"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به"
Role of trace minerals in poultry nutrition
Difference between organic and inorganic source of trace minerals
Poultry nutrition
Mineral nutrition of livestock - chelated mineralsMichal Slota
Presentation content:
- key role of zinc supplementation in animal diet,
- chelated minerals
- role of mineral nutrition in animal diet
- portfolio of feed additives.
"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به"
Role of trace minerals in poultry nutrition
Difference between organic and inorganic source of trace minerals
Poultry nutrition
Mineral nutrition of livestock - chelated mineralsMichal Slota
Presentation content:
- key role of zinc supplementation in animal diet,
- chelated minerals
- role of mineral nutrition in animal diet
- portfolio of feed additives.
Formulating Diets for Groups of Lactating CowsDAIReXNET
Dr. Bill Weiss of The Ohio State University presented this material for DAIReXNET on February 26, 2015. For the full presentation, please visit our archives at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Minerals Deficiencies in Poultry Causes ,Effect & Treatment.A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus in the diet of young growing birds results in abnormal bone development even when the diet contains adequate vitamin D3 . A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus results in lack of normal skeletal calcification. Rickets is seen mainly in growing birds, while calcium deficiency in laying hens results in reduced shell quality and osteoporosis. This depletion of bone structure causes a disorder that is commonly referred to as “cage layer fatigue.” When calcium is mobilized from bone to overcome a dietary deficiency, the cortical bone erodes and is unable to support the weight of the hen. A deficiency of manganese in the diet of immature chickens and turkeys is one of the causes of perosis and of thin-shelled eggs and poor hatchability in mature birds (also see Nutrition and Management: Poultry: Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalances). It can also cause chondrodystrophy.
The most dramatic effect of manganese deficiency syndrome is perosis, characterized by enlargement and malformation of the tibiometatarsal joint, twisting and bending of the distal end of the tibia and the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus, thickening and shortening of the leg bones, and slippage of the gastrocnemius tendon from its chondyles. Elevated intakes of calcium and/or phosphorus will aggravate the condition due to reduced absorption of magnesium by precipitated calcium phosphate in the intestinal tract.
In laying hens, reduced egg production, markedly reduced hatchability, and eggshell thinning are often noted. Deficiencies of both iron and copper can lead to anemia. Iron deficiency causes a severe anemia with a reduction in PCV. In color-feathered strains, there is also loss of pigmentation in the feathers. The birds' requirements for RBC synthesis take precedence over metabolism of feather pigments, although if a fortified diet is introduced, all subsequent feather growth is normal. Iron may be needed not only for the red feather pigments, which are known to contain iron, but also to function in an enzyme system involved in the pigmentation process.
The liver is the central laboratory of a chicken’s body. It is essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in order to maintain a healthy bird. Understanding the metabolic function and causes of disruptions in liver functions helps us to provide the birds with the right feed and health treatment.
When we cut open the body of a chicken, the first organ that is most likely revealed is the liver. The message is clear. Nature wants us to examine the liver carefully before
proceeding to the other organs.The liver contains great functional reserve capacity, which is very important in domestic animals subjected to high production requirements. This organ adapts easily to different conditions by increasing the intensity of its functions.
Particularly in broilers, the liver has to cope with many challenges, including
high energy level feed, the addition of chemotherapeutics, coccidiostats
and others, whose desired metabolites must be maintained in equilibrium by hepatic homeostasis.Incidental treatments with highly hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic antibiotics
or sulfonamides pose serious risks and cause situations of difficult prognosis during a 40-45 day period in which the body acquires satisfactory muscular mass. What is the function of the liver and what might be the cause of malfunctioning?
