APNIC Training Delivery Manager Terry Sweetser presents an overview of Internet Exchange Points at PacNOG 31, held in Port Vila, Vanuatu from 26 to 30 June 2023.
Tutorial about MPLS Implementation with Cisco Router, this first of two chapter discuss about What is MPLS, Network Design, P, PE, and CE Router Description, Case Study of IP MPLS Implementation, IP and OSPF Routing Configuration
Presented by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect - Chief Architect’s Office, TSO, BT at IET "Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality" seminar on 25th Jan 2017
Shared with permission
This brief tutorial for newbies explains the need for The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), its working, structure and provides useful pointers to explore further.
All our #3G4G5G slides, videos, blogs and tutorials are available at:
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
Our channels:
3G4G Website – https://www.3g4g.co.uk/
The 3G4G Blog – https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/
Telecoms Infrastructure Blog – https://www.telecomsinfrastructure.com/
Operator Watch Blog – https://www.operatorwatch.com/
Connectivity Technology Blog – https://www.connectivity.technology/
Free 5G Training – https://www.free5gtraining.com/
Free 6G Training – https://www.free6gtraining.com/
Private Networks Technology Blog - https://blog.privatenetworks.technology/
APNIC Training Delivery Manager Terry Sweetser presents an overview of Internet Exchange Points at PacNOG 31, held in Port Vila, Vanuatu from 26 to 30 June 2023.
Tutorial about MPLS Implementation with Cisco Router, this first of two chapter discuss about What is MPLS, Network Design, P, PE, and CE Router Description, Case Study of IP MPLS Implementation, IP and OSPF Routing Configuration
Presented by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect - Chief Architect’s Office, TSO, BT at IET "Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality" seminar on 25th Jan 2017
Shared with permission
This brief tutorial for newbies explains the need for The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), its working, structure and provides useful pointers to explore further.
All our #3G4G5G slides, videos, blogs and tutorials are available at:
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
Our channels:
3G4G Website – https://www.3g4g.co.uk/
The 3G4G Blog – https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/
Telecoms Infrastructure Blog – https://www.telecomsinfrastructure.com/
Operator Watch Blog – https://www.operatorwatch.com/
Connectivity Technology Blog – https://www.connectivity.technology/
Free 5G Training – https://www.free5gtraining.com/
Free 6G Training – https://www.free6gtraining.com/
Private Networks Technology Blog - https://blog.privatenetworks.technology/
Tutorial at IEEE IM 2019.
The tutorial will provide a comprehensive coverage of the Network Automation domain starting with the scope and definitions, introducing the challenges and then developing the different approaches to realize complete future network automation solutions. A special focus will be put on the newly created ETSI ISG ZSM "Zero Touch Network and Service Management" and the standardization landscape.
The OpenRAN architecture, empowered by intelligence and openness principles, is the foundation for building the virtualized RAN on open hardware and cloud, with embedded AI-powered radio control. The architecture is based on standards defined by O-RAN Alliance, which completely support and are complementary to standards promoted by 3GPP and other industry standards organizations.
Linux-wpan: IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN in the Linux Kernel - BUD17-120Linaro
"Session ID: BUD17-120
Session Name: Linux-wpan: IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN in the Linux Kernel - BUD17-120
Speaker: Stefan Schmidt
Track: LITE
★ Session Summary ★
Adding support for IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN to an embedded Linux system opens up new possibilities to communicate with tiny devices. The mainline kernel
supports the wireless protocols to connect such devices to the internet, acting
as border router for such networks.
This talk will show the current kernel support, how to enable and configure the
subsystems to use it and how to communicate between Linux and IoT operating
systems like RIOT, Contiki or Zephyr.
---------------------------------------------------
★ Resources ★
Event Page: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/bud17/bud17-120/
Presentation: https://www.slideshare.net/linaroorg/linuxwpan-ieee-802154-and-6lowpan-in-the-linux-kernel-bud17120
Video: https://youtu.be/6YNeF2H2i-U
---------------------------------------------------
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Budapest 2017 (BUD17)
6-10 March 2017
Corinthia Hotel, Budapest,
Erzsébet krt. 43-49,
1073 Hungary
---------------------------------------------------
Keyword: linux-wpan, kernel, IEEE, Stefan Schmidt
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
---------------------------------------------------
Follow us on Social Media
https://www.facebook.com/LinaroOrg
https://twitter.com/linaroorg
https://www.youtube.com/user/linaroorg?sub_confirmation=1
https://www.linkedin.com/company/1026961"
Prof. Andy Sutton: 5G RAN Architecture Evolution - Jan 20193G4G
This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.
