republic, Patricians and plebeians, meals, bakeries, craft workers, reading and writing.
Ancient Greece emerged as the birthplace of Western civilization between 5000-300 BC. Key developments included the rise of city-states like Athens and Sparta between 800-500 BC, the Persian Wars in the 5th century BC which united the Greeks against an outside threat, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta which weakened Greece and allowed Philip II and his son Alexander the Great to conquer the region.
Rome was founded in 753 BC according to legend. Over the next few centuries, Rome was ruled by seven kings and experienced significant growth. The city was situated on seven hills along the Tiber River and had a Mediterranean climate. Around 500 BC, Rome transitioned to a republic as the Etruscan kings were overthrown. Over the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory through military conquests, defeating enemies like the Carthaginians and establishing its dominance over the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean region.
Rome was located in Italy on seven hills along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. Over centuries, Rome grew from a monarchy to a republic to a vast empire, reaching its peak under Emperor Trajan in the 2nd century AD. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD due to factors like corruption, civil wars, attacks from barbarian tribes, and overexpansion. The Roman army was a formidable force due to its discipline, tactics, and technology. Rome had a pantheon of major gods like Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, and Mars as well as many other deities.
Ancient Rome was located in central Italy near the Tiber River. It expanded through farming and military conquest during the Punic Wars against Carthage. Rome's location and resources like the Tiber River helped its growth and trade. Society was divided between patricians and plebeians. The Roman Republic developed a tripartite government that was later corrupted, leading to the rise of Julius Caesar as emperor who restored order. The Roman economy relied on farming, trade, and a stable currency until excessive military spending caused issues.
Rome grew from a single city to a vast empire due to its central location on the Mediterranean, which provided protection, transportation, and access to trade routes. During the Roman Republic, Rome was governed by elected officials like consuls and a senate, with a system of checks and balances. However, as Rome expanded through military conquests, tensions arose between social classes and powerful generals began to seize control. This led to civil war and the rise of Augustus, who established the Roman Empire and a new imperial government, marking the end of the Roman Republic.
This document provides information about various topics related to early human civilizations and world history. It discusses the Neolithic period in England and the construction of Stonehenge. It also covers the key characteristics of early civilizations, the development of writing systems in Mesopotamia and Egypt, and influential early religions like Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam. The document then discusses the classical civilizations of Persia and the major figures of Cyrus the Great and Darius I. It also summarizes the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage and provides details about the decline of the Roman Republic and rise of Christianity.
The document provides background information on Rome and its rise to power. It discusses Rome's strategic geographic location near the Mediterranean Sea with access to good farmland and protection from sea attacks. It describes the various peoples who inhabited Italy, including the Latin tribes and Etruscans who influenced early Rome. Key Roman virtues like patriotism and sacrifice for the state are outlined. The founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus is recounted. The document then covers Rome's establishment of a republic after overthrowing Etruscan kings, its expansion through military conquest across Italy, and the three Punic Wars against Carthage culminating in Rome's victory. Hannibal's invasion of Italy during the Second Punic War and
This document provides information about various topics related to early civilizations. It discusses Stonehenge and characteristics of early civilizations. It then covers river valley civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China. Next it discusses key religions such as Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and others. It also summarizes important figures and events in early civilizations like ancient Greece, Rome, and Persia. In summary, the document outlines the rise and characteristics of early civilizations globally, their religious and cultural developments, as well as influential figures and time periods.
The document provides information about Rome and Han China between 753 BCE and 330 CE. It describes the founding and expansion of Rome as it conquered the Mediterranean region. It also details the establishment of the Qin and long reign of the Han dynasties in China as they expanded their empire and standardized government. Both empires developed advanced urban societies and economies but eventually declined due to overexpansion of territory, the high costs of defense, and nomadic invasions.
Rome began as a small settlement on seven hills along the Tiber River in Italy. Over centuries of expansion, Rome grew into a vast republic and eventually an empire that encompassed the Mediterranean world. The early Roman republic had a balanced system of government with a senate of patricians and elected consuls, though plebeians faced oppression. Rome then embarked on over two centuries of conquest across Italy and defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
The Minoan civilization was the first to develop on the Greek islands of Crete and was centered around the palace at Knossos. They were skilled traders and their prosperity came from maritime trade until a volcanic eruption and invasion caused their decline. The Mycenaeans then settled mainland Greece and invaded Crete, living in fortified hilltop settlements. After a period of decline known as the Greek Dark Age, Greek city-states emerged in the Archaic age, some developing as oligarchies like Sparta while others like Athens transitioned to democracy. Athens and Sparta led rival alliances after defeating Persia in the Greco-Persian Wars, leaving most Greek city-states weakened.
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The document provides information on ancient Rome, including:
1) Rome was founded in 753 BC on the banks of the Tiber River and was led by a series of kings until the Roman Republic was established in 509 BC.
2) According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a she-wolf. Romulus later killed Remus and became Rome's first king.
