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1. DEBRA BIRHAN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
Effect of Plant Spacing and Nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of Carrot (Daucus carota
L.) at Debre Berhan
A Senior ResearchProject proposal
Submitted to the Department of HORTICULTURE Debra Berhan university college of
agriculture and natural resource science in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science for course research proposal (Hort. )
Advisor: Kidist G/yesus (MSc)
by Group Four (3)
Name. ID
1.Beriha Gereziher _______________________________________2005/08
2.Dessalew mengistu------------------------------------------------------------- 2030/08
3.Getachew Gizaw _______________________________________2052/08
4.Guesh Desale __________________________________________2060/08
5.Mekuanent Getnet --------------------------------------------------------- 2094/08
6. Serke Kassye ------------------------------------------------------------------- 2126/08
January, 2018GC
Debre Berhan,Ethiopia

2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We take great pleasure to express our sincere and intense sense of gratitude to our advisor Miss
Kidist G/eyesus (MSc), for her guidance and moral support. And our thanks goes to Debre Berhan
University College of agriculture and natural resource sciences department of Horticulture for this
writing research proposal. we would like to thanks our God who help us to reach this proposal
status and complete our all attitudes with the help of this investigation. Mere diction is not enough
to express our profound gratitude and deepest appreciation to our fathers, mothers, brothers and
sisters for their ever of prayer, encouragement, sacrifice and dedicated efforts to educate us to this
level of writing proposal.

3. LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ANOVA Analysis of variance
RCBD Randomized Complete Block Design
CSA Central Statistics Agancy
DMRT Duncans Multiple Range Test
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

4. LIST OF TA Page
Table 1 Research project plan
Tab2 Personal cost
Table 3 Equipment and supply
Tab4 Stationary cost
Table 5 Summary of logistics

5. 1.INTRODUCTION
Carrot (Daucus carota L) is one of the most popular vegetable crops in the world and the member
crop of apiaceous family (previously umbclliferae )(luo et al.,2004). It obtained its name from the
French word carrots, which comes from the Latin word carrot meaning perennial plant widely
cultivated for its long conical orange edible root (Bhale, 2004 and Northoolt et al., 2004). The
genus Daucus to which the carrot belongs, contains 25 species, and is currently estimated to be the
largest genus in the family umbellifer. Carrot is originated in south Asia , in what are known as
Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. To day these vegetable is cultivated in many countries through out
the world such as Americans, Europe, south west Asia and Africa (Rubatzky et al., 1999). In all
these countries carrot are one of the vegetables cultivated for their high nutritional value.
Carrot is an essential root vegetable commonly used in the diet of human beings. It is greatly
treasured as food mostly because it is the best source of carotenes a precursor of vitamin A (Zab
and Mahamood, 2004). More over carrot contains also abundant quantities of nutrients and
minerals. Carrot root are consumed uncooked in salads, steamed or boils in vegetables and may
also be prepared with other vegetables in the preparation of soups and stews(Anjum and Amjad,
2002). Besides being food carrot has therapeutic importance as it enhance resistance against blood
and eye disease. Several health benefit are associated with carrot, such as strengthening the
immune system, regulating metabolism, maintaining a heath skin and vision and reducing the risk
of high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease, and some type of cancer (Rashid, 1993).
Carrot is used as salad and as cooked vegetable in soups, stews curries, etc and it also used for the
preparation of pickles, jam, and sweet dishes. Carrot contributes a lot of vitamin A ti overcome
blindness in children for the serve vitamin A deficiency in a problem of public health on some
countries, particularly in the rice dependent areas of Asia. Carrot is a winter crop and is one of the
important root vegetale crop cultivated throughout the world. The tap root is the eddble portion of
the carrot: the foliage has no economic value. Its fleshy edible root are used as human food and
animal feed (Salunkhe and Kadam, 1998). Carrot are cultivated on an area of 13.9 thousand
hectares with 242.3 thousand tons production (FAO, 2007, 2008). Chona, Russia ,nad united states
are the top three producer of carrot globally, contributing almost 50% of the world carrot crop.
Production and availability of carrot and nearly on horticultural commodities that contain carotene,