Presented by Professor Andy Sutton CEng FIET, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, BT Technology at IET 5G - the Advent conference on 30 January 2019 | IET London: Savoy Place
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
BGP Techniques for Network Operators, by Philip Smith.
A presentation given at APRICOT 2016’s BGP Techniques for Network Operators (Part 1 and 2) sessions on 23 February 2016.
How to build high performance 5G networks with vRAN and O-RANQualcomm Research
5G networks are poised to deliver an unprecedented amount of data from a richer set of use cases than we have ever seen. This makes efficient networking in terms of scalability, cost, and power critical for the sustainable growth of 5G. Cloud technologies such as virtualization, containerization and orchestration are now powering a surge of innovation in virtualized radio access network (vRAN) infrastructure with modular hardware and software components, and standardized interfaces. While commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware platforms provide the compute capacity for running vRAN software, hardware accelerators will also play a major role in offloading real-time and complex signal processing functions. Together, COTS platforms and hardware accelerators provide the foundation for building the intelligent 5G network and facilitate innovative new use cases with the intelligent wireless edge.
Tutorial at IEEE IM 2019.
The tutorial will provide a comprehensive coverage of the Network Automation domain starting with the scope and definitions, introducing the challenges and then developing the different approaches to realize complete future network automation solutions. A special focus will be put on the newly created ETSI ISG ZSM "Zero Touch Network and Service Management" and the standardization landscape.
The OpenRAN architecture, empowered by intelligence and openness principles, is the foundation for building the virtualized RAN on open hardware and cloud, with embedded AI-powered radio control. The architecture is based on standards defined by O-RAN Alliance, which completely support and are complementary to standards promoted by 3GPP and other industry standards organizations.
Linux-wpan: IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN in the Linux Kernel - BUD17-120Linaro
"Session ID: BUD17-120
Session Name: Linux-wpan: IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN in the Linux Kernel - BUD17-120
Speaker: Stefan Schmidt
Track: LITE
★ Session Summary ★
Adding support for IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN to an embedded Linux system opens up new possibilities to communicate with tiny devices. The mainline kernel
supports the wireless protocols to connect such devices to the internet, acting
as border router for such networks.
This talk will show the current kernel support, how to enable and configure the
subsystems to use it and how to communicate between Linux and IoT operating
systems like RIOT, Contiki or Zephyr.
---------------------------------------------------
★ Resources ★
Event Page: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/bud17/bud17-120/
Presentation: https://www.slideshare.net/linaroorg/linuxwpan-ieee-802154-and-6lowpan-in-the-linux-kernel-bud17120
Video: https://youtu.be/6YNeF2H2i-U
---------------------------------------------------
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Budapest 2017 (BUD17)
6-10 March 2017
Corinthia Hotel, Budapest,
Erzsébet krt. 43-49,
1073 Hungary
---------------------------------------------------
Keyword: linux-wpan, kernel, IEEE, Stefan Schmidt
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
---------------------------------------------------
Follow us on Social Media
https://www.facebook.com/LinaroOrg
https://twitter.com/linaroorg
https://www.youtube.com/user/linaroorg?sub_confirmation=1
https://www.linkedin.com/company/1026961"
Prof. Andy Sutton: 5G RAN Architecture Evolution - Jan 20193G4G
This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.
Presented by Professor Andy Sutton CEng FIET, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, BT Technology at IET 5G - the Advent conference on 30 January 2019 | IET London: Savoy Place
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
BGP Techniques for Network Operators, by Philip Smith.
A presentation given at APRICOT 2016’s BGP Techniques for Network Operators (Part 1 and 2) sessions on 23 February 2016.