3) The Roman Republic lasted from 509 BC to 27 BC, during which the city expanded its territory through military conquests. The Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire under Augustus in 27 BC.
The Roman civilization originated in Italy in the 8th century BC and went on to become a great empire that dominated the Mediterranean world for over 1000 years. Rome was originally ruled by kings, then became a republic with elected leaders around 500 BC. It expanded greatly through military conquests such as the Punic Wars against Carthage. By the 1st century BC civil wars led to the rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus, bringing stability. The Empire reached its peak territory by the 2nd century AD but declined due to invasions and internal problems, finally falling in 476 AD.
Ancient Rome began as villages along the Tiber River that united to form the city of Rome around 750 BC. For over 200 years, Rome was ruled by kings but became a republic in 509 BC with democratic rule divided into legislative, judicial, and executive branches. Under ambitious generals, Rome's armies expanded the republic's territories around the Mediterranean Sea. The successful general Julius Caesar took control of Rome, becoming dictator and ending the republic. After Caesar's assassination, his adopted son Octavian became Rome's first emperor, establishing the Roman Empire. At its height under Emperor Augustus, the Empire encompassed much of Europe and the Mediterranean region. The Empire eventually declined due to overexpansion, economic troubles, and invasions, with
Over several centuries, Rome built a massive empire that controlled portions of three continents by the 2nd century AD. The Roman Republic was established in the 8th century BC, replacing a monarchy. Power was shared between two consuls, the Senate, and citizen assemblies. Through conquest over centuries, Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean, defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. By the 1st century BC, the Roman Republic controlled territory from Spain to Anatolia.
1) The document discusses the history and society of the Mediterranean region under Roman rule from the 8th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.
2) It describes the founding and expansion of the Roman Republic and Empire, the establishment of Roman rule over the Mediterranean, and the integration of the region's economy and culture.
3) The passage also examines the growth and spread of religions like Christianity and mystery cults throughout the Empire during this period, as Mediterranean societies became increasingly cosmopolitan under the Pax Romana.
Rome was founded as a republic in 509 BCE, with a government led by senators and two annually elected consuls. Romans were polytheistic and adopted Greek gods like Jupiter and Juno. Society was divided into patricians and plebeians. The Roman Republic expanded across Italy and conquered territories through a powerful army composed of citizen-soldiers. After a period of instability, Augustus established the Roman Empire, bringing two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule. However, the western empire eventually declined due to invasions, economic troubles, and governmental corruption.
Rome's conquest of Italy brought it into conflict with Carthage, leading to the Punic Wars between 264-146 BC. Rome defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War, destroying the city and selling survivors into slavery. Rome then expanded across the Mediterranean, establishing control over the Greek empires and becoming masters of the western world by 133 BC. However, internal problems grew as wealthy landowners displaced small farmers and inequality increased, sparking reform efforts and civil wars. Order was restored under Augustus, the first emperor, who established a stable government and 200 years of Pax Romana.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of ancient Rome. It discusses how Rome's central location in Italy contributed to its success in unifying the Italian peninsula and surrounding Mediterranean lands. Key events summarized include the transition from kingdom to republic around 509 BCE, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, the establishment of an empire under Augustus, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century CE. The document also examines factors that influenced the rise and fall of the Roman Empire such as geography, expansion, civil wars, and invasions by barbarian groups.
This document provides an overview of world history topics covered on the SOL review, including early civilizations like Stonehenge, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and river valley civilizations. It then discusses ancient river valley writing systems. Key figures and beliefs of early world religions such as Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Zoroastrianism are outlined. Ancient civilizations such as Greece, Persia, and Rome are examined through their governments, militaries, religions and daily life. The rise and spread of Christianity through figures like Paul and events in the Roman Empire are also summarized.
The Roman Republic transitioned to the Roman Empire over centuries as Rome expanded from a small city-state into a massive empire through military conquests. Key events included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BCE to establish the Republic, the Punic Wars in the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE which made Rome dominant in the Mediterranean, and the civil wars and rise of powerful generals in the 1st century BCE which weakened the Republic. The Republic ended and the Empire began when Octavian, as the first emperor Augustus, established the Principate and 200 year period of Pax Romana and stability from 27 BCE-180 CE.
Laos joined ASEAN in 1997 to promote economic, social and cultural cooperation with neighboring countries and preserve peace in the region. As host of the 2016 ASEAN summit, Laos' leaders are preparing by focusing on their role in and commitments to ASEAN integration. While integration provides opportunities, it also poses challenges that could negatively or positively impact Laos.
The document discusses different theories and models of the state, including pluralist, capitalist, leviathan, and patriarchal theories. It also examines the roles of minimal, developmental, social democratic, collectivized, and totalitarian states. Finally, it addresses how globalization has impacted state power and sovereignty, with some arguing states have declined as international actors due to increased economic globalization and the rise of transnational companies.
The document discusses different theories of the state, including:
- Pluralist theory, which sees the state as a neutral arbitrator between competing interests.
