Role of amyloidosis in dementia for animals
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Role of amyloidosis in dementia for animals
- 2. Dementia?
- 3. Causes: • Neuron death is the main cause of dementia. • Some causes of dementia are treatable. These include: • Head injury • Brain tumors • Infections (such as meningitis, HIV / AIDS, or syphilis) • Hydrocephalus • Hormonal disorders • Metabolic disorders • Hypoxia • Nutritional (i.e vitamin) deficiencies • Drugs
- 4. Unfortunately, most disorders associated with dementia are progressive, degenerative , and irreversible. The two major degenerative causes of dementia are, Alzheimer's disease (the progressive loss of nerve cells without known cause) and Vascular dementia (i.e. loss of brain function due to a series of small strokes).
- 5. Dementia in Wild Animals: Wild animals can show physical deterioration like arthritis, some cognitive deterioration may occur in the wild, but anything as severe as dementia or Alzheimer’s would simply not allow them to last. Domestic Pets Susceptible On the other hand, domestic pets tend to live in safe environments and receive regular veterinary care. That means many cats and dogs live long enough to develop dementia.
- 10. Pathogenesis: Missense mutation in APP, PS1, or PS2 gene Increased Aβ42 production and accumulation Aβ42 deposition as diffuse plaques Microglial and astrocyte activation (Complement factors, cytokines etc)
- 11. Progressive synaptic and neuritic injury Altered neuronal ionic homeostasis; oxidative injury Altered kinase /phosphatase activities Widespread neuronal dysfunction and cell death Dementia
- 12. Signs & Symptoms: Dogs: Cats: Yowling at random times of day • Acting disoriented, • Walking in circles, or • Staring into corners or [at] the wall Other symptoms include • Aggression • Changes in sleeping patterns • loss of interest in family members • Inability to control urination or defecation
- 14. Diagnostic tests: • Psychiatric assessments. • Mental status examination and neuro psychological assessment. • Laboratory tests. • Brain imaging . * CT scan * MRI • CSF Examination
- 15. References: • Vivekanandan S, Brender JR, Lee SY, Ramamoorthy A (Jul 2011). "A partially folded structure of amyloid-beta(1-40) in an aqueous environment". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 411 (2): 312–6. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.133. PMC 3148408Freely accessible. PMID 21726530. • Nussbaum JM, Seward ME, Bloom GS (Jan–Feb 2013). "Alzheimer disease: a tale of two prions". Prion. 7 (1): 14–9. doi:10.4161/pri.22118. PMC 3609044Freely accessible. PMID 22965142. • Pulawski W, Ghoshdastider U, Andrisano V, Filipek S (Apr 2012). "Ubiquitous amyloids". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 166 (7): 1626–43. doi:10.1007/s12010-012-9549-3. PMC 3324686Freely accessible. PMID 22350870. • Tharp WG, Sarkar IN (April 2013). "Origins of amyloid-β". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 290. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-290. PMID 23627794. • Hiltunen M, van Groen T, Jolkkonen J (2009). "Functional roles of amyloid- beta protein precursor and amyloid-beta peptides: evidence from experimental studies". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 18 (2): 401–12. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-1154. PMID 19584429. • Sadigh-Eteghad S, Talebi M, Farhoudi M, EJ Golzari S, Sabermarouf B, Mahmoudi J (2014). "Beta-amyloid exhibits antagonistic effects on alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in orchestrated manner". Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas. 8: 48–52.
Editor's Notes
- Neuron death is the main cause of dementia. Some causes of dementia are treatable. These includhead injury, brain tumours, infections (such as meningitis, HIV / AIDS, or syphilis), simple and normal pressure hydrocephalus (i.e. when the fluid in which the brain floats is collecting outside or in the cavities of the brain, compressing it from outside), hormone disorders (i.e. that is, disorders of hormone-secreting and hormone-regulating organs such as the thyroid gland), metabolic disorders (i.e. such as diseases of the liver, pancreas, or kidneys that disrupt the balances of chemicals in the blood), hypoxia (i.e. poor oxygenation of the blood), nutritional (i.e. vitamin) deficiencies, drug abuse, or chronic alcoholism1. Unfortunately, most disorders associated with dementia are progressive (inducing a gradual decline of functioning), degenerative (i.e. getting steadily worse over time), and irreversible. The two major degenerative causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease (the progressive loss of nerve cells without known cause) and vascular dementia (i.e. loss of brain function due to a series of small strokes).
- amyloid precursor protein (APP)
- In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. It is a type of nonsynonymous substitution.