Bioavailability of Minerals in Livestock Feed and Feed Supplements

1. Sarang Shankar Vajpeyee
MVM 18006(ANN)
BIOAVAILABILITY OF MINERALS IN
LIVESTOCK FEED AND FEED
SUPPLEMENTS

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Classification
• Sources of minerals
• Inter relationship
• Mineral bioavailability
• Methodology
• Mineral interaction
• Conclusion
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3. INTRODUCTION - MINERALS
• Def : Inorganic elements find in the Earth’s crust are often referred to as
minerals
• Mineral elements are essential for the higher forms of animal life
(Underwood, 1981)
• Macro / Major minerals , Micro / Trace minerals , Ultra trace minerals &
Toxic minerals
• Some minerals are essential for health and productivity of animals
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4. Classification
Classification Minerals
Major Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S
Trace Cu, I, Fe, Se, Zn
Ultra trace B, Cr, F, Ni, V, Li, Mn, Mo, Si, Sn
Toxic Al, As, Hg, Pb, Cd
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5. Sources of minerals
• Feed & water
• Supplemental sources : Inorganic and organic
• Inorganic sources: carbonate, sulphate, oxide or
chloride salts.
• Bioavailability differs due to salt.
• Organic sources: often referred to as chelated minerals.
• However, the term chelated minerals may not be always
appropriate.
• Nano Minerals
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6. 07-04-2020 Sarang 5

7. INTRODUCTION - MINERALS
• Mineral requirements are relatively low and daily amounts range from a
microgram to one milligram
• They constitute about 3 per cent of body weight of animals (Reddy, 2001)
Either of their deficiency, imbalance, and toxicity severely inhibits both
production and reproduction in living being (Kumar et al., 2011)
• Minerals of soil reach animal body through plants (Baruah et al., 2000)
• Minerals play an integral role for the growth, production and reproduction
of both animals. Being structural components and a constituent of body
fluids and tissues, minerals act as electrolytes and catalysts in enzyme and
hormone system (Sharma et al., 2007)
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8. INTRODUCTION – MINERAL IMBALANCES
• Animals in the tropics suffer from mineral imbalances or deficiencies
(McDowell et al., 1993)
• In India livestock are maintained on grazing with little or
no supplementation of mineral mixture, except common salt (Garg et
al., 2005).
• Locally available feeds and fodder vary in mineral content and
mineral deficiency is an area specific problem
• A number of researchers in the world have reported a high incidence of
forage samples below critical levels for different mineral elements,
especially copper, zinc, cobalt, sodium and phosphorus (Miles and
McDowell, 1983; Underwood and Suttle, 1999; Garg et al., 2002)
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9. INTER RELATIONSHIP
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10. 07-04-2020 Sarang 9

11. 07-04-2020 Sarang 10

12. First basic law of nutrition:
No Nutrient Is
Absorbed And Utilized
To The full Extent That
It Is Fed
Steven Blezinger
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13. MINERAL - BIOAVAILABILITY
• The total quantity of minerals in feed ingredients does not accurately give
the proportion utilized by the animal at the tissue level (Kumar et al., 2015)
which is the bioavailable form
• The mineral content can be determined chemically whereas bioavailability
is much more difficult to be estimated (Singh et al., 2013)
• The majority of minerals are absorbed only minimally across the rumen
epithelium and they cannot be absorbed by the animal until they reach the
small intestine (Wright et al., 2008)
• Dissolved minerals in the reticulorumen, omasum, and abomasum can form
indigestible compounds with polyphenols, phytates, oxalates and some
sugars that pass into the manure as indigestible waste (Spears et al., 2003)
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14. MINERAL - BIOAVAILABILITY
• Diet factors like interaction between minerals, form or source of mineral,
particle size and digestibility of diet and animal factors like age, species and
breed determine the bioavailability of mineral from individual feed and
forage sources (Mirzaei, 2012)
• Indiscriminate usage of mineral supplements without determining the exact
mineral content of feeds and fodders and availability to an animal has made
difficulty in meeting the mineral requirements to the full extent (Wilson,
2014)
• Bioavailability of mineral from individual feed ingredients can be put to use
to prevent the addition of excess of minerals supplements and avoiding the
environmental pollution and also to reduce the cost involved in feeding
(Safdar and Kor, 2014)
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15. The fraction of the total amount absorbed that performs a function
Digestion
Absorption
Functional Site
Blood Transport
Membrane transport
Losses along
the way
Which is the most
critical phase for
minerals?
Intracellular movement
Liver and kidney excretion
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16. • The fraction of ingested nutrient that is utilized for normal
physiological function or storage (Jackson 1997)
• Bioavailability should not be considered as an inherent property or
characteristic of the material being assayed, but, rather, an
experimentally determined estimate which reflects the absorption and
utilization under conditions of the test
• The term “bioavailability” has been defined as the degree to which an
ingested nutrient in a particular source is absorbed in a form that the
nutrient is “available” at the tissue level rather than just at the dietary
level
BIOAVAILABILITY
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17. MINERAL BIOAVAILABILITY
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18. Methods For Estimation of Mineral
Bioavailability
S. No. Methods
1 Absorption Study
2 Net retention
3 Growth
4 Bone development
5 Essential compound or Enzymes
6 Tissue accumulation
7 Use of isotopes
8 Semi invivo method
9 Invitro method
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19. 07-04-2020 Sarang 18