- Neo-pluralism, which acknowledges that some groups like businesses have more influence.
- Capitalist state theory, which views the state as perpetuating class divisions and inequality.
- Other theories discussed include the patriarchal state, minimal state, developmental state, social democratic state, and totalitarian state. The document also covers how globalization has impacted theories of state sovereignty.
The pluralist theory of the state views the state as a neutral body that arbitrates between competing interests in society. It assumes power is dispersed among different interest groups that can influence state decisions. However, critics argue that some business interests are more influential and the state bureaucracy can also pursue its own interests. Marxist theory sees the capitalist state as maintaining class divisions by oppressing subordinate classes or elevating class conflict. Neo-Marxists revised Marx's ideas by considering additional factors like ideology and state power. Other theories examine how the state's role has changed with globalization and in developmental, social democratic, collectivized, and totalitarian states.
Education is a lifelong process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and attitudes through various means such as learning institutions, life experiences, media, literature, and discussions. It serves several functions including intellectual development, political socialization, socialization into societal roles and values, and economic preparation for occupations. Schools aim to fulfill manifest functions like social control, socialization, and transmitting culture, as well as latent functions such as perpetuating social inequalities and restricting certain acts. Factors impacting student survival rates in schools include support, teacher quality, and environment.
The document discusses metrics for measuring progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Prevention of malaria will be measured by the percentage of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets. Treatment will be measured by the percentage of children under 5 who receive appropriate treatment. The United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and World Bank were also mentioned.
La suerte mines research paper partialJoan Angcual
Small-scale mining (SSM) has led to various environmental and social impacts in the community. Environmentally, it has resulted in muddy and contaminated rivers from uncontrolled use of mercury and cyanide. It has also caused soil erosion and ground instability from moving soil. SSM has lowered the water supply by mining underground and cutting down trees. Socially, it has increased infrastructure but abandoned agriculture. While it provided jobs and businesses, it also brought issues like social disorders, health risks from accidents and chemical exposure, and changes in cultural practices. Initiatives to address these impacts include requiring permits, reforestation, safety training, regulations and monitoring of chemical use.
Feminist theories aim to understand the oppression and subordination of women. Liberal feminism argues that laws treating women as lesser than men arose from ignorance and should be reformed to expand women's rights and opportunities. Marxist feminism locates women's oppression in their treatment as property alongside private property. Socialist feminism sees capitalism and patriarchy both benefiting from unpaid domestic labor. Radical feminism sees men as oppressing women through control over reproduction and child-rearing, calling for women's separation from men. Contemporary debates discuss intersectionality and challenging the gender binary. Feminism aims to achieve a society with equal opportunities between men and women.
The document discusses the economic and social changes that occurred during the first "dark ages" in civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. It summarizes Marx's view that struggles within ruling classes can lead to new ruling elites and exploited groups, or the mutual destruction of opposing classes. In ancient Egypt, power struggles and failures of the agricultural system contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom, but foreign invasions later allowed new means of production to emerge during the Middle Kingdom. The document also notes that major advances often occurred not within core civilizations but among peripheral "barbarian peoples."
The document discusses the negative impacts of the Philippines' membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) from 1995 to 2003. Key points include:
- Membership eroded Philippine sovereignty and required overhauling laws to be "WTO-consistent", damaging key industries like agriculture.
- Agricultural reforms expected to boost exports and employment instead led to massive imports, falling production and prices, and over a million job losses.
- Intellectual property laws privileged foreign interests over farmers and lacked compensation mechanisms to developing countries.
- The Philippines fought for protections for developing countries at WTO ministerials in Doha and Cancun but faced pressure to accept agreements that primarily benefited wealthy states.
The contributions of West Asia, well these contributions may not necessarily contributed or used by the West Asians only, remember that items may have been discovered and used in other times in some parts of the world like the discovery of bronze, copper, pottery and others. Hope this can be still be useful in teaching Asian History.
The women's conditions in the Ancient Asia, some of the practices are adapted, omitted, assimilated and still prevalent. Hope this can help despite the fact that some may not be available to be viewed due to the non-animation use of Slideshare, hope this can still help you in your presentation particularly in teaching Asian History!
Transitional Asia is the time when Asia is being discovered by Western Powers. This ppt can be used in teaching Grade7 particularly in the Age of Exploration. Hope this can help despite the non-use of animation in slideshare which hides other texts or images.
Age of Exploration is the time when Asia is being discovered by Western Powers. This ppt can be used in teaching Grade7 particularly in the Age of Exploration. Hope this can help despite the non-use of animation in slideshare which hides other texts or images.
This ppt can be used in teaching Grade7 particularly in the Age of imperialism. Hope this can help despite the non-use of animation in slideshare which hides other texts or images.
The First Period of Imperialism in Asia. This can used in teaching Imperialism in Asia, Grade 7 based from book utilized by DepEd published year 2008. Some aare hidden due to non-animation feature of Slideshare, hope this can still help!