Formulating Diets for Groups of Lactating CowsDAIReXNET
Dr. Bill Weiss of The Ohio State University presented this material for DAIReXNET on February 26, 2015. For the full presentation, please visit our archives at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Minerals Deficiencies in Poultry Causes ,Effect & Treatment.A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus in the diet of young growing birds results in abnormal bone development even when the diet contains adequate vitamin D3 . A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus results in lack of normal skeletal calcification. Rickets is seen mainly in growing birds, while calcium deficiency in laying hens results in reduced shell quality and osteoporosis. This depletion of bone structure causes a disorder that is commonly referred to as “cage layer fatigue.” When calcium is mobilized from bone to overcome a dietary deficiency, the cortical bone erodes and is unable to support the weight of the hen. A deficiency of manganese in the diet of immature chickens and turkeys is one of the causes of perosis and of thin-shelled eggs and poor hatchability in mature birds (also see Nutrition and Management: Poultry: Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalances). It can also cause chondrodystrophy.
The most dramatic effect of manganese deficiency syndrome is perosis, characterized by enlargement and malformation of the tibiometatarsal joint, twisting and bending of the distal end of the tibia and the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus, thickening and shortening of the leg bones, and slippage of the gastrocnemius tendon from its chondyles. Elevated intakes of calcium and/or phosphorus will aggravate the condition due to reduced absorption of magnesium by precipitated calcium phosphate in the intestinal tract.
In laying hens, reduced egg production, markedly reduced hatchability, and eggshell thinning are often noted. Deficiencies of both iron and copper can lead to anemia. Iron deficiency causes a severe anemia with a reduction in PCV. In color-feathered strains, there is also loss of pigmentation in the feathers. The birds' requirements for RBC synthesis take precedence over metabolism of feather pigments, although if a fortified diet is introduced, all subsequent feather growth is normal. Iron may be needed not only for the red feather pigments, which are known to contain iron, but also to function in an enzyme system involved in the pigmentation process.
The liver is the central laboratory of a chicken’s body. It is essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in order to maintain a healthy bird. Understanding the metabolic function and causes of disruptions in liver functions helps us to provide the birds with the right feed and health treatment.
When we cut open the body of a chicken, the first organ that is most likely revealed is the liver. The message is clear. Nature wants us to examine the liver carefully before
proceeding to the other organs.The liver contains great functional reserve capacity, which is very important in domestic animals subjected to high production requirements. This organ adapts easily to different conditions by increasing the intensity of its functions.
Particularly in broilers, the liver has to cope with many challenges, including
high energy level feed, the addition of chemotherapeutics, coccidiostats
and others, whose desired metabolites must be maintained in equilibrium by hepatic homeostasis.Incidental treatments with highly hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic antibiotics
or sulfonamides pose serious risks and cause situations of difficult prognosis during a 40-45 day period in which the body acquires satisfactory muscular mass. What is the function of the liver and what might be the cause of malfunctioning?
Title of this presention is minerals. which is very essential for human and it has a nutritional value, this presentation will cover all aspects of minerals in health.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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3. Introduction
Minerals are essential nutrients for all animals. They have a wide range
of activities and functions within the body, in metabolism, reproduction, the
immune system, growth, development and repair of various tissues.
Minerals are required in very small amounts in the diet and their uptake
from the digestive tract can be impaired by other dietary components or the
presence of ‘antagonists’.
Natural feedstuffs such as corn, wheat, soybean meal, etc. contain
essential trace elements, which are required by animals. But these trace
elements are often in a form which renders them unavailable to the animal.
4. For example, the availability of copper for absorption is heavily
influenced by molybdenum, sulphur and iron.
.
Presence of Anti nutritional factors
1. Phytate
2 . Oxalate
3. Mimosine
4.Gossypol
(Angel et al., 2002).
5.
6. Increased Excretion
In modern commercial practice trace minerals are being added to diets
with high safety margin, often exceeding requirements (Aksu et
al..,2012)
It was found that about 94%of Zn ingested by broiler chicken is excreted
(Mohanna and Nys,1997)
Fertilisation of soil with poultry manure introduces excess amount by
660% in comparison to plant requirements,and may cause phytotoxicity
((Mohanna and Nys,1998)
7. How to increase absorption
Complexing inorganic element with organic compound. This is called
‘Chelates’.
Chelates :
“firmly bind a metal ion with an organic molecule (ligand) to form a ring
structure”. The resulting ring structure protects the mineral from entering
into unwanted chemical reactions.
Naturally occurring chelates :
Chlorophyll's
Cytochrome
Haemoglobin
Vitamin B12
8. • In Chelation, chelating ligand furnishes at least two donor groups to combine with the
metal.
