The Alfalfa deep rooting pattern is highly beneficial to hold soil in place. A canopy of alfalfa quickly covers the soil, protecting the soil from wind and water erosion. The dense vigorous alfalfa canopy shades these weeds and frequent cutting prevents weed seed production. Many crops must be cultivated several times per year to remove weeds. One of the key values of alfalfa is its ability to ‘fix’ nitrogen gas (N2) from the air so that N is available for plant growth. Available N is very limited in the Earth’s crust and is frequently deficient in plants. Nitrogen is a basic building block for plant proteins, and for human protein nutrition. Alfalfa canopies provide an effective cover for many species for feeding, sleeping, nesting, or escaping predators. There is a wide range of insects, both herbivores and predators that are present in large populations in alfalfa fields. High water absorption and deep roots also make it a valuable crop to manage water tables. Roots can efficiently degrade petroleum products and carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Alfalfa can be used for the effective recycling of many different types of organic wastes. It is naturally derived and an evolved product of the Earth, the benefits that arise from using it are abundant. The alfalfa plant is naturally high in many essential vitamins (A, D, E, vitamin B) and minerals.
The document describes the Sahelian Eco-Farm (SEF), an integrated agriculture system designed to address multiple constraints facing rain-fed agriculture in Africa. The SEF incorporates trees, shrubs, and annual crops to provide soil erosion control, increase soil fertility, improve water use efficiency, diversify income sources, and provide more consistent labor and animal feed. Initial research results on components of the SEF, including using Acacia seeds in poultry feed and Jatropha oil as a cowpea pesticide, suggest it has potential to improve yields, incomes, and the sustainability of agriculture in the Sahel region.
How to save Acacia tortilis and PPrimula boveana from extinction?Muslima7
- Primula boveana (Sinai primrose) is an endemic plant species found only in small subpopulations in South Sinai, Egypt. It has experienced a sharp decline in recent decades due to factors like climate change, reduced water availability, and human impacts. Conservation efforts are urgently needed and should focus on both ex-situ and in-situ strategies like seed banking, artificial propagation, habitat restoration, and education. Addressing issues like low genetic variation and gene flow between subpopulations will also be important for long-term survival of this threatened species.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Acid Soil Properties and Sorghum ...Premier Publishers
Acidic soils limit the production potential of sorghum crop because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) in exchangeable forms at Assosa. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of acid soil properties and sorghum to lime and Phosphorus fertilizer around Assosa area during 2012-2015 cropping seasons. Five levels of lime (0, 1.88, 3.76, 5.64 and 7.52 t ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications.Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P≤0.05) affected head weight, straw and grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained from 5.65 t lime ha-1with application of 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 7.54 t lime ha-1with application of 0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. The partial budget analysis also indicted that 1.88 t lime ha-1 along with 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives higher net benefits. Therefore, the management of P- deficient acid soils of Assosa area requires combined applications 1.88 t lime ha-1with application of 23 kg P2O5 ha-1.
This document discusses weed interference and competition in crops. It defines key terms like interference, competition, critical period of weed competition, and weed shift. It explains that competition is the struggle for limited resources like water, nutrients, light and space between crops and weeds. The critical period is when maximum competition occurs. Environmental, crop and weed factors influence competition. Weed shifts occur when management does not control the entire weed community. Rotating herbicides and using proper rates and timing can help prevent shifts in weed populations.
This document discusses drought stress in rice. Rice is an important staple food worldwide but most varieties are susceptible to drought stress. Drought reduces rice crop growth and yield by closing stomata, reducing photosynthesis and transpiration, and ultimately killing plant cells. The reproductive growth stage is more vulnerable to drought effects like reduced spikelet fertility and grain production. Breeding for drought tolerance focuses on traits like deep roots, leaf rolling, and early maturation to escape drought conditions. Management strategies include improving soil water retention and providing irrigation during flowering.
The document describes the Sahelian Eco-Farm (SEF), an integrated agriculture system designed to address multiple constraints facing rain-fed agriculture in Africa. The SEF incorporates trees, shrubs, and annual crops to provide soil erosion control, increase soil fertility, improve water use efficiency, diversify income sources, and provide more consistent labor and animal feed. Initial research results on components of the SEF, including using Acacia seeds in poultry feed and Jatropha oil as a cowpea pesticide, suggest it has potential to improve yields, incomes, and the sustainability of agriculture in the Sahel region.
How to save Acacia tortilis and PPrimula boveana from extinction?Muslima7
- Primula boveana (Sinai primrose) is an endemic plant species found only in small subpopulations in South Sinai, Egypt. It has experienced a sharp decline in recent decades due to factors like climate change, reduced water availability, and human impacts. Conservation efforts are urgently needed and should focus on both ex-situ and in-situ strategies like seed banking, artificial propagation, habitat restoration, and education. Addressing issues like low genetic variation and gene flow between subpopulations will also be important for long-term survival of this threatened species.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Acid Soil Properties and Sorghum ...Premier Publishers
Acidic soils limit the production potential of sorghum crop because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) in exchangeable forms at Assosa. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of acid soil properties and sorghum to lime and Phosphorus fertilizer around Assosa area during 2012-2015 cropping seasons. Five levels of lime (0, 1.88, 3.76, 5.64 and 7.52 t ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications.Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P≤0.05) affected head weight, straw and grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained from 5.65 t lime ha-1with application of 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 7.54 t lime ha-1with application of 0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. The partial budget analysis also indicted that 1.88 t lime ha-1 along with 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives higher net benefits. Therefore, the management of P- deficient acid soils of Assosa area requires combined applications 1.88 t lime ha-1with application of 23 kg P2O5 ha-1.
This document discusses weed interference and competition in crops. It defines key terms like interference, competition, critical period of weed competition, and weed shift. It explains that competition is the struggle for limited resources like water, nutrients, light and space between crops and weeds. The critical period is when maximum competition occurs. Environmental, crop and weed factors influence competition. Weed shifts occur when management does not control the entire weed community. Rotating herbicides and using proper rates and timing can help prevent shifts in weed populations.
This document discusses drought stress in rice. Rice is an important staple food worldwide but most varieties are susceptible to drought stress. Drought reduces rice crop growth and yield by closing stomata, reducing photosynthesis and transpiration, and ultimately killing plant cells. The reproductive growth stage is more vulnerable to drought effects like reduced spikelet fertility and grain production. Breeding for drought tolerance focuses on traits like deep roots, leaf rolling, and early maturation to escape drought conditions. Management strategies include improving soil water retention and providing irrigation during flowering.
Effects of plant competition on shoot versus root growth and soil microbial a...Nicola snow
This study investigated the effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition on plant growth in two different soil types - allotment soil and contaminated brownfield soil. Three plant species - Lolium perenne, Festuca ovina, and Trifolium pratense - were grown individually and together in both soil types. The results found that biomass production varied between species and was generally higher in allotment soil. Intraspecific competition increased biomass for some species but decreased it for others. Soil type affected root growth and self/non-self discrimination for some species but not others. Overall, the findings were inconclusive and more research is needed to better understand the impacts of competition and soil contamination.