Panniyo ed Bannawor means the Taboos in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines, on of the Indigenous group in the Cordillera region of the country, the Ifugaos. We tried to give a glimpse of the taboos in this part of the region which some until now are prevalent in the area, adapted and assimilated as the time has been changing and especially due to the coming of technology and internet and of Christianity in particular.
North Maerica, you can use this presentation in presenting the continents of the Wordl in North America. As again unfortunately, Slideshare don't work with animations so you might not see the full length of the presentation. Hope this can still help in your teaching of World History.
This presentation should have better if it can be viewed in slideshow because some details are in animations to save up slidepages and thus hidden by pictures. Hope this can help still.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. THE ROMAN EMPIRE
While the lesson is ongoing or ended, the students should be able to:
• participate in the discussion by asking and answering questions
• explain the significant contributions of Rome in terms of law and
governance, civil law and infrastructure
• ponder on what makes the Roman empire an empire through essays
3. THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• Physical Background
• Roman Republic
• Class Wars
• The Roman Empire
• Stagnation and Collapse
• Significant Legacies
• References
5. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Romulus and Remus Tale
Etruscans: gladiatorial fights, toga and fasces
7 Kings Rule:
6th Servius Tallius
-obligation with returns of rights
-senate
7th Tarquin:
-brutal and abusive
-Rape of Lucretia
6. THE ROMAN REPUBLICFamily Institution
• Pater familias: father with patria potestas
• Family to Gens to Tribes
• 12 and 14 Marriage
Social Order
• Patrician order
• Plebeians order
Gravitas “Strength more than beauty, power more than grace, usefulness than elegance, and steadiness
more than quickness of mind.
Roman Army Organization (based on property)
• 1st class: 100K asses
• 5th Class: 11000 asses and with slings
• Centuriate Assembly with the authority to elect consuls
• Legions: 4000-6K foot soldiers
POLITICAL INSTITUTION
• Senate: 100-300: on war and peace, foreign alliance, colonies establishment, state
finances etc.
• 2 consuls; executive, fasces, veto
7. CLASS WARS
Constitution gave power to powerful men
-peasants on debts, land grabbing, judges favor, biggest shares
For political power: Who defends Rome?
First Mass Struggle: debt and drove away from lands=slaves
Results: 2 tribunes, 12 Tablets, Law of Nations
-Illusion of democracy
2nd Mass Struggle: no share in booty, debts increase, widespread of slavery
1/3 are slaves, Macedonian War (150K) on latifundia
Gracchus Brothers
Marius 6x consul
-use the condition of the poor (free corn)
-cancel debt, redistribute lands, recruit poor and landless in the army, standard pay, benefits to army
Sulla: conservative general
Spartacus: 70K, 6K crucified, 100K slaves died
-only on land distribution and annulment of debt
8. THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Greece, Italian peninsula, W Mediterranean sea, Asia Minor in the East, Gaul in the North, Northern Africa, Egypt
control by
Force
Diplomacy
• policy of accommodation
• Citizenship
Stability and strength supported paved to massive agriculture practice
PUNIC WARS
1st: Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica
2nd : Spain, W. Mediterranean
3rd: E. Macedonia, Pergamum
RESULTS: urbanization and ploretriat, latifundia, slavery
9. THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Augustus: as princeps in pretence of Senate
Praetorian Guard:
Patriotism
Empreors of Pax Romana
Julio Claudian Dynasty
1. Tiberius: provincial government and tax system
2. Caligula:
3. 3. Claudius:
4. NeroThe Great Fire
5. FLAVIAN DYNASTY
10. STAGNATION AND COLLAPSEFIRST TRIUMVIRATE
Pompey, Julius Ceasar and Marcus Crassus.
Pompey as consul, conquered Gaul and governor of Britannia
Asia Minor of his Veni, Vidi, Vici.
Dictator
municipal districts
reconstruction from civil wars
Julian calendar
anyone who plotted to be king could be killed without trial
2nd triumvirate or joint rule
Mark Anthony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian
11. THE ROMAN EMPIRELucius Septimus Severus: grant benefits and privileges
Diocletian: co-ruler with title Augustus and 2 generals with title as Caesars then divided the empire among them, 4 called
tetrachy
Constantine: reunite Rome
Edict of Milan
Byzantium/Istanbul
Theodosius: made Christianity the empire’s official religion.
12. STAGNATION AND COLLAPSEFall of the Roman Empire
Internal: no clear law of succession
Economy: highly dependence on slave labor
indifferent to technology
Germanic tribe
Personal glory
East empire na kumukuha ng malaking tribute sa Sicily, N. Afrika at Egypt with it’s fertile Nile river. In the W empire, the end
of tribute ended commerce or declined with threats outside and fragmentation mean warfare between them until loss of Syria
and Egypt to the Persian then to Islamic armies.