20. DIETARY CONSIDERATION
• It is important that basal diets to be used in bioavailability assays are
nutritionally adequate to produce the desired response in the animal. In
tests in which the total dietary concentration of the mineral to be tested
is less than requirement
• In general, the wider the ratio of test element to basal diet element, the
more sensitive the test for measuring bioavailability
Methodology For Estimation of Mineral
Bioavailability
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21. • Absorption of a mineral element by an animal may provide an
estimate of its bioavailability. The mineral must be absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract, and the assumption is generally made that, once
absorbed, the element is available for storage or for use in various
physiological processes by the animal
ABSORPTION STUDY
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22. • Apparent absorption is used in the evaluation of sources of certain mineral
elements and is defined as total intake minus total fecal excretion of the
element. Values are usually expressed as a percentage of intake
• Apparent absorption = intake - total fecal excretion x 100
intake
• The difference between intake and excretion represents net disappearance of
the element from the gastrointestinal tract and does not correct for the
portion of the element present in feces that resulted either from abrasion of
mucosal cells or from excretion of the element back into the gastrointestinal
tract
APPARENT ABSORPTION
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23. •True absorption represents total intake minus total fecal excretion (tot.
fecal exc.) from which total endogenous has been subtracted.
•True absorption = Intake – (TFE– TEFE ×100)
Intake
•The value for true absorption is greater than that for apparent
absorption and is a more valid estimate of the amount of a mineral
element presented to body tissues for metabolic purposes
•Total endogenous fecal excretion can be estimated by use of an
appropriate radioisotope (Kleiber et al, , 1951; Underwood, 1981)
TRUE ABSORPTION
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24. • Urine is a major pathway of excretion for some minerals such as
magnesium, iodine, and potassium but is a minor pathway for others
such as manganese, iron, zinc, and copper.
• Urinary excretion is a useful indicator of absorption for magnesium
and potassium and other elements with similar excretion
characteristics
URINARY EXCRETION
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25. • Net retention, referred to as "net availability" by Underwood (1981) is
defined as total intake minus total excretion (total fecal plus total
urinary) of the element
• Collection of urine during absorption studies allows net retention to be
calculated
NET RETENTION
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26. • Growth response has been used as the primary criterion for determining
bioavailability of several macro and micromineral elements
• A disadvantage of growth rate assays lies in the fact that, for many
elements, the method requires use of semipurified diets which increases cost
and which also may yield results not entirely applicable when practical diets
containing natural ingredients are fed
• Growth response as a criterion for mineral bioavailability has been used
with larger domestic animals, but this method becomes less satisfactory
because of dietary and labor costs, length of feeding period required, and
general insensitivity of growth as a response criterion
GROWTH
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27. • Bone development, as usually measured by bone ash response in the
very young chicken, has been considered for years as one of the most
critical tests for estimating bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus
compounds
• In general, the bone of choice has been the tibia, and bone ash has
been expressed as either total tibia ash or as tibia ash concentration of
the dry, fat-free bone
• Bone ash and bone breaking strength (force required to fracture the
bone) have also been used widely in swine for phosphorus and also
calcium
BONE DEVELOPMENT
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28. • Functional assays for bioavailability in which the mineral element is
necessary for an essential compound (e.g., iron for hemoglobin and
cobalt for vitamin B12) have been used
• Measurements in tissues of selenium-dependent glutathione
peroxidase levels (Combs and Combs, 1986) and cytochrome C
oxidase activity as influenced by copper (Price and Chesters, 1985)
have been used as indicators for bioavailability of these two elements
ESSENTIAL COMPOUNDS OR ENZYMES
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29. • Accumulation of the mineral element in various target organs has been
used for many years as a response criterion
• Nesbit and Elmslie (1960), for example, indicated that biological
availability of iron and copper from various supplemental compounds
was related to tissue concentrations of the elements
TISSUE ACCUMULATION
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30. • Accumulation of radioactive or stable isotopes in appropriate target
organs or whole-body retention of an orally administered isotope have
been used to estimate absorption of mineral elements from dietary
ingredients
• Radioisotopes have been used more with food ingredients in tests
with laboratory animals than with feed ingredients for domestic
animals. Stable isotopes have been used to a limited extent in
measuring absorption by humans of mineral elements from foods
USE OF ISOTOPES
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31. • Reviews of methods for assessment of mineral utilization in humans and
laboratory animals, including the use of stable isotopes and intrinsic and
extrinsic labeling with radioisotopes, have been prepared by O'Dell (1984,
1985)
• Intrinsic labeling occurs when isotopes are introduced to plants or animals