Effect of different phosphorus levels on growth and yield of wheat under wate...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg/ha) and water stress levels (well-irrigated, stress at reproductive stage, stress at vegetative and reproductive stages) on the growth and yield of wheat. Higher phosphorus application with optimum irrigation resulted in better growth. Higher phosphorus helped compensate for the negative effects of water stress. Stress at both vegetative and reproductive stages had a more severe impact than stress only at reproductive stage. Lower phosphorus and water stress led to reductions in plant height, tillers, spike length, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. Applying 120 kg/ha of phosphorus produced the best
This document provides an overview of weeds and weed management. It defines weeds as plants that grow where they are not wanted. Weeds can reduce crop yields through competition for water, nutrients, light and space. They propagate through seeds, vegetative reproduction and asexual means. Management involves prevention, eradication and control using cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods. The document also classifies weeds based on morphology, life cycle, habitat and other characteristics, and discusses their ecology and impact on agriculture.
This document provides an overview of the importance of the plant microbiome, specifically mycorrhizal fungi, for successful restoration of native Hawaiian forests. It discusses how the native plant microbiome differs from conditions in urban and disturbed areas. Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, helping with nutrient and water uptake, immune response, and nutrient cycling. The document emphasizes that mycorrhizal fungi, not just plant roots, are essential for nutrient uptake and survival of most native Hawaiian plants. Loss of native mycorrhizal fungi due to soil disturbance or invasive plants makes restoration more challenging. The document provides examples of how mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants and ecosystems. Proper understanding and
Priming of prosopis cineraria (l.) druce and acacia tortilis (forssk) seedsGJESM Publication
Composting of waste plant materials and its use in agriculture and landscape sites is an environmental friendly way of reducing waste material and conserving the environment. In this perspectives a survey has been performed at the Dubai based International Center for Biosaline Agriculture to compost the plants based waste material (lawn cuttings-grass) to compost. The material was inoculated with a consortium of microbes leading to form stable and mature compost with high organic matter (38%). In order to conduct seed germination tests, Fulvic acid was extracted from the compost. A pot experiment was conducted over a period of 30 days in the green house to study the effect of Fulvic acid on the seed germination, and plant growth of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Ghaff) and Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. Seeds of both trees were treated with Fulvic acid at 0.5% and 1% and water treatment was used as control. Generally seed germination and biomass were increased at both rates of fulvic acid. However, a pronounced increase was found in seed germination when fulvic acid was used at 1.0% (Prosopis cineraria 27%; Acacia tortilis 20% increase over control). Similarly biomass (shoot and root) of A. tortilis and P. cineraria was increase 34% and 94% respectively.
Hawai‘i Low Land Mesic Forest Restoration Manual (May 2015)HHFplanners
This manual has been produced as part two of a series on Hawaiian native ecosystem restoration. Part one of this series is the "Hawai‘i Native Plant Microbiome Manual."
The document discusses several topics related to forest and land management:
1. It defines conservation biology, uneven-aged management, even-aged management, intrinsic value, instrumental value, old-growth forest, second-growth forest, tree plantations, deforestation, and ecological restoration.
2. It notes that old-growth forests are found primarily in western US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia. Most of the world's forests are secondary growth. Clear-cutting increases soil erosion and sediment pollution.
3. Large reserves support more species diversity than small reserves. Population size determines environmental impacts, usually negative. Urbanization is a main cause of arable land and biodiversity loss.
The document discusses invasive species, providing examples of invasive plant species that have negatively impacted ecosystems in California. It defines invasive species as non-native species that cause harm by spreading rapidly and outcompeting native species. Some of the invasive plants discussed include iceplant, periwinkle, English/Algerian ivy, licorice plant, scarlet wisteria, various broom species, pampas grass, cotoneaster, yellow/purple starthistle, salt cedar, rush skeletonweed, white horsenettle, giant reed bamboo, barb goatgrass, perennial pepperweed, medusahead, Klamath weed, and hoary cress. Removal of invasive species is described as labor
Lecturenotes on weed sc matched with the syllabus of 2nd sem,1st yr in tsrdamarnab das
This document provides lecture outlines on weed management. It covers topics such as the definition of weeds, classification of weeds based on morphology and life cycle, propagation and dispersal of weeds, weed biology and ecology, crop-weed competition, methods of weed control, herbicides, weed management in various crops, and management of problematic weeds. The classification section discusses classifying weeds based on morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds, and the differences between monocots and dicots in terms of leaf shape, venation, herbicide retention, and root system.
Plants require essential nutrients for their growth and development that are mainly acquired from soil by their roots. Nutrient stress is an environmental condition that can seriously affect the production and quality of crop produce. Biofertilizers are the organisms (Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc.) that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. Plants have a number of beneficial relationship with such organisms. Among these AM-Fungi are ubiquitous and form a mutuality relationship with roots of most plant species.
1) The Ironton Rail Trail follows the path of an old railroad line that transported iron ore, coal, and limestone. It now serves as a hiking and biking trail that preserves local history.
2) The document discusses several invasive species found along the trail, including Crown Vetch, Japanese Beetles, Orange Day Lily, and Tuberous Sweet Pea, that threaten native plants and wildlife.
3) These invasive species were introduced from other parts of the world and spread aggressively, displacing native species and reducing biodiversity in the natural areas along the trail.
Landscaping with Native Plants - Great Lakes EPAFarica46m
The document provides information on using native plants for landscaping in the Midwest region of the United States, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. It discusses how native plant communities have been transformed over time and the benefits of using native plants, including providing habitat for wildlife, reducing water and pesticide needs, and saving money over time. It also provides examples of organizations that have implemented native landscaping and lists of native plant species well-suited for full sun, partial sun, and shaded conditions.
Bryophytes can serve as bioindicators of soil, water, and air pollution due to their simple structure and sensitivity. They absorb heavy metals and retain pollutants, allowing them to indicate the level of pollution in the environment. Specific bryophyte species tolerate or are sensitive to different types and levels of pollution, making them useful for monitoring changes. Bryophytes growing near water absorb and show effects of water pollution, while terrestrial bryophytes are impacted by air pollution levels and acidification. Their habitat and growth is altered in response to pollution.
Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts etc.
The defining feature of bryophytes is that they do not have true vascular tissue. Although some do have specialized tissues for the transport of water, they are not considered to be true vascular tissue since they do not contain lignin.
There are about 25,000 different species of bryophytes in the world today.
Even though these plants are small in size, they are one of the largest groups of land plants and can be found almost everywhere in the world.