13. STAGNATION AND COLLAPSEFall of the Roman Empire
Internal: no clear law of succession
Economy: highly dependence on slave labor
indifferent to technology
Germanic tribe
Personal glory
East empire na kumukuha ng malaking tribute sa Sicily, N. Afrika at Egypt with it’s fertile Nile river. In the W empire, the end
of tribute ended commerce or declined with threats outside and fragmentation mean warfare between them until loss of Syria
and Egypt to the Persian then to Islamic armies.
15. SIGNIFICANT LEGACIES
Law: standard yes to all, proof on accuser, centralized law, rights of the accused this discouraged damage or injury to one’s
reputation and accountability to accuser and accused or the dues process of law to inform what he’s accused of and rights as
accused for fair trial, equality of people regardless of status and reason to defend self. Guilt beyond reasonable doubt determining
guilt of accuse requires, no doubt of his innocence. Law based on Reason.
Unified Rule
Architecture. Public infrastructure like roads, government buildings, aqueducts, baths amphitheatre grandiose to symbolize
power. The use of vault, round arch and dome. Keystone arch enable them to construct bridges strong to carry heavy lead and
longer distances. Concrete from Egyptians improve strength by adding pozzolana volcanic sand.
Sewage for waste and ability to bring fresh water caused influx in Rome with the aqueducts for fresh water. 1200 and 1300 public
fountains, 11 large public baths, 867 smaller baths and 2 artificial lakes, 11 aqueducts for 38M gallons everyday and sewage.
Literature. Horace highest enjoyment was possible through exercise of ratinal control, Why do we strive so hard in our brief lives
for possessions?
Virgil. Aeneid. Victory of founding of Rome.
16. Politics of terror: displaying military might, parades of victory,
gladiator highlight strength and power. All about highlighting
strength and power.
Centralizing by Linking: Roads to center, quick response that
need intervention on its provinces. Roads also lead to trade to
boom. And postal system with communication
Symbol of power. Massive construction to show power and
wealth. Colosseum, Pantheon to bring back glory of Rome
through worship, Circus Maximus. Gladiator, chariot races, re-
enactments of battles won by Romans.
17. REFERENCES
BLANDO, R. , MERCADO, M., CRUZ, A. et. Al. (2013). Kasaysayan ng Daigdig: Araling Panlipunan-
Kagamitan ng Mag-aaral. 1st Edition. DepEd-IMCS: Pasig City, 1600.
GUILLERMO, R. (2015). KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG NG MAMAMAYAN NG DAIGDIG.
IBON Foundation Inc.: Quezon City.
Editor's Notes
Italian peninsula at the heart of Mediterranean sea
So this location would mean? Advantage to reach out the entire Mediterranean world and beyond
Not rugged: so did not pose challenge on overcoming them especially in achieving? Unity
Low lying coasts? No trade? Isolation in knowledge and culture, that is why they became rich in land not in water means
Fertile soil to support? High population with abundant rain regularly
Later traded with Phoenician and Greek which they adapted much cultures of the Greek especially in religion, architecture and the Latin language.
Romolus and Romus: princess and Mars, uncle cast them who stole crown from lolo, grown by she wolf : city of she wolf Rome: less men so invite and stole their women and bread by bird
EARLY SETTLERS
Etruscans on Italian peninsula: gladiatorial fights, toga and fasces, the power of the king to execute and punish anyone.
7 KINGS RULE
Servius Tallius: obligation (obey law, pay taxes, render military service) in return rights e.g. how the city is governed and assembly to govern the city call it Senate.
Tarquin: brutal and abuso, Rape of Lucretia that spark revolution
Rape of Lucretia: target now, karangalan.
INSTITUTION OF THE FAMILY
Pater familias: father with patria potestas or absolute power over its members: death, sell to slavery, torture. As a father: protector, pari, priest, ruler. Families to gens or clans and clans to tribe. 12 and 14 marriage and arranged with divorce which is easy to obtain.
SOCIAL ORDERS
Patrician order owner of largest lands and at the beginning the only ones to have political rights and only allowed into senates for a long time.
Plebeians: free with right to vote but not in senate or to be elected as consuls
ULIRAN
Gravitas: seryoso at matigas na pagkakakilanlan na layunin that embodies their kalakasan, disiplina, katapatan, praktikal na dinidiinan education of the patricians.
Strength more than beauty, power more than grace, usefulness than elegance, and steadiness more than quickness of mind. Nangangahulugang seryoso at stirktong pakiramdam sa tungkulin at kinapapalooban ng perpektong mamamayan ng Rome.
ROMAN ARMY
patricians afford weapons and armour with their wealth, all males are require to serve in the army. 1st class espada and armour.
Centuriate Assembly with 5 classes of military: declare war and appoint consuls, vote and propose laws but need pagpapatibay of senate
Legions: mabangis at tapat para sa Republika ng Rome
EARLY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
Senate elect 2 consuls: mag-utos sa military. 10 years to be elected again opportunity for others and ambition
SENATE: wisdom in crisis that held Rome in hard times
Plebeians on rise as slave of debt, no representative, no written laws: not work, not join military and into pay debt if not given these rights.