and results in tissues being labeled. When the labeled plant or animal tissue
is fed, it is assumed that the isotope and stable element are utilized in the
same manner by the animal
• Extrinsic radioactive labels are usually added directly to the food or feed.
Extrinsic radiolabels have been used to measure absorption for several
mineral elements including zinc, iron and selenium
INTRINSIC & EXTRINSIC ISOTOPE
LABELS
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32. • Neutron activation of mineral compounds has been used to create
radioisotopes that can be used in measuring absorption
• However, isotopes other than those desired can also be produced, and
these isotopes can interfere with measurement of the appropriate
radioactivity. This has been a greater problem with less chemically
purified compounds, such as feed grade phosphates, which contain
greater quantities of contaminating elements (Ammerman et al., 1963)
NEUTRON ACTIVATION
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33. • Disappearance of mineral elements from feedstuffs suspended in the
rumen in nondigestible bags has been used as an indicator of potential
utilization by the animal (Enianuele and Staples, 1990)
• A further refinement of this technique involved removal of dacron
bags from the rumen, soaking them in HCI-pepsin for 1 hr to simulate
conditions in the abomasum, and reinserting them in a duodenal
cannula for collection later from the feces (Emanuele et al., 1989)
DISAPPEARENCE FROM BAG IN THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
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34. Solubility
• In vitro solubility of supplemental mineral sources in several solvents
has been used to estimate the degree to which the source would be
utilized by animals. Solvents have included water, .4% HCl, 2% citric
acid, neutral ammonium citrate, ruminal fluid, artificial ruminal fluid,
and abomasal fluid. Generally, in vitro solubility is a poor indicator of
in vivo bioavailability
INVITRO PROCEDURES
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35. INVITRO PROCEDURES
Cellulose Digestibility
• In vitro response of ruminal microorganisms to supplementation of
phosphorus ( Anderson et al. , 1956; Chicco et al. , 1965) and sulfur
(Spears et al., 1976, 1977; Guardiola et al., 1983) from various
sources as measured by cellulose digestion has been used as an
indicator of their relative bioavailability
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36. Supplement For Animals (Chopra, 2005)
Compound Minerals Present
Calcium carbonate 40 % Ca
Limestone powder 38.5 % Ca
Calcite powder 39 % Ca
Dolomite stone 22.3 % Ca 12.8 % Mg
Di calcium phosphate 23.3 % Ca 18.5 % P
Magnesium oxide 54-60 % Mg
Magnesium Cabonate 21-28 % Mg
Magnesium sulphate 9.8-17 % Mg
Zinc carbonate 52 % Zn
Zinc chloride 48 % Zn
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37. Cont…….Supplement For Animals
Compound Minerals Present
Zinc sulphate 22-36 % Zn
Potassium iodide 69 % I
Calcium iodate 63 % I
Copper sulphate 25 % Cu
Cupric chloride 37.25 % Cu
Cobalt sulphate 21 % Co
Cobalt chloride 24.7 % Co
Ferrous sulphate 26-30 % Fe
Sodium chloride 39 % Na 51 % Cl
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38. Indian J. Anim. Res., 52(5) 2018 : 730-734
Print ISSN:0367-6722 / Online ISSN:0976-0555
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE
www.arccjournals.com/www.ijaronline.in
Evaluation of bioavailability of selected minerals from Maize Germ Oilcake in
crossbred male calves
R. Dhinesh Kumar*, Neelam Kewalramani, Veena Mani, Shiva Gupta, Deepti Parihar and Anjila S.T. Kujur
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division,
ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India.
Received: 30-06-2016 Accepted: 22-12-2016 DOI:10.18805/ijar.B-3266
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine the bioavailability of selected minerals from Maize Germ Oilcake. Fifteen Karan
Fries male calves of 6-12 months of age were selected and given 1.3, 1.7 and 2.1 kg/d of maize germ oilcake (MGOC) along
with 1.7, 1.3 and 0.9 kg/d of wheat straw (WS) in three groups of 5 animals each for 21 days of adaptation period followed
by7 days of metabolism trial. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent
fibre (NDF) varied significantlybetween the groups. Apparent absorption values of Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium
(Mg), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo) and Zinc (Zn) for maize germ oil cake were
in therange of51.31-56.32%, 44.16-46.16%, 46.09-46.75%, 8.39-12.73%, 7.21-9.59%, 3.38-5.18%, 25.26-27.84%, 46.45-48%and
25.54-26.49%. Addition of maize germ oil cake at varying levels did not have variations in the apparent absorption of
minerals.
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39. Table 3: Apparent absorption and retention of minerals in calves fed with different levels of maize germ oil cake.
MineralsGroups Intake
Faeces
Outgo
Urine
Total outgo ApparentAbsorption (%) Retention Retention as % of
intake
Ca (g/d) G1 3.66±0.36 1.78±0.20 0.11±0.01 1.90±0.21 51.31a
±0.65 1.77±0.15 48.21a
±0.66
G2 3.25±0.60 1.45±0.28 0.11±0.02 1.56±0.30 55.35b
±0.41 1.69±0.30 52.12b
±0.50
G3 3.21±0.45 1.38±0.20 0.12±0.01 1.51±0.22 56.32b
±0.71 1.70±0.22 52.89b
±0.68
P (g/d) G1 4.31±0.43 2.32a
±0.17 0.17±0.02 2.49a
±0.19 46.16b
±0.70 1.82a
±0.15 42.22±0.73
G2 5.91±1.05 3.30b
±0.37 0.21±0.03 3.51b
±0.40 44.16a
±0.57 2.40b
±0.45 40.614±0.77
G3 5.01±0.85 2.72a
±0.30 0.19±0.04 2.91a
±0.34 45.66ab
±0.68 2.10ab
±0.33 41.87±0.85
Mg (g/d) G1 5.24±0.52 2.80±0.31 0.53±0.05 3.33±0.37 46.56±0.69 1.91±0.15 36.37±0.74
G2 6.01 ±1.06 3.24±0.55 0.64±0.12 3.88±0.67 46.09±0.35 2.13±0.38 35.44±0.80
G3 5.20±0.82 2.77±0.46 0.52±0.10 3.29±0.57 46.75±0.74 1.90±0.25 36.75±0.69
Fe (mg/d)G1 1448.48±84.03 1325.95±69.32 32.49±6.76 1358.44±63.13 8.39 a
±0.71 107.03±9.36 7.35±0.53
G2 1657.46±78.00 1507.21±75.41 29.74±6.47 1536.95±71.49 9.11 a
±0.34 109.5±9.46 6.59±0.40
G3 1107.64±93.38 966.19±80.21 43.77±11.65 1009.96±85.68 12.73 b