Companion Planting - Biodiversity; by Sustainable Farming FundKailis35k
The document discusses the principles and benefits of companion planting, also known as intercropping. It describes how growing two or more crop species together can provide benefits like reducing pests and diseases, improving resource utilization, and increasing yields. Specific examples of beneficial plant combinations are provided, such as broccoli planted with mustard or cabbage planted with tomatoes. The document also discusses factors to consider in intercrop design and provides applicability of examples to different growing conditions.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a methodology for growing rice that can increase yields by 50-100% with fewer external inputs. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings singly and widely spaced, establishing good soil aeration through weed management, and optimizing water and organic matter. Field trials show SRI rice has larger root systems and outperforms conventional crops despite using less water and fewer chemicals. The document outlines many opportunities for further scientific study of the agronomic and biological processes that contribute to SRI's higher productivity.
2.weeds and weeds classification By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
There are over 30,000 weed species worldwide that can be classified in various ways. Weeds can be classified based on their life span as annual, biennial, or perennial. They can also be classified based on their root system as shallow rooted or deep rooted perennials. Other classifications include how they reproduce, their place of occurrence, the nature of their stem, their origin, and more. Classifying weeds allows for adopting targeted weed management methods for particular weed groups.
The document discusses crop weed competition and interference, explaining that competition occurs when the demands of crop and weed plants for resources like moisture, nutrients, light, and space exceed the available supply, and interference refers to the total detrimental effect of one plant species on another. It provides details on the different principles of crop weed competition including competition for nutrients, moisture, light, and space. It also discusses factors that affect crop-weed competition and interference such as weed and crop species, soil and climate conditions, and cropping practices.
Weed seeds that accumulate in soil form a seed bank that is the main source of future weed infestations. The seed bank consists of dormant and non-dormant seeds that determine weed pressure in crops. Weeds compete with crops for resources, reducing yields by up to 50% in some cases. They also harbor pests and diseases. However, weeds provide some benefits like soil conservation. Managing the seed bank is important for sustainable weed control, which can be done by preventing weed seed production and dispersal through practices like cultivation and herbicides. Limiting the seed bank reduces future weed populations and protects crop yields.
Effect of Stress on Selected Edible PlantsYogeshIJTSRD
Two edible plants Lablab purpureus of the Fabaceae and Cucumis sativus of the Cucurbitaceae have been studied by stress analysis. Salt stress is caused by excessive accumulation of salt in the soil, either directly because of salinization, or indirectly because of water loss. As a consequence, the soil water potential progressively decreases and eventually stopping the gradient of water flow from roots region to upper most part shoot and leaf . In this paper, both edible plant seeds are allowed to different stress conditions salt, dark and sugar . The different concentration of salt such as 10ppm, 25ppm, 50ppm, dark condition and 10ppm of sugar solution are used. Both plant seeds measurement was taken at the interval of 10 days. Generally first germination was seen within 3 days in a pot after sowing of seeds. In both plant, control pots showed normal growth of seeds. Treatments are shown the variation. Stress analysis is further confirmed by proline analysis. This paper revealed that stress analysis of entirely two different family members such as Lablab purpureus and Cucumis sativus M. Dhanasekaran | G. S. Nandhakumar | R. Thayalan "Effect of Stress on Selected Edible Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41314.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/botany/41314/effect-of-stress-on-selected-edible-plants/m-dhanasekaran
A Study of Paddy Crop Grown in Polluted Irrigated Waterijtsrd
This document summarizes a research article on the effects of polluted irrigation water on paddy crops. It discusses rice as a staple crop in Asia and introduces the objectives of the research study, which examines the morphological and cytological parameters of paddy crops. The document provides background on rice varieties commonly grown in India, including Basmati rice. It also reviews previous literature on water pollution and its impacts on agriculture.
Effects of plant competition on shoot versus root growth and soil microbial a...Nicola snow
This study investigated the effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition on plant growth in two different soil types - allotment soil and contaminated brownfield soil. Three plant species - Lolium perenne, Festuca ovina, and Trifolium pratense - were grown individually and together in both soil types. The results found that biomass production varied between species and was generally higher in allotment soil. Intraspecific competition increased biomass for some species but decreased it for others. Soil type affected root growth and self/non-self discrimination for some species but not others. Overall, the findings were inconclusive and more research is needed to better understand the impacts of competition and soil contamination.
Effect of different phosphorus levels on growth and yield of wheat under wate...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg/ha) and water stress levels (well-irrigated, stress at reproductive stage, stress at vegetative and reproductive stages) on the growth and yield of wheat. Higher phosphorus application with optimum irrigation resulted in better growth. Higher phosphorus helped compensate for the negative effects of water stress. Stress at both vegetative and reproductive stages had a more severe impact than stress only at reproductive stage. Lower phosphorus and water stress led to reductions in plant height, tillers, spike length, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. Applying 120 kg/ha of phosphorus produced the best
This document provides an overview of weeds and weed management. It defines weeds as plants that grow where they are not wanted. Weeds can reduce crop yields through competition for water, nutrients, light and space. They propagate through seeds, vegetative reproduction and asexual means. Management involves prevention, eradication and control using cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods. The document also classifies weeds based on morphology, life cycle, habitat and other characteristics, and discusses their ecology and impact on agriculture.
This document provides an overview of the importance of the plant microbiome, specifically mycorrhizal fungi, for successful restoration of native Hawaiian forests. It discusses how the native plant microbiome differs from conditions in urban and disturbed areas. Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, helping with nutrient and water uptake, immune response, and nutrient cycling. The document emphasizes that mycorrhizal fungi, not just plant roots, are essential for nutrient uptake and survival of most native Hawaiian plants. Loss of native mycorrhizal fungi due to soil disturbance or invasive plants makes restoration more challenging. The document provides examples of how mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants and ecosystems. Proper understanding and
Priming of prosopis cineraria (l.) druce and acacia tortilis (forssk) seedsGJESM Publication
Composting of waste plant materials and its use in agriculture and landscape sites is an environmental friendly way of reducing waste material and conserving the environment. In this perspectives a survey has been performed at the Dubai based International Center for Biosaline Agriculture to compost the plants based waste material (lawn cuttings-grass) to compost. The material was inoculated with a consortium of microbes leading to form stable and mature compost with high organic matter (38%). In order to conduct seed germination tests, Fulvic acid was extracted from the compost. A pot experiment was conducted over a period of 30 days in the green house to study the effect of Fulvic acid on the seed germination, and plant growth of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Ghaff) and Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. Seeds of both trees were treated with Fulvic acid at 0.5% and 1% and water treatment was used as control. Generally seed germination and biomass were increased at both rates of fulvic acid. However, a pronounced increase was found in seed germination when fulvic acid was used at 1.0% (Prosopis cineraria 27%; Acacia tortilis 20% increase over control). Similarly biomass (shoot and root) of A. tortilis and P. cineraria was increase 34% and 94% respectively.