2 tribunes: counter decision of consuls and veto, appealing case to senate
12 Tables: First written code of law in Roman Republic as basis of justice not dependent on patricians, not victim of hindi makatwirang paratang.
Law of Nations: applied to Roman and Citizens and foreigners alike important, equality before the law then
367 BCE consul open to plebeians
Debt from continuing contribution on war of service and tribute.
2nd Conquest of lands: Booty luxury consumption, debts increases conscription prevented them to cultivate their land to pay rents and taxes driving them away from them home.
Captives as new laborers. Macedonian War, 150K prisoners are sold cheaply to farm the latifundia: blanket and food no meat compared to more expensive Roman citizen.
displaced and no choice but to take temporary works. 1/3 adults, free population are not just of adults. Slaves made the rich richer but impoverished the peasants that they now cannot marry to have family if afford, they would abort the baby or abandoned to be sold as slaves.
Tiberius Gracchus: tribune worried increasing poverty of mass peasants worried for the security of the republic or his own due to influx of slaves.
-distribution of public lands
-supported by mass, placards for senate to approve
-betraying the constitution
10 Gaius and same faith.
Marius: land distribution.
Condition of the Poor: squeezing, no sewage, no access of water, seasonal labor in summer and starvation in winter, no choice take side bribes from senates on riots then later backed those ambitious elites with promise of free corn or grain.
Marius: father of the roman Army: wage, as profession, now loyal to generals, fight for generals, collapse of Senate especially now for expansion to Gaul, Egypt and Britannia gave
Sulla: conservative general part of senatorial party defends the existing order massacred opponents willing for change, these great military under control.
Spartacus: 70K slaves planning to flee Italy but betrayed by pirates: 6K followers crucified. 100K slaves died in crushing the revolt. No program only on land distribution and annulment of debt.
Why Spartacus did didn’t seize Rome? (no plan on how to devise reorganize Roman society and not want to end up running an old order)
-control by force and diplomacy like policy of accommodation (local rulers continue rule on condition to extend military assistance when needed and not undermine Roman rule) thus make alliance to former enemies.
Citizenship to gain loyalty and support in far areas where in they could trade but cannot join politics, citizenship of Roman means you live under Roman law and you can vote, hold public office and pay tax and serve army
Stability and strength supported by Roman empire and with its high population to engage in agriculture then no time for industry or trade. How?
PUNIC WARS: Italian peninsula now control challenge now Carthaginian Empire by Phoenicians that dominated Mediterranean Sea, Tunisia to Morocco, S. Spain, Corsica, Sardinia and W. Sicily which are becoming wealthy by commerce on powerful navy and army and with capitals protected by high walls so Romans have to prepare a powerful navy.
1 Punic War: have Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica
2 Punic War: Hannibal in Spain march inside Rome through Alps Mt. defeated Romans repeatedly but never captured Rome. Hoping subjects of Rome to revolt but remained loyal. Scipio Africanus or conqueror of Africa captured Carthaginian base in Spain and attack Carthage and then Hannibal has to defend Carthage so they fought in the battle of Zama, Tunisia: Spain. Defeat of Carthaginian Empire gave Rome control over Western Mediterranean and policy for expansion. Elephants died in Laps from ice
3rd Punic War: burned Carthage not to rise again, then turned East for Macedonia and Pergamum in Asia minor.
Victory brought power and prestige and also destruction, dislocated and homeless as battle ground is Italy due to destruction of farms, Rise of latifundia or huge estates forced to sell lands out of desperation now despair people flock in cities for work now become the new poor ploretariat, despair and dicontented
Ang mga taong na nakipaglaban sa mga labanan upang makamit ang tagumpay ng Rome at lahat ng teritoryong nakamtan nito, ay nawala ang mga lupain sa huli.
Become wealthy from misfortune of others become corrupted the virtues are no more.
Spread of slavery from war, making owners wealthier and aggravated conditions of proletariat, slaves are better deal coz its free, 1/3 are slave who are discontented.
Carthage war possible from infantries conscripted or compulsory enrolled of farmer then later to citizens of the North grant in Italian cities which these peasants have no control in the army or no gain from victories, there is no sense of democracy.
Empire is made by tax and rents (Berktay)
Augustus Ceasar and the Pax Romana
Learning from JC: legitimized by the senate: princeps or first citizen than king and not considered as one. Praetorian Guard: serve emperor with triple salary and bonuses
in pretense the Republic, power was in sole hand of a ruler and by 27BCE he was proclaimed emperor ushered in the pax romana.
Pax Romana: peace and prosperity, unchallenged and respected by bringing glory and honour of Rome in the past with encourage gravitas (hard work, discipline, simplicity, patriotism, salaries and bonuses and pensions and land after retirement to increase loyalty.
For patriotism: construct temples and basilicas that gave importance to roman religion and pride.