±0.35 97.70±16.13 8.84±1.28
Mn (mg/d)G1 316.22b
±40.75 293.57b
±38.09 11.71 ±1.50 305.28b
±38.61 7.21a
±0.18 10.94 ±2.67 3.31 ±0.62
G2 209a
±17.19 190.60a
±15.11 10.95 ±2.35 201.55a
±8.62 8.84b
±0.47 7.45 ±1.91 3.67 ±0.96
G3 243.53ab
±25.94 220.20ab
±23.52 13.04 ±2.59 233.25ab
±25.84 9.59b
±0.19 10.28 ±0.93 4.42 ±0.59
Co (mg/d)G1 1.23a
±0.042 1.19a
±0.38 0.009±0.006 1.20a
±0.002 3.38a
±.17 0.032a
±0.02 2.67a
±0.16
G2 1.71c
±0.038 1.63c
±0.049 0.012±.007 1.65c
±0.001 4.68b
±0.23 0.068b
±0.05 3.97b
±0.16
G3 1.48b
±0.056 1.4b
±0.039 0.012±0.01 1.41b
±0.001 5.18c
±0.32 0.066b
±0.05 4.37b
±0.33
Cu (mg/d)G1 20.06a
±1.77 14.31a
±0.63 0.62 ±0.32 14.31a
±0.63 25.26 ±3.39 5.12 ±0.96 22.29 ±2.31
G2 23.95a
±0.68 17.09ab
±1.28 0.94±0.18 17.09ab
±1.28 26.11 ±2.40 5.90 ±1.16 22.05 ±2.27
G3 30.77b
±4.81 21.03b
±3.58 0.95±0.26 21.03b
±3.58 27.84 ±4.77 8.78 ±2.37 23.93 ±0.04
Mo (mg/d)G1 2.18a
±0.06 1.09a
±0.09 0.32±0.08 1.42a
±0.04 46.45±4.89 0.76 ±0.09 30.34±2.57
G2 2.86ab
±0.27 1.44ab
±0.17 0.33±0.09 1.78ab
±0.26 47.75±2.12 1.08 ±0.01 36.04±3.93
G3 3.33b
±0.54 1.68b
±0.25 0.42±0.08 2.10b
±0.31 48.00±3.38 1.23 ±0.35 32.29±7.09
Zn (mg/d)G1 45.00a
±3.22 31.39a
±2.76 3.41±1.00 34.80a
±3.23 26.03±1.13 10.20 ±2.14 18.01±3.04
G2 80.22b
±13.83 60.73b
±11.86 4.54±2.97 65.27b
±12.73 25.54±3.10 14.95 ±3.70 19.0±2.38
G3 63.24ab
±4.75 43.72ab
±3.04 3.97±0.95 47.69ab
±3.78 26.49±1.69 15.54 ±1.12 19.98±1.40
abc
Means bearing different superscript in a column differ significantly (P<0.0
Volume52Issue5(May2018)
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40. Bioavailability of Minerals
• Dhinesh kumar et al., (2016) estimated apparent absorption values of
Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Mn and Zn from maize germ oil cake in
Karan Fries male calves. Apparent absorption values of Ca, P, Mg, Fe,
Mn, Co, Cu, Mo and Zn for maize germ oil cake were in the range of
51.31-56.32%, 44.16-46.16%, 46.09-46.75%, 8.39-12.73%,
7.219.59%, 3.38-5.18%, 25.26-27.84%, 46.45-48% and 25.5426.49%.
• The total intake and outgo of minerals were estimated by the
metabolism trial to estimate the mineral balance
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41. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 2015. 32 (4): 457-459
doi: 10.5958/2231-6744.2015.00018.3
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Bioaccessibility of Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium from
Different Oil Cakes
Indian Journal of
Animal Nutrition
R. Dhinesh Kumar, Neelam Kewalramani*
, Veena Mani, Shiva Gupta and Deepti Parihar
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to assess the bioaccessibility of major minerals (Ca, P and Mg) from
mustard, cottonseed and maize germ oil cakes in ruminant rations using three-stage in vitro technique. Rumen
liquor was collected from three male fistulated Karan-Fries calves. Release of P and Mg from oil cakes was the
highest (P<0.05) at intestinal stages but for Ca, it was highest at abomasal stage. Bioaccessibility of all the
nutrients were significantly (P<0.05) higher in mustard cake followed by maize germ oil cake and cottonseed
cake.
Key words: Bioaccessibility, Major minerals, Oilseed cakes
Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium
(Mg) are some of the major minerals involved in
various biochemical processes and bone formation.
However, total quantity of these minerals in feedstuffs
does not accurately reflect the proportion utilized by the
animal at the tissue level. In order to get a preliminary
idea about bioaccessibility of minerals from oil cakes,
the present in vitro study was designed which is less
expensive, faster and offer better controls of
experimental variables than human or animal studies
(Sandberg, 2005).
A three-stage in vitro experiment was conducted
to determine the ruminal, abomasal and intestinal
release of minerals from mustard cake, cottonseed cake
and maize germ oil cake using techniques described by
Tilley and Terry (1963) and Calsamiglia and Stern (1995).
Rumen liquor was collected from three male Karan-
Fries calves (BW 120 kg) fed wheat straw, oats fodder
and groundnut cake (NRC, 2001) through stomach tube
in pre-warmed thermos flask as a source of rumen
microbes. In the first (ruminal) stage, 0.5 g of finely
ground feed sample was incubated in 100 ml
Erlenmeyer flasks fitted with Bunsen valve with
buffered rumen liquor under anaerobic conditions for
48 h. In the second stage (abomasal), the microbial
activity was stopped by acidifying with 6 N HCl to pH
2.0 and then digested by incubating with pepsin for
*
Corresponding author E-mail: neelamjk@gmail.com
another 24 h. In the third (intestinal) stage, pH was
neutralized with NaOH and pancreatin solution and
incubated further for 6 h. After each stage, the contents
were removed and centrifuged. The supernatant and
residue were stored separately for further analysis. The
residue left was dried in hot air oven at 100°C overnight
and weighed. The modified method of closed system of
acid digestion of samples (EPA, 2001) was followed for
digestion of samples for mineral estimation using triple
acid mixture (HNO3: HClO4: H2SO4 in 3: 2: 1 ratio). P
content in feed and supernatant samples was estimated
(AOAC, 2005). Ca and Mg in all the samples were
estimated by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma
Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) ICAP
6000 Series. Bioaccessibilty of major minerals from in
vitro solubility technique was determined by following
formula:
Bioaccessibility (%) =
% Mineral present in soluble fraction × 100
% Mineral in test feed
Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA
(Snedecor and Cochran, 1989). The test of significance
among the different treatments was analyzed (SPSS,
2010).
The results on mineral composition of feeds have
been given in Table 1. The Ca, P and Mg contents were
the highest in mustard cake followed by cottonseed cake
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07-04-2020 Sarang 40