How to build high performance 5G networks with vRAN and O-RANQualcomm Research
5G networks are poised to deliver an unprecedented amount of data from a richer set of use cases than we have ever seen. This makes efficient networking in terms of scalability, cost, and power critical for the sustainable growth of 5G. Cloud technologies such as virtualization, containerization and orchestration are now powering a surge of innovation in virtualized radio access network (vRAN) infrastructure with modular hardware and software components, and standardized interfaces. While commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware platforms provide the compute capacity for running vRAN software, hardware accelerators will also play a major role in offloading real-time and complex signal processing functions. Together, COTS platforms and hardware accelerators provide the foundation for building the intelligent 5G network and facilitate innovative new use cases with the intelligent wireless edge.
IPv6 capacity development in developing economiesAPNIC
At the ITU Asia-Pacific Regional Development Forum 2015, APNIC's Development Director, Duncan Macintosh, spoke about the critical need to deploy IPv6 for further Internet infrastructure growth.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptx
Role of Internet Exchange Points (IXP)
1. Internet Society
Role of Internet Exchange Points (IXP)
2nd
Central Asia Internet Symposium – 2 March 2016, Dushanbe
Maarit Palovirta (palovirta@isoc.org)
2. Role of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
A primary role of an IXP is to:
•Keep local Internet traffic within local infrastructure and to reduce costs
associated with traffic exchange between networks.
•Improve the quality of Internet services and drive demand by reducing
delay and improving end-user experience.
•Create a favorable environment for local Internet infrastructure and service
development e.g. local content and shared services.
•Act as a catalyst for overall Internet development through knowledge sharing
and capacity building.
Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are now well recognised
as a vital part of the Internet ecosystem and
essential for facilitating a robust domestic ICT sector*.
* See for example, the OECD’s recent report on Internet Traffic Exchange:
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/internet-trafficexchange_5k918gpt130q-en
3. IXPs around the World
Source: TeleGeography World IX Map, http://www.internetexchangemap.com/
4. IXP and Local Internet Eco-system
ISP 4
ISP 1 ISP 2
IXP evolution
No IXP IXP ‘spoke’ IXP ‘hub’
IXP
ISP 3
IXP
Content
provider
International
ISP 4
ISP 1 ISP 2
Country A
ISP 3
IXP
Content
provider
International
ISP 4
ISP 2
ISP 1
IXP
ISP 3
IXP
International
Content
provider
Country A Country A
7. Language is a significant issue, and English
remains over-represented
8. ISOC: IXP & Interconnection Activities
•ISOC works with partners throughout the world to build IXPs,
human capacity, and bottom-up governance of IXPs.
•With partners:
Euro-IX, RIRs (RIPE-NCC, AfriNIC, APNIC, LACNIC), IXPs, Cisco,
Comcast, Google, Alcatel, Microsoft, NSRC, PCH, and other global
and regional experts
•Through Grants:
IXP Toolkit Grant from Google
Alcatel and Cisco donations & equipment grants
Comcast and Microsoft grants for IXP development and training
9. ISOC: 2014-15 Highlights
• Create an IXP Portal:
Access to information & experts |
www.ixptoolkit.org
Released 25 February 2014 | Rebooting
2ndQ2015
IXP Videos
• Create an IXP Toolkit:
A study and Methodology to Identify Best
Practices |
www.internetsociety.org/ixptoolkitguide/
Released 25 February 2014 | Rebooting
2ndQ2015
2014 by Numbers:
-10 new IXPs with
ISOC involvement
-18 IXPs “leveled up”
with ISOC involvement
-34 IXP workshops
organised by ISOC
• ISOC awarded a grant by Google to extend its Internet
exchange point (IXP) activities in emerging markets.
10. 0
Kyrgyz Republic: IXP Work (2015)
•IXP roundtable: Business level
introduction of IXPs to government,
network operators and technical experts.
•ISOC study on Kyrgyz Internet
Environment: Specific
recommendations for next steps to the
Kyrgyz Telecommunication Operators
Association (who runs IXP)
•BGP training: Technical training on
peering/ BGP to engineers from local
ISPs.
•Next steps: Visit to a European IXP
and further technical training (tbc!)
11. 1
Georgia: IXP Workshop (2014)
- Workshop partners: GNCC, RIPE
NCC and EUR-IX.
- Attendees: Main telecoms operators,
ISPs, data center providers,
GRENA.
- Summary of issues raised:
IXP and competition in telecoms
market;
Private peering vs. public peering;
IXP neutrality: who and where;
Value add of IXPs;
Role of government in IXP
development.