His one mistake: law for succession to check power struggle.
Emperors of Pax Romana
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
Tiberius: adopted son of JC: he improved provincial government and tax system
Caligula: insane, tyrannical and brutal who was assassinated by his own gusrds
Claudius: conuest Britain but poisoned by 4th wife to make her son Nero the next emperor
Nero: 16, good but then become paranoid murdering people even his mother. The Great Fire occurred where he put blame on Christians that justifies their persecution then he committed suicide.
3 Emperors Chosen by the Roman Army that lasted shortly this signifies strong power struggle after Nero’s death.
Vespasian ended civil war and assumed self to be emperor then founded the flavian Dynasty. To institute reforms in the army to ensure loyalty.
Titus: Colosseum
Domitian: dictatorial, fear of treason lead him to execute many then later assassinated
Five Good Emperors
Nerva: appointed emperor by senate who instituted the adoptive system for succession: emperor chose his successor and adopt him as son to legitimize his claim to the throne after adoptive father’s death. Based from competence and integrity
Trajan: Born in Spain, greatest size with conquest Mesopotamia and Dacia given the title Optimus Princeps or best of emperors.
Hadrian: campaign for conquest is enough then needed to consolidate by establishing postal system that linked provinces to Rome and he travels in the empire to monitor activities, one of the things he did was having a defensive wall 117km in Britania to protect it from barbarians in the area.
Antonius Pius
Marcus Aurelius: Syria and Danube attack, stoic philosopher but persecuted Christians and abandoned adoptive system by appointing his son
Commodos: tyrannical and licentious who spend lavishly on gladiator, renaming Rome Colonia Commodia with many attempts on his life until he was strangled to death
FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
Pompey, Julius Ceasar and Marcus Crassus.
Pompey as consul, conquered Gaul and governor of Britannia
Crassus death: Pompey and Senate alarmed by his popularity and commanded Caesar to return to Rome and disband his army but defied means he declare war because no commander is allowed to go out his soldiers without permission of Senate so Senate commanded Pompey to defend Rome but defeated and fled to Egypt killed by Ptolemiac servant go to Egypt kill the king and Cleopatra hurray! Passing the Rubicon, with oratorical skill or to be declared an enemy of the state. An ancient Roman law forbade any general from crossing the Rubicon River and entering Italy proper with a standing army. To do so was treason. This tiny stream would reveal Caesar's intentions and mark the point of no return. : passing with no return, not allowed in the senate militars
Then Asia Minor of his Veni, Vidi, Vici. Original Latin. Wenee, Widee, Wikee, get to Africa to regroup with Pompey’s army and defeated Pompey’s son in Spain then went back in Rome and proclaimed dictator. Many senates now as he assigns his friends. And old officers and created municipal districts to easier manage or administration and reconstruction from civil wars of the city and the Julian calendar. land for pension of soldiers, restructure high percentage of debt
Senate alarmed invoking ancient law of anyone who plotted to be king could be killed without trial. 44BCE stabbed more than 30 times.
2nd triumvirate or joint rule
Mark Anthony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian: adopted son to avenge his death then divide empire among themselves. Later collapse and defeated Lepidu and MA fell inlove with Cleopatra formed alliance to defeat Octavian and loss cause them to suicide. She pretended to be dead so MA killed himself then later C centralizing power started by his father.
Military Anarchy (state of disorder by absence of recognition of authority)
End of Pax Romana by Seven Dynasty
Lucius Septimus Severus: grant military with great benefits and privileges including farming their own lands and living in cities than in camps: whitted away their fighting force, after his death power struggle among the military which marked by short lived power of military anarchy that left Roman empire vulnerable that led to its downfall due to no order by constant power struggle.
Diocletian: co-ruler with title Augustus and 2 generals with title as Ceasars then divided the empire among them, 4 called tetrachy
Augustus Maximian in Italy and Africa
Ceasars Constantius of Gaul, Spain, Britain
Ceasar Galerius of the Danubian provinces
Diocletian: Thrace, Egypt and Asia
Later AM and C abdicated throne, then Constantius death made Constantine his son, who aspire to reunite Rome to the throne and defeated west enemies to control the West and also challenged the C Galerius then reunite Rome.
Constantine the Great: in his rule he issue Edict of Milan: recognizes Christianity as religion in Roman Empire where he himself converted to it which protected it now to flourish further. Moved capital to Byzantium/Istanbul renamed Nova roma to Constantinople with great route linking West and East gave wealth to Constantinople.
Theodosius: made Christianity the empire’s official religion.
Then his death caused power struggles. His death divided empire in his 2 sons, W plunged with weak emperors and Germanic tribes attack, in410 Alaric a Goth attacked Rome while Eastern flourished for a thousand years more but the Roman empire was no more.