42. Table 1. Content of major minerals in different oil seed cakes (% DM basis)
Oil seed cake Mineral
Ca P Mg
Mustard cake 0.42c
±0.06 0.57b
±0.01 0.46b
±0.05
Cottonseed cake 0.12b
±0.03 0.30a
±0.07 0.22a
±0.03
Maize germ oil cake 0.03a
±0.01 0.27a
±0.02 0.17a
±0.06
a,b,c
Values with different superscripts in a column differ significantly (P<0.05)
and maize germ oil cake. These values are in the
normal range and corroborates with those of others
(Gowda et al., 2004; Arora and Kaur, 2005; NDDB,
2012).
The release of Ca was the highest (P<0.05) at
abomasal stage in all the feeds compared to ruminal
and intestinal stage (Table 2) which might be due to
decreased pH causing Ca to become associated with
the water soluble fraction (Grace et al., 1977).
However, bioaccessibility of P and Mg for different oil
cakes was the highest at intestinal stage (Table 2).
Among three cakes, the release of Ca, P and Mg was
highest in mustard cake followed by maize germ oil cake
and lowest in cottonseed cake. Singh (2013) reported
similar release rate of Ca, P and Mg across the three
stages i.e ruminal, abomasal and intestinal stages for
mustard cake but the values were slightly lower than
the present values. In sacco study conducted by
Emanuele and Staple (1990) also showed similar trend
of Ca, P and Mg release from different grasses (alfalfa,
limpograss, bahia grass, Bermuda grass and rhizome
peanut) but these values were higher than our values.
These differences might be due to the technique
employed and feeds used for the study.
It could be concluded that bioaccesssibility of Ca,
P and Mg was the highest in mustard cake followed by
maize germ oil cake and lowest in cotton seed cake.
Table 2. Bioaccessibility (%) of Ca, P and Mg from different feeds
Mineral Oil seed cake Ruminal Ruminal +acid Ruminal + acid
pepsin pepsin + pancreatin
Mean
Calcium Mustard cake 59.32Ab
±0.49 75.66Cc
±1.06 72.37Bc
±0.50 69.12±1.75
Cottonseed cake
Maize germ oil cake
54.98Aa
±0.01
56.11Aa
±0.55
69.40Ca
±0.76 64.87Ba
±1.02
72.50Cb
±0.54 68.14Bb
±0.56
63.08±1.51
65.58±1.7
Phosphorus Mustard cake
Cottonseed cake
80.39Ab
±0.47
78.34Aa
±1.23
86.23Bb
±0.78 87.10B
±0.16
82.21Ba
±0.62 85.40C
±1.07
84.57±0.77
81.98±0.88
Magnesium
Maize germ oil cake
Mustard cake
80.74Ab
±0.31
79.10A
±0.10
84.49Bb
±0.94 86.19B
±0.70
84.27B
±1.03 86.17Cc
±0.11
83.80±0.67
83.18±0.79
Cottonseed cake
Maize germ oil cake
77.88A
±0.58
78.09A
±0.15
82.42B
±0.29 83.37Ba
±0.37
83.05B
±0.38 85.08Cb
±0.46
81.22±0.62
82.07±0.73
Figures bearing different superscripts A,B
and C
in a row and a,b,c
and d
in a column differ significantly (P<0.05)
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07-04-2020 Sarang 41