Hawai‘i Low Land Mesic Forest Restoration Manual (May 2015)HHFplanners
This manual has been produced as part two of a series on Hawaiian native ecosystem restoration. Part one of this series is the "Hawai‘i Native Plant Microbiome Manual."
The document discusses several topics related to forest and land management:
1. It defines conservation biology, uneven-aged management, even-aged management, intrinsic value, instrumental value, old-growth forest, second-growth forest, tree plantations, deforestation, and ecological restoration.
2. It notes that old-growth forests are found primarily in western US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia. Most of the world's forests are secondary growth. Clear-cutting increases soil erosion and sediment pollution.
3. Large reserves support more species diversity than small reserves. Population size determines environmental impacts, usually negative. Urbanization is a main cause of arable land and biodiversity loss.
The document discusses invasive species, providing examples of invasive plant species that have negatively impacted ecosystems in California. It defines invasive species as non-native species that cause harm by spreading rapidly and outcompeting native species. Some of the invasive plants discussed include iceplant, periwinkle, English/Algerian ivy, licorice plant, scarlet wisteria, various broom species, pampas grass, cotoneaster, yellow/purple starthistle, salt cedar, rush skeletonweed, white horsenettle, giant reed bamboo, barb goatgrass, perennial pepperweed, medusahead, Klamath weed, and hoary cress. Removal of invasive species is described as labor
Lecturenotes on weed sc matched with the syllabus of 2nd sem,1st yr in tsrdamarnab das
This document provides lecture outlines on weed management. It covers topics such as the definition of weeds, classification of weeds based on morphology and life cycle, propagation and dispersal of weeds, weed biology and ecology, crop-weed competition, methods of weed control, herbicides, weed management in various crops, and management of problematic weeds. The classification section discusses classifying weeds based on morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds, and the differences between monocots and dicots in terms of leaf shape, venation, herbicide retention, and root system.
Plants require essential nutrients for their growth and development that are mainly acquired from soil by their roots. Nutrient stress is an environmental condition that can seriously affect the production and quality of crop produce. Biofertilizers are the organisms (Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc.) that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. Plants have a number of beneficial relationship with such organisms. Among these AM-Fungi are ubiquitous and form a mutuality relationship with roots of most plant species.
1) The Ironton Rail Trail follows the path of an old railroad line that transported iron ore, coal, and limestone. It now serves as a hiking and biking trail that preserves local history.
2) The document discusses several invasive species found along the trail, including Crown Vetch, Japanese Beetles, Orange Day Lily, and Tuberous Sweet Pea, that threaten native plants and wildlife.
3) These invasive species were introduced from other parts of the world and spread aggressively, displacing native species and reducing biodiversity in the natural areas along the trail.
Landscaping with Native Plants - Great Lakes EPAFarica46m
The document provides information on using native plants for landscaping in the Midwest region of the United States, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. It discusses how native plant communities have been transformed over time and the benefits of using native plants, including providing habitat for wildlife, reducing water and pesticide needs, and saving money over time. It also provides examples of organizations that have implemented native landscaping and lists of native plant species well-suited for full sun, partial sun, and shaded conditions.
Bryophytes can serve as bioindicators of soil, water, and air pollution due to their simple structure and sensitivity. They absorb heavy metals and retain pollutants, allowing them to indicate the level of pollution in the environment. Specific bryophyte species tolerate or are sensitive to different types and levels of pollution, making them useful for monitoring changes. Bryophytes growing near water absorb and show effects of water pollution, while terrestrial bryophytes are impacted by air pollution levels and acidification. Their habitat and growth is altered in response to pollution.
Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts etc.
The defining feature of bryophytes is that they do not have true vascular tissue. Although some do have specialized tissues for the transport of water, they are not considered to be true vascular tissue since they do not contain lignin.
There are about 25,000 different species of bryophytes in the world today.
Even though these plants are small in size, they are one of the largest groups of land plants and can be found almost everywhere in the world.
Companion Planting - Biodiversity; by Sustainable Farming FundKailis35k
The document discusses the principles and benefits of companion planting, also known as intercropping. It describes how growing two or more crop species together can provide benefits like reducing pests and diseases, improving resource utilization, and increasing yields. Specific examples of beneficial plant combinations are provided, such as broccoli planted with mustard or cabbage planted with tomatoes. The document also discusses factors to consider in intercrop design and provides applicability of examples to different growing conditions.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a methodology for growing rice that can increase yields by 50-100% with fewer external inputs. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings singly and widely spaced, establishing good soil aeration through weed management, and optimizing water and organic matter. Field trials show SRI rice has larger root systems and outperforms conventional crops despite using less water and fewer chemicals. The document outlines many opportunities for further scientific study of the agronomic and biological processes that contribute to SRI's higher productivity.
2.weeds and weeds classification By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
There are over 30,000 weed species worldwide that can be classified in various ways. Weeds can be classified based on their life span as annual, biennial, or perennial. They can also be classified based on their root system as shallow rooted or deep rooted perennials. Other classifications include how they reproduce, their place of occurrence, the nature of their stem, their origin, and more. Classifying weeds allows for adopting targeted weed management methods for particular weed groups.
The document discusses crop weed competition and interference, explaining that competition occurs when the demands of crop and weed plants for resources like moisture, nutrients, light, and space exceed the available supply, and interference refers to the total detrimental effect of one plant species on another. It provides details on the different principles of crop weed competition including competition for nutrients, moisture, light, and space. It also discusses factors that affect crop-weed competition and interference such as weed and crop species, soil and climate conditions, and cropping practices.
Weed seeds that accumulate in soil form a seed bank that is the main source of future weed infestations. The seed bank consists of dormant and non-dormant seeds that determine weed pressure in crops. Weeds compete with crops for resources, reducing yields by up to 50% in some cases. They also harbor pests and diseases. However, weeds provide some benefits like soil conservation. Managing the seed bank is important for sustainable weed control, which can be done by preventing weed seed production and dispersal through practices like cultivation and herbicides. Limiting the seed bank reduces future weed populations and protects crop yields.