6. are increasing worldwide (FAO, 2002). Carrot are produced in a wide range of agroecologies from
the low lad to high land of Ethiopia. Currently, about 16751.4 ton of carrot is produced in Ethiopia
on 3823 ha of land (CSA, 2016).
Carrot production can be a favourite enterprise for all small scale, resource poor farmers, since
carrot is a short duration crop and higher yield can be obtained per unit area, hence profitable
(Ahmad et al ., 2005). In most developing counties, however, carrot yields per unit area still remain
bellow the recommended world average. All of the reasons advanced for such low yields in low
technological knowledge in production method. In order to obtain high and quality yield of carrots
good soil fertility and constant growth is required to facilitate the production and translocation of
carbohydrates from leave to roots (Gutezeit B, 2000).
The key limiting factors in crop growth, development and yield are the essential nutrients (NPK)
and water. In most case, carrot growers use synthetic fertilizers as the major supply of nutrients in
order to attain higher yield and growth (Glass, 2003). The growth and yield of carrot largely
depends on the soil, climatic condition and different production practice. Proper cultivation
method cold be made for sustainable carrot production. Carrot cultivation requires ample supply
of nutrients. Fertilizers application play an important role in the production of carrot. Over
application of nitrogen can lead to excess top growth, which will slow the growth and development
of the edible taproot. Fertilizer should to apply according to fertilizer plan based on the soil testing.
Generally, most carrot grows use inorganic fertilizer to realize higher yields (Arisha and Bradisi,
1999). About 80-90% of nitrogen is absorbed by carrot during the growth stage of plant; while in
the first last quarter of its growth. Onely 10-15% of nitrogen is absorbed. Split application of
fertilizer, spatially nitrogen, improve carrot yield. This practise may result in high nitrate
concentration at the harvest stage of carrot. Increasing nitrogen would increase nitrate contain in
carrot roots and root crop in low N condition are able to dealy the filling of storage root and focus
on leave growth early in the season (Shuval and Gruener,1997). However, there is not much work
on this issue in (Ethiopia) nitrogen is one of the most important yield limiting nutrient for plant
(Xia et al., 2011).
1.1. Statement of the problem
Carrot is one of the most important vegetable crop cultivated both under rain and irrigated
condition in north shoa zone of Amara region. But the yield is low due to production constraint
responsible for reduction of yield.in appropriate application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is one of the

7. major constraint for carrot production and growth. The optimum recommended rate for carrot
production in Eastern part of Ethiopia is 150kg/ha N for all soil types (Wassu et al., 2014). But
different rate of nitrogen requires in different soil types and cultivars. In the proposed study site,
there is lack of area specific fertilizer recommendation. Systematic study on fertilization to
improve the growth and carrot is required for the study site as well as for the other part Of Ethiopia
is, hence there is a need to identify the optimum nitrogen level for better growth and quality yield
of carrot in the study area. Present study will be under taken with the aim of investigating the effect
of different rate of nitrogen fertilizer and spacing to increase the growth and yield contributing
characteristics of carrot.
1.2. Objective
General objective
To investigate the effect of plant spacing and Nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of carrot
(Daucus carota L)
Specific objective
To investigate the effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of carrot (Daucus carota L)
To investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of carrot(Daucus carota L)

8. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. The carrot crop and its importance
Carrot (Daucus carota L ) is one of biennial plant that has been cultivated since around the 10thC.
It is mainly grown for fleshy pith and cortex tissue of the hypocotyl and taproot ,which are
composed predominantly of parenchyma cell, and are produced in the first year of growth.carot is
grown as an annual for its fleshy root but is a true biennial requiring two years for flowering and
seed production.carot seed is planted the first year to produce root which are then either lifted and
stored under cool condition or left in the field to acquire verbalization(chilling required to induce
floral imitation). In the spring of second season of growth flowering is initiated and seed is
produced during subsequent 3-6 month (Havis, 1996).there are many types of carrots i.e. Nantes,
Imperator, Chant nay and Danvers but among all Nantes is most popular. Nantes popular because
of its sweet tast. Nantes carrot are almost cylindrical in shape,and round off at the end rather than
tapering off. They have small core and a larger outer cortex. Sugar accumulate in the cortex ,giving
Nantes their sweet taste (Waterier ,2005).
2.2. Morphology of carrot
Carrot plant consists of stem,leaf,root and flower. The stem of plant as with many vegetable
umblifers is just above the ground during its its vegetative state is comprised so that the internode
not clearly discernible. The apical meristem is slightly convex. The leave of carrot develop
alternative from the apical meristem forming a rosette at the base. Petioles base are expanded and
sheath like at basal attachment. New leave develop centerpitaly in spiral with in the clasping of
preceding petiole. Carrot have compound leave , each leave consisting of several finally dived in
leaf let. Leave bald are 2-3 pinnite,the leaf let being reputedly divided (pinnatifid) with small
highly lobed segments that are oblong or linear acute(Ravishankar et al.,2007). Floral imitation
involves a morphological shift from the stem relatively flat apical meristem producing leave to an
uplifted conical meristem capable of producing stem elongation and an inflorescence. Carrot
flowers are perfect small and white or occasionally greenish white or light-yellow. Flower consists
of five petal five stamen and an entailer calyx. Carrot root Are fleshy pith and cortex tissue of the
hypocotyl and taproo t(Notholt et al ., 2004).