43. Bioavailability of Minerals
• Dhinesh kumar et al., (2015) assess the bioaccessibility of major
minerals (Ca, P and Mg) from mustard, cottonseed and maize germ oil
cakes in ruminant rations using three-stage in vitro technique. Rumen
liquor was collected from three male fistulated Karan-Fries calves
• Release of P and Mg from oil cakes was the highest at intestinal
stages but for Ca, it was highest at abomasal stage. Bioaccessibility of
all the nutrients were significantly higher in mustard cake followed by
maize germ oil cake and cottonseed cake
07-04-2020 Sarang 42

44. • Muhammad Ayyub et al., (2017) reported that bioavailability of
cobalt methionine is more than inorganic salts in cattle and
buffalo After supplementing cobalt methionine complex, the
serum level of cobalt increased from 60.02±1.7 to 72.2±4.5,
52.3±2.5 to 63.4±2.03 and 56.1±0.9 to 67.1±1.4 µg/dl in
lactating, non-lactating and pregnant animals respectively
Bioavailability of Minerals
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45. • Linder, M.C. et al., (2002) reported that compared with monogastrics where
Cu is fairly well absorbed (30% - 75%), absorption in adult ruminants is
low, ranging from 1% to 10% of dietary Cu
• Warly et al., (2005) could be concluded that feeding beef cattle with 60%
concentrate and 40% palm oil fronds results in higher digestibility of
nutrients and improved bioavailability of minerals and reduces deficiency of
minerals. The concentrate consisted of rice bran, tofu waste and ex-decanter
solid waste from palm-oil processing, no mineral supplement was given in
this study. The apparent bioavailability of both macro and micro-minerals in
diet was significantly higher
Bioavailability of Minerals
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46. • A major source of dietary Fe for dairy cows is forage. Forages,
because of soil contamination, often contain more than 200 mg/kg of
Fe, which presumably should be adequate to meet or exceed a cow's
requirement for Fe (Underwood and Suttle, 1999). Soil Fe, however,
can have very low bioavailability (Hansen and Spears, 2009)
• Miller et al., (1995) showed that sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and
ethylenediamine dihydriodide are well utilized by animals as sources
of iodine
Bioavailability of Minerals
07-04-2020 Sarang 45