Effect of Stress on Selected Edible PlantsYogeshIJTSRD
Two edible plants Lablab purpureus of the Fabaceae and Cucumis sativus of the Cucurbitaceae have been studied by stress analysis. Salt stress is caused by excessive accumulation of salt in the soil, either directly because of salinization, or indirectly because of water loss. As a consequence, the soil water potential progressively decreases and eventually stopping the gradient of water flow from roots region to upper most part shoot and leaf . In this paper, both edible plant seeds are allowed to different stress conditions salt, dark and sugar . The different concentration of salt such as 10ppm, 25ppm, 50ppm, dark condition and 10ppm of sugar solution are used. Both plant seeds measurement was taken at the interval of 10 days. Generally first germination was seen within 3 days in a pot after sowing of seeds. In both plant, control pots showed normal growth of seeds. Treatments are shown the variation. Stress analysis is further confirmed by proline analysis. This paper revealed that stress analysis of entirely two different family members such as Lablab purpureus and Cucumis sativus M. Dhanasekaran | G. S. Nandhakumar | R. Thayalan "Effect of Stress on Selected Edible Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41314.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/botany/41314/effect-of-stress-on-selected-edible-plants/m-dhanasekaran
A Study of Paddy Crop Grown in Polluted Irrigated Waterijtsrd
This document summarizes a research article on the effects of polluted irrigation water on paddy crops. It discusses rice as a staple crop in Asia and introduces the objectives of the research study, which examines the morphological and cytological parameters of paddy crops. The document provides background on rice varieties commonly grown in India, including Basmati rice. It also reviews previous literature on water pollution and its impacts on agriculture.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
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Lentils are an annual leguminous plant that is an important food crop. Lentils are the second most important legume crop in Bangladesh and are grown worldwide. Lentils are high in protein and nutrients. They improve soil quality through nitrogen fixation and carbon sequestration. Lentils have different varieties that vary in seed size, shape and color. They are commonly used in soups, stews and other dishes across Asia and Africa. However, lentil production may be threatened by increased drought and high temperatures due to climate change.
This chapter provides background information on the study. It discusses how plant growth depends on soil nutrients, and how prolonged nutrient uptake by plants depletes the soil. Organic manure can be added to replenish soil nutrients. The chapter then introduces Milicia excelsa, its uses, and how overexploitation has led to it being considered a threatened species. Seedlings of M. excelsa appear weak and have low survival rates. The study aims to determine if poultry manure can improve the growth and survival of M. excelsa seedlings. The hypotheses are that poultry manure will provide favorable conditions for seedling growth and development, while the null hypothesis is that it will not affect
This study evaluated the response of seedlings from five Faidherbia albida provenances (Taveta, Wangingombe, Lupaso, Kuiseb, and Manapools) to different watering regimes. The provenances showed significant differences in seedling height, diameter, and leaf number in response to water availability. Seedling height had the highest correlation with other growth variables. Genetic variation was highest for seedling height. Cluster analysis grouped the provenances into three clusters based on genetic distance, with the widest distance between clusters I (Manapools) and III (Taveta, Kuiseb, Lupaso), indicating potential for hybridization between provenances from these clusters.
MULTIFACETED POTENTIAL OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (WATER HYACINTH) LADENED WITH ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant that has spread widely and poses ecological issues. However, it also has potential value-added and therapeutic uses that could help address the invasion. It can be used for bioremediation to remove pollutants from wastewater. Its biomass can also be converted to biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol, providing renewable energy. Additionally, extracts from water hyacinth have shown therapeutic effects, though more research is still needed to fully understand its medical applications. Utilizing water hyacinth for these beneficial purposes could help curb its invasion while providing useful products.
The effect of cement as lime on rosette disease and cercospora leaf spot on g...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effect of applying cement as lime on rosette disease and cercospora leaf spot disease severity and their impact on groundnut yield. The study tested five rates of cement application (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 kg/ha) on 39 groundnut lines and found no significant influence on disease incidence or severity. However, some lines including ICGV 1954, ICGV 7445, and ICGV 10900 produced significantly higher yields and showed good resistance to the diseases. Therefore, the study concluded that cement cannot be used to control the diseases but farmers should plant resistant varieties for higher yields.
This document discusses a research proposal on the effect of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of carrots. A group of six students will investigate the optimal spacing between carrot plants and rate of nitrogen fertilizer application to maximize carrot growth and yields. The study aims to determine recommendations specific to the location in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, as nitrogen requirements can vary depending on soil type, cultivar, and environment. The literature review covers the importance of carrots as a crop and their morphology. The proposal seeks to address the problem of low carrot yields locally due to inappropriate fertilizer use.
Canopy effect of Prosopis juliflora on selected grass species by using soil a...Open Access Research Paper
Allelopathy effect of Prosopis juliflora canopy soil aqueous extracts on tropical grass species such as Cenchrus cillaris, Paspalidium desertorum and Lintonia nutans were tested under in vitro conditions. Leaf litter falling under canopy soil was collected and tested for allelopathic effects of soil aqueous extract under natural conditions. All the soil aqueous extracts showed significantly negative effects on both germination and seedling growth of test grass species. The results showed that seed germination percentage decreased with increasing the level of the concentration as well as canopy distance. In Cenchrus ciliaris grass species showed 41.64 and 28.56% reduction in seed germination with 5 and 10% soil aqueous extract respectively, in 0 to 3 meter canopy distance. Whereas, at the same concentration level, the seed germination percentage was 57 and 53% in 3 to 10 meter canopy distance. A similar trend of reduction in seed germination percentage was also noticed in Paspalidium desertorum and Lintonia nutans grass species. Moreover, this study revealed that seedling growth such as shoot and root length was significantly affected by canopy soil extracts at the highest concentration. The effect of 0 to 3 meter canopy soil extract was the highest, followed by 3 to 10 meter canopy soil extracts. Moreover, at low concentration canopy, soil aqueous extract showed less inhibitory effect as compared with higher concentration. It can conclude that Prosopis juliflora contains water-soluble allelochemicals capable of inhibiting selected grass species and Prosopis is not good for agro ecosystem and biodiversity.
7.Biodiversity & conservation agriculture A Presentation By Mr. Allah da...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses conservation agriculture and cultivation techniques. It defines conservation agriculture as a system using minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. The history of tillage dates back thousands of years as humans transitioned to agriculture along river valleys. Tillage was used to prepare seedbeds, control weeds in the early growth cycle of crops, release nutrients by exposing soil organic matter to air, incorporate crop residues and soil amendments, temporarily relieve compaction, and control some soil-borne diseases and insects.
This document provides an overview of turf culture and the role of grasses in horticulture. It discusses how turf establishes an essential role through benefits like soil and land stability as well as being a primary producer. It then describes the turf industry and defines turf culture as the management of grass growth atop soil for continuous maintenance. Various grass types and their characteristics are examined. The document also details the benefits of turf, common diseases that can affect turf, and best practices for turf maintenance.
Diversity of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated to Acacia seyal (Delile)...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Acacia seyal trees in semi-arid regions of Senegal with varying salt concentrations. Soil and root samples from three sites were used to establish trap cultures. Microscopic analysis identified 8 AMF morphotypes belonging to the Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae families. The diversity varied between sites, with 4 morphotypes found in the highest salinity site, 2 in the intermediate site, and 3 shared between soil and roots at the lowest salinity site. The study provides initial data on AMF species associated with A. seyal's
The paper mulberry was introduced to parts of Asia and Europe as an ornamental plant and for paper production, but has become highly invasive. It spreads quickly through root suckers and seeds, outcompeting native plants by consuming large amounts of water. In Pakistan, it is responsible for high pollen counts that cause serious allergies and deaths annually. Controlling and removing existing infestations costs the government hundreds of thousands of dollars every year. Prevention and early detection are the best ways to manage the invasiveness of paper mulberry.