FALL: Barbarians who speak barbarbar not civilized, pants to warm genitals
The larger the territory the harder to manage
Then his death caused power struggles. His death divided empire in his 2 sons, W plunged with weak emperors and Germanic tribes attack, in410 Alaric a Goth attacked Rome while Eastern flourished for a thousand years more but the Roman empire was no more.
Fall of the Roman Empire
Internal: clear law of succession which often emperors favour military through benefits which increased their loyalty but weakened the loyalty of common subjects which on some accounts those Germanic forces trying to conquer Rome they had welcomed.
Economy: highly dependence on slave labor which then with lack of conquered reduced their numbers of production because birth rate declined among slaves but indifferent to technology which could mean they’ve depended much because of the availability of slaves which could still increase production that caused shortened production. And lack of man power, plagues to farm and military hen Germanic tribe attack no defence then security lacks also increased trade from East, no more income and importation of luxury goods.
Personal glory no civil ideals so lose confidence in the state and also military succumb to money and power, fight for money and not for Rome because they are used for political gains indifferent to the fate of the empire with attacks looking for better life led to demise of Roman Empire. Waaning of interest in political institutions and decadence honor of wealth and power.
Urbanizing due to decrease in population and trade.
East protects Christianity and Greco-Roman cultures
Blueprint for Imperial Rule
Politics of terror: displaying military might, parades of victory, gladiator highlight strength and power. All about highlighting strength and power.
Centralizing by Linking: Roads to center, quick response that need intervention on its provinces. Roads also lead to trade to boom. And postal system with communication
Symbol of power. Massive construction to show power and wealth. Colosseum, Pantheon to bring back glory of Rome through worship, Circus Maximus. Gladiator, chariot races, re-enactments of battles won by Romans.
Senate came to rely on military for defense after all the riots, civil wars, rebellion until such time where military came to dominate the senate that paved way to civil war over who will control Rome between generals. JC and Pompey, Brutus and Cassius vs MA and Octavian ten Octavian vs MA. Which Octavian later established monarchy giving protection to rich and a friend to poor by giving cheap at times free from a parcel tribute on conquered lands, this era the golden age with great influx of luxury goods such as silk, spices, gems, huge rent and expansion shared by senatorial class and provincial leaders living in grandiose.
People resent emperors as tyrants nakuha sa libreng mais at speeches of promises. And people pay same tax as rich land owners.
Condition of the poor in Golden age? Skin beat with scar some just apron and tattered shirt, brows branded, head half shaved, and irons on their feet they are ugly.
“Their skin was striped all over with livid scourge-scars; their wealed
backs were crusted rather than clothed with patchwork rags; some had
no more covering than a bit of apron and every shirt was so tattered
that the body was visible through the rents. Their brows were branded,
their heads were half shaved, irons clanked on their feet, their faces were
sallow and ugly.”
Rich not account by the law by hiring thugs to throw the poor, harass, slaughter his cattle, stealing (Apuleius) a time of insecurity, injustice, torture, robbery and murder one manifestation are games in the Coliseum, gladiators butcher each other and prisoners fed to animals. Agriculture means of wealth and rent than innovation.
So the slaves became expensive, as flow of slave dried. Breeding is costly then slavery declined resulted to no more surplus provided before by slaves in result they resort to peasants which by their conditions began to revolt.
For instance the water mill was scarsely used due to as availability of human drawn mills.
Rebellions because they are discontent, insecure, impoverish they began to abandon their lands because of no livelihood once they payed their taxes and rent. And high cost of military mercenary and strong military leaders would wnt to seize the land thus lead to mutinous legionaries civil war.
Barbarians invaders were brided but as they become Romanized they came to seize power thus the Goth Alaric to Rome conquest, frank Clovis in Gaul, Ostrogoth Theodoric made himself emperor of Rome, Visigoths in Spain.
Peasants have to pay tribute to the landowners for protection bullies. Ruralized but not capable anymore to hold the empire which sufficed by slavery.
Aristocrats due to slavery discourage innovation when there is need to maintain political superstructure thus attacked by Germanic tribes.
Old trade broken, towns decline a beset of ruralisation and old aristocrats forced to fend themselves creating new mode of production which will be discussed in the medieval era which you’ll tackle soon that created new kind of dependent new slaves or specifically the serfs or peasants.
3. Calendar: Months name: July is Augustus Julius, Juno, Mars, January: Janus, …Kalends first if every month
4. Architecture…state houses, neoclassicism, dome and then statue of freedom, supreme couart building, Jefferson Memorial like Pantheon
5. Religion: Greaako-Roman : spread of Christianity
canal to mapigilan ang flooding
Laws, practice of ruling that unite or union, powerful enjoyed and abuse wealth and luxury.
W empire 600, E for 1600
Creating structures: Rulers construct public buildings and temples, stadiums and aqueducts, public baths and paved roads…legacy! Viaducts, amphitheater, sewage system,
Theory of Civil Law: regularization of property and inheritance, Roman criminal law which is still arbitrary and oppressive
Christianity became the religion of the poor which later adapted by the rich like Charlemagne