Founded in 1992, by Internet pioneers
The Internet Society is the world's trusted independent source of leadership for Internet policy, technology standards, and future development. More than simply advancing technology, we work to ensure the Internet continues to grow and evolve as a platform for innovation, economic development, and social progress for people around the world. With offices in Washington, D.C, USA, and Geneva, Switzerland, we work to ensure that the Internet and the web that is built on it:
Continues to develop as an open platform that empowers people to share ideas and connect in new and innovative ways
Serves the economic, social, and educational needs of individuals throughout the world – today and in the future
We are also organizational home of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the premier Internet standards-setting body.
The Internet Society supports the evolution of the Internet through technical expertise, capacity building and innovation.
Costs:
Avoiding costs related to international traffic/ tromboning;
Reducing dependency on the incumbent;
Leveling the playing field for all ISPs.
Content & quality:
Reducing latency and improving user experience
Reinforcing local content eco-system: Internet infrastructure and service development (both local entrepreneurship and international investment)
Location for shared services, such as domain name servers (DNS), caching and time-servers.
So far IXPs have only emerged in about half the countries in the world, and these vary greatly in scale and effectiveness.
Ideally, IXPs are needed in every region in which different networks need to exchange local traffic. Deployment of IXPs are, however, sensitive to a variety of local constraints, and initiating and ensuring their efficient operation is not as simple as it would appear, especially in emerging markets (where IXPs are rare).
To this end, the Internet Society is working with numerous countries and regions to help them establish and reap the benefits of IXPs: “Barriers to the Internet” analysis for Africa, in the making for South Asia and the Caribbean; capacity building and training (both technical and business); IXP toolkit for starting up IXPs.
ISOC enabled examples on IXP launches in Africa this year include Rwanda, Namibia, Swaziland, Gambia. Recent workshop e.g. work in progress include Georgia and Montenegro in Europe and Papua New Guinea in Asia-Pacific.
Private peering agreements to exchange traffic in place -> IXP spoke
The next stage: IXP hub
Are global content providers present: Google, Akamai, Verisign?
Expanding content hosting industry
Different routes to access local content in developing markets:
Baseline assumptions:
No competitive domestic data hosting facilities
No IXP
International transit more expensive than peering locally at IXP
1. International routing -> high international transit costs; lower data hosting costs.
Impact on Internet eco-system:
Higher local connectivity prices
High latency and low quality for end-users
Potential barrier for local businesses to grow
2. Local routing -> low transit costs, higher local data hosting costs (due to economies of scale and power costs)
Impact on local Internet eco-system:
Lower local connectivity prices
Lower latency and better quality for end-users -> drives further demand
Encourages local businesses to develop new local content and attract international content e.g. Google cache
Government can support by hosting e-government services in a local data centre (DCaaS)
Driving demand for Internet use and e-participation can be done by developing of local content as discussed, but also by facilitating access to regional and international content.
This graphic maps a combination of generic top-level domains (gTLDs) and country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) in order to provide an indication of the total number of domain registrations in every country worldwide.
The graphic excludes all countries that contain fewer than 10,000 domains.
Findings:
A majority of domains (78%) are registered in Europe or North America, reinforcing the dominance of those two regions in terms of Internet content production.
Asia, in contrast, is home to 13% of the world’s domains while Latin America (4%), Oceania (3%), and the Middle East and Africa combined (2%) have even smaller shares of the world’s websites.
These data offer a fascinating window into one important facet of Internet content production. Large Internet populations in some countries (e.g. China) are not necessarily indicators of large numbers of domain registrations. In other words, just because a country is home to a large number of Internet users, doesn’t necessarily mean that it is also home to an active group of content producers. However, it is also likely that we see a lot of the world’s content simply placed within websites that are hosted within only a few countries (in particular, the US).
Importance of IXP:
In a local context, presence of an IXP greatly enhances local capacity and often serves as a “capacity incubator”.
International content also feeds demand for local bandwidth and contributes to the local Internet economy.
International content providers and networks serve as aggregators of content; they deliver traffic directly to the terminating network and provide quality-enhancing inputs, such as caching of content close to the end user.
Local caching also reduces the volume of traffic that needs to be delivered to the terminating network. CDNs growing not only because of cost but also because of quality.
Conclusion: A healthy Internet commercial ecosystem ensures that both locally-produced content and content served by foreign organisations can be easily hosted in close proximity to every IXP.