Role of stem cells in visual restoration
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This document discusses the role of stem cells in visual restoration. It begins with an overview of eye anatomy and the significance of the retina in image formation. It then describes the pathophysiology of two retinal diseases: Retinitis Pigmentosa and Macular Degeneration. It explains what stem cells are and their various classifications. Finally, it discusses how stem cell therapy works for both Retinitis Pigmentosa and Macular Degeneration by injecting retinal progenitor cells or implanting new retinal pigment epithelium cells created from embryonic stem cells to replace damaged or dead cells in the retina.
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The retina develops from the optic cup during gestation. By 6 weeks, the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina have formed from the outer and inner layers of the optic cup. Between 4-12 weeks, the neurosensory retina differentiates into its layers. By birth, the retina has formed its layers - photoreceptor layer, plexiform layers, nuclear layers, ganglion cell layer and nerve fiber layer. The fovea develops later between 5-8 months. The retina has distinct topography with the optic disc, macula and peripheral regions having different thicknesses and cell densities to perform specialized functions like high acuity vision.
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The retina (from "net") is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then processes that image within the retina and sends nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the visual cortex to create visual perception
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Approach to Neurological causes of Vision loss.pptx
This document provides an overview of the general approach and examination for neurological causes of vision loss. It discusses evaluating for monocular versus binocular visual loss and whether the loss is transient or persistent. The examination involves assessing visual acuity, color vision, visual fields, pupils, eye examination, and funduscopy. For transient monocular visual loss, causes like emboli, vasculitis, and giant cell arteritis are discussed. Persistent monocular loss localizes to the eye or optic nerve. Binocular transient loss is often due to migraines or TIAs, while persistent binocular loss results from retrochiasmal strokes. Progressive vision loss indicates a compressive lesion. Specific conditions like optic neuritis, NA
Vision1
This document provides an overview of the visual system, including:
1. Basic principles of optics such as refraction and focal points.
2. Anatomy and function of the eye, including accommodation, refractive errors, and intraocular structures.
3. Processing of visual information through the retina, including phototransduction and ganglion cell types.
4. Visual pathways from the retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex.
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Approach to a patient with bilateral vision loss
This document discusses various causes of persistent bilateral visual loss in children and adults. In children, common non-progressive causes include congenital optic nerve anomalies such as optic nerve hypoplasia, morning glory disc anomaly, or optic nerve coloboma. In middle-aged or older adults, common causes of non-progressive bilateral visual loss include non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and glaucoma. Progressive bilateral visual loss can be caused by conditions affecting the optic nerves, chiasm, or retrochiasmal pathways such as pituitary tumors, aneurysms, or toxic/nutritional optic neuropathies. A thorough history, exam, and testing is needed to determine the underlying etiology in each case.
Cataract
A cataract is a clouding or opacity that
develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight opacity to obstructing the passage of light.
Progressive, painless clouding of the natural, internal lens of the eye.
Eye physiology
This presentation focuses in the most important tips in ocular physiology in a summarized manner .......you can watch the illustrated video in the following link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRbAOL37qus
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Role of stem cells in visual restoration
- 1. SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,MADHAPUR,HYDERABAD ROLE OF STEM CELLS IN VISUAL RESTORATION PRESENTING BY : Siripuram sai Lavan GUIDE : Dr.K.Sireesha
- 2. Anatomy of eye Significance of Retina in Image Formation Pathophysiology of Retinitis Pigmentosa Pathophysiology of Macular degeneration What are stem cells? Stem cell therapy
- 3. Anatomy of eye • Layers of eye 1. Outer layer 2. Middle layer 3. Inner layer.
- 4. Significance of Retina in Image Formation • Rods and cones acts as transducers(change one form of energy into another form) • They convert electromagnetic radiation into electrochemical energy(action potential) • In the brain, the optic nerve transmits vision signals to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), where visual information is relayed to the visual cortex of the brain that converts the image impulses into objects that we see.
- 5. Retinitis pigmentosa • Also called as primary pigmentary retinal dystrophy • It is a hereditary disorder characterised by progressive degenration of photoreceptor cells in the Retina. Loss of peripheral vision Loss of central vision Blindness
- 6. Macular degeneration • Macular degeneration is characterised by destruction or loss of photoreceptor cells in macula (central region of retina) resulting in decreased central vision and in advanced cases it leads to blindness. • This occurs by depletion of RPE. • Macular degeneration is of two types 1. Dry Macular degeneration 2. Wet macular degeneration
- 7. Types of Macular degeneration Dry Macular degeneration • It is caused by deposition of metabolic end products underneath the retina. Wet Macular degeneration Release of VEGF Helps in growth of abnormal blood vessels(leaky) Swelling of Retina Decrease in vision Blindness
- 8. What are stem cells ? • Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types, from muscle cells to brain cells. • Classification Stem cells .Embryonic stem cells .Adult stem cells .Totipotent .Pluripotent .Multipotent .Unipotent
- 9. Stem cell therapy in Retinitis pigmentosa • Retinal progenitor cells are injected into retina • They differentiate into retinal cells • These retinal cells not only support sick photoreceptors but also develop photoreceptor cells Retinal progenitor cells
- 10. Stem cell therapy in Macular degeneration • The function of the RPE cells is to support the overlying retina and its photo sensor cells, Without the nourishment provided by the RPE layer, the retina cannot function normally and begins to die off, permanently damaging vision. • To halt the advance of vision loss, Fresh sheet of RPE cells created from embryonic stem cells are implanted into eye. RPE Cells
- 11. Thank you