47. Bioavailability of Minerals
• Spears et al., (2003) reported dietary factors influencing Mn
bioavailability has received little attention, probably because Mn
deficiency is not considered to be a major problem in ruminants
• Suttle (2010) concluded that Mn absorption in ruminants may not be
affected by the presence of phytates, being higher than that usually
reported for monogastrics.
• Paiva et al., (2019) reported no difference was detected on Se
absorption and retention among inorganic and organic sources
07-04-2020 Sarang 46

48. Bioavailability of Minerals
• Mandal et al., (2008) reported that Zn was better retained when added
as Zn methionine than ZnO in lambs and heifers. However, the
observed improvement was not due to higher absorption but to a lower
urinary Zn excretion in animals receiving Zn methionine
07-04-2020 Sarang 47

49. Bioavailability of Minerals
• Deepak Kumar et al., (2017) compare the effect of inorgnic and
chelated mineral mixture in buffalo calves. It was concluded that the
increased level of Cu, Zn, Mn, Co and Fe in the serum of the buffalo
calves supplemented with chelated minerals might be due to the higher
bio-availability of these elements from chelated as compared to
inorganic mineral mixture
• The feed conversion ratio as well as feed conversion efficiency of
calves was improved when their concentrate mixture was
supplemented with chelated minerals as compared to inorganic
mineral mixture
07-04-2020 Sarang 48

50. Bioavailability of Minerals
• Bhanderi et al., (2013) collected samples of green fodder, dry fodder,
concentrate ingredients and the compound cattle feed (concentrate mixture)
from all over the surveyed area. Green samples were dried in oven at 800C
for 24 hours and subsequently ground (1mm). Ground samples of
concentrate and fodder were stored in airtight bags until analysis
• All the samples were analyzed for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P),
magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), sodium (Na), potassium (K), copper (Cu),
zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se) and
molybdenum (Mo), using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission
Spectrometer
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51. Mineral interaction
• Interaction among minerals can also affect bioavailability of minerals
• The term interaction is defined by O’ Dell (1997) as interrelationships
among mineral elements as revealed by physiological or biochemical
consequences. There are two major class of interactions
• Positive or Synergistic
• Negative or Antagonistic
07-04-2020 Sarang 50