• One of the donor groups generally comes from an amino group (NH2), forming a
complex covalent bond.
• The other donor group should come from the carboxyl group, (COOH), and forms an
ionic bond.
• A minimum of two donor ligands must be used.
Metal Chelate
9. what exactly happens
Inorganic mineral
Typically in oxide or sulfide form,
Ionized in the stomach’s Ph
The electrically charged forms of the minerals
Reacts with other products of digestion. .
10. How chelates are absorbed
Chelates are stable, electrically neutral complexes, which protect trace
minerals from chemical reactions during digestion that would render the
mineral unavailable to the animal.
Complexes with naturally occurring organic ligands must form if
absorption is to occur. However, the formation of insoluble, unavailable
substances may also result, especially in the small intestine, when
pancreatic bicarbonate restores a higher, more neutral ph.
Added minerals precomplexed with organic ligands thus are used to
increase bioavailability and uptake. The chelated mineral reaches the
plasma intact and separates at the site of action.
11. How to prepare a chelate
By reaction
mineral salt +
enzymatically prepared Amino acid/ peptide
Controlled
condition
Ligand bind the metal atom at one or more point
Form Ring
12. Technology for preparation of chelated minerals
Hydrolysis of Protein
Separation by centrifuge
and ultrafiltration
Chelation process
Removal of unbound mineral
Drying, grinding and storage
Dinhh and Aruna Chhabra, 2003
13. A true chelate that is stable requires at least five bonds which form a ring.
The mineral must be bonded in the chelate ring by two of the elements of
the ligand
It must have a molecular weight that is less than 1500 daltons in order to
penetrate the body cell membranes as an intact chelate.
Stability of the chelate compared to analogus complexes is known as
chelating effect
(Stancev et al..,2004)
A Chelate must have these properties:
15. Complexation and Chelates
Metalic ion + Ligand Complex
complex may be as simple as only one bond
Or complex contain many bond - Chelates
Cu2 + NH3 [Cu (NH3)2 + NH3
(Lewis acid) (Lewis base)
Metal Complex Cu
NH3
16. Metal (specific amino acid) Complex – The product resulting from
complexing a soluble metal salt with a specific amino acid. Minimum metal
must be declared, When used as a commercial feed ingredient, it must be
declared as a specific metal, i.e copper lysine complex, zinc lysine
complex etc.
Classification of organic minerals
Examples are:
Copper lysine complex
Zinc lysine complex
Ferric methionine complex
Manganese methionine complex
Zinc methionine complex
17. – Product resulting from complexing of a soluble metal salt (such as
copper or manganese, etc) with an amino acid(s). Minimum metal
content must declared when used as a commercial feed ingredient.
Metal Aminoacid Complex
Examples are:
• Copper amino acid complex
• Zinc amino acid complex
• Magnesium amino acid complex
• Iron amino acid complex
• Calcium amino acid complex
• Potassium amino acid complex
• Manganese amino acid complex
18. Metal Aminoacid Chelate – From the reaction of a metal ion from a
soluble metal salt with amino acids, with a mole ratio of one mole of metal
to one to three (preferably two) moles of amino acids to form coordinate
covalent bonds.
Amino acids molecular weight must be approximately 150. The minimum
metal content must be declared.
Examples are:
Calcium amino acid chelate
Cobalt amino acid chelate
Copper amino acid chelate
Iron amino acid chelate
Magnesium amino acid chelate
Manganese amino acid chelate
Zinc amino acid chelate
19. Metal proteinate
The product resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with partially
hydrolyzed protein. It must be declared as a ingredient as the specific metal
proteinate.
Examples are:
Copper proteinate
Zinc proteinate
Magnesium proteinate
Iron proteinate
Cobalt proteinate
Manganese proteinate
Calcium proteinate
20. Metal Polysaccharide Complex
The product resulting from complexing of a soluble salt with a polysaccharide solution
declared as a ingredient as the specific metal complex
Examples are:
Copper polysaccharide complex
Iron polysaccharide complex
Zinc polysaccharide complex
Magnesium polysaccharide complex
21. Use of chelates in Animal Nutrition
Main Objectives :
1. Reduction of antagonism, interferences and competition among
minerals.