This document provides an overview of weeds, including their characteristics, impacts, classification, propagation, and management. It discusses how weeds efficiently reproduce and spread, compete strongly for resources, and occupy disturbed sites. While weeds reduce agriculture and livestock productivity, they can provide some ecological benefits. The document outlines various weed classification systems and common propagation methods. It then describes several mechanical, cultural, biological, and chemical weed control techniques and integrated weed management.
The effect of Poultry manure on M. excelsa seedlingsPhilip Dugbley
This study examined the effects of different levels of poultry manure on the growth of Milicia excelsa seedlings. Seedlings were treated with 0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, or 3.6 kg of poultry manure. Height, number of leaves, diameter, and survival were measured every two weeks for 12 weeks. Results showed that higher manure levels increased height and number of leaves but not diameter. Survival was not significantly affected by manure level.
Review on Postharvest Handling Practices of Root and Tuber Crops.Premier Publishers
The root and tuber crops, including cassava, sweet potato, yams, and aroids, enjoy considerable importance as a vegetable, staple food, or raw material for small‐scale industries at a global level, particularly in the less developed tropical countries. The perishability and postharvest losses of root and tuber crops are the major constraints in the utilization of these crops. Several simple, low‐cost traditional methods are being followed by fanners in different parts of the world to store different root and tuber crops in the fresh state. An account of different storage practices and constraints is reviewed in this article. Some of these methods have been studied and evaluated by different research workers. Several modern techniques, including refrigerated cold storage, freezing, chemical treatments, wax coating, and irradiation, for storing fresh tropical tubers are also reviewed. The pre‐ and postharvest factors to be considered for postharvest storage of different root and tuber crops are incorporated into the review.
Similar to Role of alfalfa in natural environment | Jbes vol-15-no-4-p-25-31 (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study surveyed amphibian diversity in the 200 ha Biodiversity Conservation Area of the Soubré hydroelectric dam in southwest Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 14 amphibian species from 6 families and 8 genera were recorded. Most species were associated with savannah and degraded forest habitats. The assemblage was dominated by species tolerant of disturbed habitats. All species recorded are of least concern according to the IUCN. Monitoring of species ecology and habitat protection are recommended to conserve this area's amphibian diversity.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
This document describes a study that evaluated the effect of incorporating duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) into diets for male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Three experimental diets were tested: T0 (0% duckweed), T1 (5% dried duckweed powder), and T2 (70% T0 feed and 30% fresh duckweed). The results showed that fry fed diet T1 achieved the highest average weight, daily growth rate, and specific growth rate, though differences among treatments were not statistically significant. Diet T1 also resulted in the highest gross profit margin, demonstrating the potential of incorporating a modest amount of dried duckweed into tilap
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The document describes research evaluating 13 maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer infestation in Kassala State, Sudan over two growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design. Data was collected on various agronomic traits and yield. Results showed that genotypes STB.G11, STB.G10, STB.G4, STB.G6 and STB.G8 produced the highest yields ranging from 3,302 to 4,132 kg/ha and had promising yield component traits, indicating greater tolerance to stem borer infestation compared to other genotypes tested. Yield was identified as the most promising indicator of tolerance.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of climate change on wheat yield in three districts of Pakistan from 1999-2014 using remote sensing techniques. The study found wheat production fluctuated over this time period in all three districts. Some years had higher rainfall and temperatures led to lower yields, while other years with more optimal rainfall and temperatures produced higher yields. Overall, the data showed increasing rainfall trends but unstable wheat production in the districts. The study concluded that satellite remote sensing could help predict crop yields and manage food crises given changing climate conditions.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production in Kinondoni District, Tanzania. The study found that farmers perceived increased occurrences of floods, extreme temperatures, and drought. These events negatively affected crop production by damaging crops, causing low yields, outbreaks of pests and diseases, and drying of water sources. Farmers employed adaptation strategies like crop diversification, pesticide use, changing cropping patterns, irrigation, and replanting crops. The study recommends adopting new farming systems like vertical farming to improve output with limited land and water resources under climate change.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
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Role of alfalfa in natural environment | Jbes vol-15-no-4-p-25-31
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019
25 | Jogezai et al.
REVIEW PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Role of alfalfa in natural environment
Saqiba Jogezai1
, Muhammad Kamran Taj*2
, Farooq Shahzad2
, Abdul Wadood Khan1
,
Imran Taj2
, Shumaila Yasmeen1
, Najeeb Ullah1
, Saima Azam2
, Lalbibi2
, Bibi Sazain2
,
Syeda Ayesha Ali2
, Ashiq Hussain3
, Zohra Samreen3
1
Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
2
Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan,
Quetta, Pakistan
3
Bolan University of Medical and Health Science, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
Article published on October 30, 2019
Key words: Alfalfa, Beneficial, Environment, Protection, Plant
Abstract
The Alfalfa deep rooting pattern is highly beneficial to hold soil in place. A canopy of alfalfa quickly covers the soil,
protecting the soil from wind and water erosion. The dense vigorous alfalfa canopy shades these weeds and frequent
cutting prevents weed seed production. Many crops must be cultivated several times per year to remove weeds. One
of the key values of alfalfa is its ability to ‘fix’ nitrogen gas (N2) from the air so that N is available for plant growth.
Available N is very limited in the Earth’s crust and is frequently deficient in plants. Nitrogen is a basic building
block for plant proteins, and for human protein nutrition. Alfalfa canopies provide an effective cover for many
species for feeding, sleeping, nesting, or escaping predators. There is a wide range of insects, both herbivores and
predators that are present in large populations in alfalfa fields. High water absorption and deep roots also make it a
valuable crop to manage water tables. Roots can efficiently degrade petroleum products and carcinogenic
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Alfalfa can be used for the effective recycling of many different types of organic
wastes. It is naturally derived and an evolved product of the Earth, the benefits that arise from using it are
abundant. The alfalfa plant is naturally high in many essential vitamins (A, D, E, vitamin B) and minerals.
*Corresponding Author: Muhammad Kamran Taj kamrancasvab@yahoo.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 15, No. 4, p. 25-31, 2019
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019
26 | Jogezai et al.
Introduction
Alfalfa was associated with the horse the name
‘alfalfa’ comes from Arabic, Persian, and Kashmiri
words meaning ‘best horse fodder’ and ‘horse power’
(Dan et al., 2001). The geographic center of origin
often mentioned as the home of alfalfa is Iran (Majid,
2008). More than 6,000 year old remains of alfalfa
have been found in Iran, and the oldest written
reference for alfalfa is from Turkey in 1300 BC (Petr,
2015). Many farmers and cultures value its high
productivity, wide adaptation, and life-sustaining
nutritional characteristics. Alfalfa is one of the world’s
most versatile crops. It is grown in environments
ranging from burning hot deserts to cool high
mountain valleys (Haresh, 2013). Alfalfa has
tremendous genetic resistance to many pests, a result
of traditional plant breeding (Elizabeth et al., 2008).