52. Synergism
• At the gastrointestinal tract :(a) due to direct interaction between
elements (Ca with P, Na with Cl, Zn with Mo), the level of absorption
enhances provided the elements are at proper ratio
• Due to indirect interaction by stimulating the growth and activity of
the microflora in the fore stomach and in the intestine by some specific
minerals such as cobalt causes intensification of microbial biosynthetic
processes
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53. Antagonism
• Inhibition of absorption of some elements by others in the digestive
tract may proceed by the following mechanisms:
• Excess presence of Mg in the diet may form complex magnesium
phosphate affect the absorption of both the elements, similarly reaction
between Cu and sulphur makes another complex compound, formation
of the triple Ca-P-Zn salt in the presence of high Ca in the diet is
another example which renders absorption
• Some elements when in excess may get adsorbed on the surface of
colloidal Particles such as fixation of Mn and Fe on particles of
insoluble magnesium or aluminium salts affects absorption
07-04-2020 Sarang 52

54. Antagonism
• Direct interaction of simple and complex inorganic ions (e.g copper-
molybdenum)
• Competition between ions for the active centres in the enzyme systems
(Mg2+ and Mn2+ in metallo-enzyme complex of alkaline
phosphatase, cholinesterase, enolase etc.)
• Competition for the bond with the carrier substance in the blood ( iron
competing with zinc for the bond with plasma transfferin – a globulin
that binds two atoms of iron and that serves to transport iron in the
blood)
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55. TANUVAS SMART Mineral Mixture
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56. Four different sets of TANUVAS SMART Mineral mixture
TANUVAS SMART Mineral Mixture
07-04-2020 Sarang 55

57. • Dietary factors that affect bioavailability of minerals differ greatly
between ruminants and non-ruminants.
• In ruminants, microbial digestion in the rumen and reticulum precedes
mammalian digestion in the abomasum and small intestine.
• Ruminant diets are usually high in fibre, and considerable digestion of
fibre occurs via microbial fermentation in the rumen.
• The pH in the rumen environment is only slightly acidic (6.0–6.8), and
in the rumen, many trace minerals exist largely in an insoluble form
FACTORS AFFECTING TRACE MINERAL
BIOAVAILABILITY IN RUMINANTS
07-04-2020 Sarang 56

58. • Mineral content in green vegetation depends on physical and
chemical properties of soil, soil erosion, cropping pattern,
fertilizers and chemicals application, species and genetic
differences among plants, stage of growth, presence of other minerals
etc
• Knowing the mineral status of locally available feedstuffs is essential
because locally available feeds and fodder are varying in mineral
content and mineral deficiency is an area specific problem
CONCLUSION
07-04-2020 Sarang 57

59. CONCLUSION
• Minerals in feed and fodder is decreasing due depletion of minerals
from soil, so it is very necessary to add mineral mixture to the diet of
animal to overcome any kind of disorder due to mineral deficiency
• Understanding the bioavailability of various mineral sources effective
mineral mixture supplementation can be provided
• Organic and nano minerals can be used because they have more
bioavailability and efficacy
07-04-2020 Sarang 58

61. References
• Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle. 1999. The mineral nutrition of
livestock. 3rd edition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
• O'Dell, B. L. 1984. Bioavailability of trace elements. Niilr. Rev. 42:301
• Reddy, D.V., 2001. Principles of animal nutrition and feed technology.
Oxford and IBH Publishing
• Sharma, M., Josh, C., Das, G. and Hussain, K., 2007. Mineral nutrition
and reproductive performance ofthe dairy animals: a review. Indian
Journal ofAnimal Sciences, 77(7) :599-608
07-04-2020 Sarang 60

62. References
• Garg, M.R., Bhanderi, B.M. and Sherasia, P.L., 2002. Trace minerals
status of feeds and fodders in Junagadh district of Gujarat. Indian
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• Garg, M.R., Bhanderi, B.M. and Sherasia, P.L., 2005. Assessment of
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• Underwood, E.J. and N.F. Suttle. 1999. The mineral nutrition of
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63. References
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64. References
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65. References
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