2. Improve the bioavailability of minerals
3. Counteract antinutritional factors, which affecting minerals
4. Performance improvement.
5. Advantagenious especially during times of high nutritional demand,
such as pregnancy, weaning, or other reproductive stress, rapid
growth, environmental stress or health stress.
.
22. 5.Health improvement (immune status, functional nutrition)
6. over all animal welfare
7. Improvement in animal products quality
8. Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals on vitamins in premixes
and feed.
9. Protect environment by reducing metal pollution.
23. The activity of GSH, GSH-Px, SOD and MDA increased gradually with
the organic minerals
A number of feeding trials under practical conditions have shown
significant benefits in the performance of livestock (improvement in
liveweight and feed conversion ratio, better egg yolk quality (poultry),
increased milk yield and improved milk composition (dairy animals), and
overall improvement on egg production and egg hatchability (breeder
hens)
The milk yield and fat corrected milk (FCM) were significantly
increased (P < 0.05) for both the ZnMet rations compared with inorganic
Zn ra-tion.
24. Greater bioavailability compared to
inorganic trace minerals
Studies from the University of Florida compare different organic zinc products with
each other and a control.
In the first study,
• KeyShure zinc was the only zinc source that was significantly more bioavailable
than zinc sulfate ( Cao et. al. 2000. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2039-2054)
In a second study
• The comparisons were based on zinc deposition in bone and the concentration of
intestinal cell enzymes associated with zinc uptake
(Cao et al. 2002. Animal Feed Science and Technology 101:161-170) .
25. Reduced Excretion
• Improved mineral retention and benefits to the environment:
• Research papers have shown that chelated minerals, once absorbed, have
higher retention in body tissue.
• Keyshure organic zinc was shown to be retained better than zinc oxide in
bone and mucosa of poultry (J. Animal Science 2000
78: 2039).
• We can lower the supplementation of trace minerals in the diet and thereby
lower excretion and environmental contamination,
(Creech B. L., et al Journal of Animal Science 2004)
.
26. Manganese (HMTBa)2was about 150% as available as the manganese from
manganous oxide
(Dibner, et al., 2004; Yan and Waldroup, 2006)
28. Influence of inorganic forms of microelements and bioplex on shell quality
and capacity of laying hens
Indicator of the production Inorganic Organicbioplex(cu,mn,zn)
Egg mass, g 62.25 62.75
Shell mass, g 5.71 5.90
Shell thickness,mm 0.361 0.366
Cracked eggs,% 3.56 2.98
Laying, % 8O.13 210
Shell firmness, N 29.45 29.99
Yildiz et al., 2011; Ao and Pierce, 2013; Invernizzi et al., 2013
29. Influence of inorganic forms of microelements and bioplex on
production parameters of heavy line parents
Features Inorganic Organic- bioplex(Ca,Zn, Mn)
Total productionof egg/hen 109.5 110.96
Eggs for incubation/hen 98.33 101.27
Consumption(kg/hen) 24.76 25.10
Eggfertility 86.80 87.39
Chicken/hen 85.35 88.50
El-Samee et al., 2012; Solomonand Bain, 2012;
30.
31.
32. Conclusion ;-
• Organic trace minerals offer a means of protecting and ensuring the
supply of minerals.
• Organic trace minerals permits a reduction of at least 33% in supplement
rates in comparison with inorganic minerals ,without compromising
performance.
• It can be used as immuno-stimulant but more data is needed.
33. Use of chelated minerals can reduce the excretion of minerals in faeces
and reduce detrimental effects of intensive poultry production in the
environment.
Use of chelated minerals in poultry nutrition is now established as a
better alternative to inorganic sources.
34. References
1. Chelated minerals in livestock nutrition by Roy, R. K. Misger,
F. A.
2. New generation of organic trace minerals: a considerable step
in the nutrition of farm animals.by I. Parker, D Keller, S.
3 . Chelated trace minerals benefit layer performance. By Parker, D
4 . Internet