Consequently, alfalfa does not need a large amount of
pesticides each year compared with other crops.
However, there is a large benefit from controlling
insect and weed pests of alfalfa in new and established
alfalfa stands using integrated pest management
techniques. Key insect pests include alfalfa weevil,
leafhoppers, alfalfa caterpillar, armyworms, and many
types of aphids. Weeds can be a major problem,
especially during stand establishment. Weeds can
severely reduce the nutritional quality of alfalfa, but a
vigorous alfalfa stand is highly resistant to weed
infestation (Charles, 1998).
Deep root of alfalfa holds soil
Alfalfa’s roots go much deeper than other crops. This
deep rooting pattern is highly beneficial to soils.
Alfalfa roots are commonly 9 - 16 feet (3 - 5 meters)
and may extend much deeper. The deep, vigorous
alfalfa root system holds the soil in place and creates
many channels in the soil that encourage water
infiltration, biological activity in the root zone, and
improved nutrient cycling. Water use efficiency may
be improved subsequent crops (Junying et al., 2009).
Vigorous canopy protect the soil
A canopy of alfalfa quickly covers the soil, protecting
the soil from wind and water erosion. Unlike row
crops, alfalfa covers most parts of the soil, slowing
water droplets before they have a chance to loosen
and erode the soil. The amount of soil or water that
runs off alfalfa fields is a small fraction of the runoff
from bare soil or from many other types of cropland.
This helps prevent pesticide and sediment movement
to natural waterways. (Dabney et al., 2007).
Alfalfa prevents weeds
Alfalfa fulfills a very important role in crop rotations
by suppressing weeds that are common in annual
crops. The dense vigorous alfalfa canopy shades these
weeds and frequent cutting prevents weed seed
production. This could reduce pesticide use in
subsequent crops (Eric et al., 2013).
Alfalfa prevents erosion
The soil erosion has always been a significant
environmental hazard of agriculture. Soil erosion is a
permanent loss of productive potential, since the most
fertile soil layers erode, only to pollute streams and lakes
with sediment. Alfalfa protects the soil from erosion by
reducing the amount of cultivation, by holding the soil in
place through extensive rooting, by providing a vigorous
above-ground canopy, and by improving ‘tilth’ and water
penetration (Kristen et al., 2009).
Alfalfa reduced cultivation
While many crops must be cultivated several times
per year to remove weeds while little soil disturbance
occurs in alfalfa fields after the crop is established.
Most alfalfa fields are never tilled for 3-6 years after
planting. This greatly reduces the chances of wind
and water erosion, and lessens the negative effects of
dust on human health (Helmut et al., 2010).
Alfalfa requires pesticides
Alfalfa sometimes requires herbicides and
insecticides for optimum crop production, but the
intensity of pesticide use in alfalfa is typically far
lower than many other crops, particularly the ‘higher
value’ crops. This lowers the overall risk of crop
production to the environment (Stephen et al., 2012).
Rhizosphere of Alfalfa
Alfalfa roots produce an excellent environment for
growth of microorganisms immediately surrounding
the root (the rhizosphere). This flurry of biological
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019
27 | Jogezai et al.
activity is due to natural chemical exudates from
roots, but also to the nitrogen and carbon in dead and
dying roots and root nodules (Gary and Norman,
2019) Microorganism populations are usually 10 to
100 times higher next to the root than in the bulk soil.
The alfalfa ‘rhizosphere’ is very important
environmentally and is beneficial to the soil. Organic
acids produced in the rhizosphere improve the
structure of the soil surrounding alfalfa roots. Soil
particles aggregate, creating pore space for air and
water movement. The soil becomes ‘crumbly’ leaving
many ‘channels’ – ideal for plant growth and water
infiltration. Farmers the world over recognize the
beneficial effect of alfalfa on the soil and the following
crop (Michelle et al., 2006).
Alfalfa fixes nitrogen
One of the key values of alfalfa is its ability to ‘fix’
nitrogen gas (N2) from the air so that N is available
for plant growth. Available N is very limited in the
Earth’s crust and is frequently deficient in plants.
Nitrogen is a basic building block for plant proteins,
and for human protein nutrition (Miriam, 2019).
While cereal crops require millions of tons of N
fertilizers per year. The alfalfa requires essentially no
N fertilizers for optimum growth. Estimates for N2
fixation in alfalfa range from 120 to 540 lbs of N per
acre per year. N2 fixation is accomplished by
symbiotic association with the bacteria
Sinorhizobium meliloti, which lives in nodules in
alfalfa roots. Dinitrogen fixation by alfalfa has several
important environmental benefits, which are not
broadly recognized (Jennifer et al., 2007).
Perennially of Alfalfa
Alfalfa fields represent a stable, relatively undisturbed
area where plant growth continues throughout the year,
unlike other sites that are either disturbed, or exhibit
only seasonal growth (Andrew and Karen, 2019).
High feeding value of Alfalfa
The high palatability of alfalfa, which makes it such a
good dairy feed, also makes it desirable to many
herbivores, including many species of insects, rodents
and grazing animals (Russell and Micheal, 1992).
Alfalfa covers many species
Alfalfa canopies provide an effective cover for many
species for feeding, sleeping, nesting, or escaping
predators (Dan et al., 2001).
Insect diversity
There is a wide range of insects, both herbivores and
predators that are present in large populations in
alfalfa fields (John and Robert, 1998).
Alfalfa requires frequent irrigations
The presence of irrigation water in alfalfa fields
during hot periods is important to wildlife species as
well as to the crop. In some environments, alfalfa
irrigations are a welcome respite for thirsty animals.
Irrigation also flushes insects and rodents to the
surfaces, which are food sources for birds, snakes,
and raptors, such as eagles and hawks. Irrigation and
a closed canopy creates a humid microclimate
desirable for insects and bird eggs (Suat et al., 2007).
Alfalfa requires open spaces for hunting
Raptors are frequently found soaring above alfalfa
fields, or awaiting prey from nearby posts. Some
growers have planted trees, provided raptor poles, or
built owl boxes to encourage raptor habitat in an
otherwise horizontal landscape. Around the field
margins animals can easily find trees, shrubs and
weeds in which to nest, coupled with access to a
plentiful supply of water nearby (Messmer, 1999).
Alfalfa preventing nitrate leaching
Alfalfa, more than most other crop species, has the
ability to intercept nitrates from the soil. Sources of
nitrate may be fertilizers, manures, industrial spills,
or natural sources. Nitrate (NO3) is highly soluble,
and moves with rainwater or irrigation water, and can
contaminate groundwater, wells, streams, or
estuaries. Nitrates can cause health problems in
humans and animals, and adversely affect ecosystems
(Katharina et al., 2012). These problems may be
prevented or alleviated using alfalfa. Alfalfa’s ability
to ‘scrounge’ nitrate is partially due to its ability to
extract water. Alfalfa recovers most of the water in the
root zone, and since most of the nitrate is dissolved in
the soil water, the plant intercepts it. Alfalfa has an
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019
28 | Jogezai et al.
outstanding ability to absorb nitrate from the soil
solution. If concentrations in the soil are kept low by
alfalfa, even large losses of water from the root zone
will not contaminate groundwater aquifers (Read and
Jensen, 1989).
Alfalfa protecting estuaries &surface water
Reducing losses of nitrate in tile drainage water is
extremely important for protection of surface water
quality and the health of estuaries. In tile drained
fields both alfalfa and a grass/alfalfa mixture kept
annual nitrate-N losses in tile drainage to less than
5lb/acre. While losses under continuous corn or
corn/soybean rotations averaged over 40lb/acre
(Suresh and Indrajeet, 2017).
Alfalfa managing water tables
Alfalfa’s high water absorption and deep roots also
make it a valuable crop to manage water tables.
Alfalfa in rotations with annual crops to help reduce
water table levels. Alfalfa is also commonly used in
the Delta region and as well as in locations of saline
seeps. The specific hydrologic and chemical
conditions at each site will determine whether alfalfa
can be used for this purpose (Khaled et al., 2001).
Removing carcinogens from the soil
The ‘rhizosphere’ of soil and organic compounds
surrounding the root is very important
environmentally. There is good evidence that the
organisms around alfalfa roots can efficiently degrade
petroleum products and carcinogenic polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). At one site, a
standard alfalfa cultivar reduced PAH concentration
by over 70%. Genetic engineering may improve this
capability (Martina and David, 2009).
Uptake of contaminants
If heavy metals are a problem in soils, alfalfa may be
able to absorb them and depending upon the
concentration in the forage. The harvested forage can
then be fed or incinerated. Alfalfa has been used to
mitigate perchlorate contamination in water, a result
of the manufacture of rocket fuel. Researchers have
also begun to develop alfalfa that can absorb and
breakdown atrazine, a widely used herbicide
sometimes found contaminating well water. A team of
researchers have found a Pseudomonas bacterium
that decomposes atrazine to harmless byproducts.
After moving the bacteria’s naturally occurring gene
into alfalfa, they developed a plant that takes up 3
times as much atrazine as normal alfalfa. They hope
this alfalfa can play a role in preventing and cleaning
up water contamination (Ana, 2014).
Recycling of wastes
A wide range of organic waste products can be
recycled using alfalfa. Many of these ‘waste’ products
are, in fact, fertilizers, if used properly. Alfalfa is
commonly used in many locations to recycle dairy
manures. In other areas, alfalfa is used for municipal
waste recycling. Although careful monitoring of heavy
metals and biological compounds may be necessary,
alfalfa can be used for the effective recycling of many
different types of organic wastes (Giovanni, 2011).
Lowering particulates in air
Dust is a common hazard of farming and industry.
Health professionals are concerned with PM10
particles since they are smaller than 10 microns and
can lodge in the human lung, causing health problems.
Alfalfa contributes greatly to limiting particulates
released into the air. Alfalfa releases only a small
fraction of the particulates that are released from other
agricultural and non-agricultural activities.
Furthermore, the vigorous canopy prevents movement
of dust out of fields due to windstorms, and traps
fugitive dust from other areas (Dan et al., 2004).
Alfalfa naturally exchanges CO2
Human activities like deforestation, intensive animal
husbandry and fossil fuel burning are responsible for
the considerable increase in atmospheric CO2 over the
last 150 years that it is expected to continue during
the following decades. As a perennial crop, alfalfa
fixes significant quantities of CO2 through
photosynthesis. A portion of this carbon is retained in
the thick root structure and in the rhizosphere
surrounding the root. An alfalfa crop helps to
temporarily retain carbon, both in the plant biomass
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019
29 | Jogezai et al.
and the soil rhizosphere, potentially lessening the
effects of global warming. An alfalfa field naturally
exchanges the CO2 with oxygen, which freshens the
surrounding atmosphere (Stephane et al., 2010).
Antioxidant activity of Alfalfa
Alfalfa has a long history of use as medicine to treat
conditions caused by inflammation and oxidative
damage. This is because alfalfa was thought to act as a
powerful antioxidant, preventing damage caused by
free radicals. Several animal studies have now
confirmed its antioxidant effects. They found that
alfalfa has the ability to reduce cell death and DNA
damage caused by free radicals. It does this by both
lowering the production of free radicals and improving
the body's ability to fight them (Bora, 2011).
Nutritional benefits of alfalfa for humans
When something is naturally derived and an evolved
product of the Earth, the benefits that arise from
using it are abundant. The alfalfa plant is naturally
high in many essential vitamins, including A, D, E, K,
and even the full family of B vitamins. Each individual
vitamin has an abundance of health benefits in itself,
making them crucial to overall human health. It is
also loaded with extremely important minerals such
as biotin, calcium, folic acid, iron, magnesium,
potassium, and many others. The alfalfa plant has an
unusual, extensive root system that can reach as far as
60 feet into the soil. The alfalfa herb is believed to
have a direct connection to lowering cholesterol,
which is once again in direct connection with all of
the positive vitamins and minerals it contains. The
alfalfa herb is very good at detoxifying and better
purifying the blood. Consuming alfalfa herb on a
routine basis has an abundance of positive health
results (Yong-Han, 2009).
Nutritional benefits of Alfalfa for animals
Alfalfa was regarded as a highly nutritious animal
feed and it is preferred to other forages in feeding
ruminants. The demand arises because its primary
nutritive values is based on rapid passage through
gastrointestinal tract. The large amount of soluble
protein provided for rumen microorganisms for
resyntesis of protein, synthesis of B vitamins and
stimulation of cellulose digestion. The value of vitamin
A, E and K or their precursor all of which are vital
protective nutrients when alfalfa forages are fed to
dairy cattle and the fact that alfalfa has relatively large
amounts of cell soluble and lowest amount of cell walls
in comparison with other forages (Radovic, 2009).
Conclusion
Alfalfa is a perennial plant of spring or fall. And
Alfalfa harvested for many years. The seedbed is
usually prepared finely to cover the seed, but some
growers seed alfalfa without tillage, directly into
stubble. After developing a ‘crown’ (top of the root),
alfalfa is very vigorous, and can re-grow many times
after cutting. Alfalfa breeders have developed many
varieties of alfalfa that are highly resistant to diseases
and insect pests, thereby reducing the need for
pesticides. Alfalfa has tremendous genetic resistance
to many pests, a result of traditional plant breeding.
Consequently, alfalfa does not need a large amount of
pesticides each year compared with other crops.
Acknowledgment
The author acknowledged Director and staff of the
CASVAB, university of Balochistan, Quetta who help
in this article.
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