9. 2.3. Climate and soil requirement
Carrot is a cool season vegetable crop, performing well under cooler weather(10-25oC ). Carrot
have been cultivated under different temperature and in different soil influencing the growth ,yield
and quality in different ways. The optimum temperature for growth and yield of carrot is range
between 10 and 25oC . Extremely high temperature(>40oC ) cause a better taste, reducing
sweetness and increasing fibrous texture of the storage root( Rosenfeld et al .,1998). Carrot are
more tolerant to drought than other vegetable crop due to their extensive root system (Lada and
Stiles, 2004). According to Millett, 1983 moisture stress is reported to cause woody and poorly
flavoured roots. Carpet yield and root length were more influenced by the water contain during the
vegetative period and water stress during root development cause curing of the roots. The crop is
tolerant to soli PH of 5.5-6.5 and it requires a deep and well drain loamy soil with high amount of
organic matter is ideal for carrot production. Heavy, stony, compacted or poor drained soil interfere
with good root development and less suitabl (Arisha HM , Bardisi A ,1999).
2.4. Planting method and performance of crop
In Planting, Plant seeds 2-3cm deep and 10-30cm apart in the row. The distance between row to
row and plant to plant was kept at 10*30, 20*30, and 30*30cm. Thus the plant were accumulated
in each plot .Sow deeper in light soil. Cover lightly with loose soil and sprinkle with water. Seed
will be placed carefully in the shallow furrow in the spacing of 10, 20 and 30cm apart. Then the
seed will be immediately covered with thin layer of soil on the top of raised bed. Then the planted
seed will be kept always moist condition during planting to prevent drying.
2.5. Yield and yield components of carrot crop
Carrot are cultivated on an area of 13.9 thousand hectares with 242.3 thousand ton production
(FAO, 2007,2008). THE national average yield for carrot is only 17.5 tons per hectares . which is
quite slow as compared to other advanced countries, such as Belgium (47.64 ton per ha) Denmark(
44.29 tons per ha ) , and united Kingdom (44.29 ton per ha , however in India and china the average
yield is 30 and 38.54 tons per ha respectively (Anonymous, 2009 ). In Bangladesh , carrot is
cultivated on about 846 ha and production is 6350 ton with an average yield of 7.51 ton per ha in
2007, and increased the year 2009 -1010, the area under carrot production was 1215 ha ,total
production of 14000 metric tons (BBS, 2010). In Ethiopia it is produced in a wide range of agro
ecologies from the low land to high land. Currently, about 16751.4 ton of carrot is produced in
Ethiopia on 3823.41 ha of land (CSA, 2011).

10. For getting maximum yield under good management and optimum input condition appropriate
plant spacing and appropriate application of fertilizer in the plot plays a significant role. To
understand case of variation in final carrot yield its component must be studied along with growth
of the crop the yield components of the carrot are diameter of root, root length, root fresh weigh,
and total biomass yield.
2.6 Effect of spacing and nitrogen fertilizer on carrot growth and yield
2.6.1 Effect of spacing on growth and yield of carrot
Optimum use of plant spacing has dual advantage. It avoids strong competition between plant for
growth factor such as water, nutrient and light. Conversely optimum plant density enables the
efficient use of available cropland without wastage (Zubelidia and Gases, 1977). Plant population
affect plant growth, development, and yield. Similarly in wider spacing individual plant will yield
more bud per hectare yield may be reduced due to low plant population. Therefore a sustainab le
plant population must be worke spacing is one of the important factor the increased production of
carrot. Pavelk (1997) ; Lipari and Mc Collum et al., (1986) reported that there is positive
correlation between the number of plant and yield of carrot. But many farmers reported that
different density of plant spacing have different effect for the marketable yield of carrot(Dragland
,1986 ; Noguria and de Negreiros, 1986). Boss et al.,(1986) reported that the maximum root
diameter(15.95cm) was obtained from the plant sown at the spacing of 30cm in row to row by 20
cm in plant to plant and minimum root diameter (10.65cm) at the spacing of 30cm in row to row
and 10cm in plant to plant.
2.6.2 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of carrot
Apart from other factor nutrient play vital role in the production of certain crop and its application
is one of the quickest and easiest way in increasing yield per unit area. Among nutrient, nitrogen
is one of the major nutrient required by the plant for their growth, development and yield (Singh
et al., 2003). Hossain (2005) reported that the growth and yield contributing characters of carrot
were influenced by the application of nitrogen fertilizer. The highest marketable yield was
obtained by the application of N fertilizer (140kg) but low in 40kg N Ha-1. Nitrogen 200kg Ha-1
produced the tallest plant , maximum number of leave, cracked and branched root , fresh shoot
weight and the lowest yield 33.37 t ha-1. But N at 150kg Ha-1 produce the maximum root length
, root diameter, fresh root weight and the highest yield 53.37t Ha-1(Haque, 1999). Sharangi and
Paria (1995) reported that application of N fertilizer (150kg N Ha -1) increased plant height in

11. carrot and also maximum length of root was achieved with application of 150 kg N Ha-1. The
increase in gross yield and marketable yield due to 150 kg N Ha -1 were 115.9% and 115.3%
respectively higher over those with 100 kg N Ha-1. This result indicated that the application of
150 kg N Ha -1 have significant contribution to prepare growth and development of root through
optimum nutrient up take by the crop plant. Polach (1982)and Abdel Razik (1996) also reported
significant effect of N level on carrot. The lowest performance of yield attribute was recorded for
100 kg N Ha-1 as it did not fulfil the requirement of the crop resulting in poor growth and
development of the root. Regarding root characteristics, it was indicated the maximum percentage
of branched root was observed 200kg N Ha-1 which was supported by the finding of Orphans and
Krentos(1988).Wiebe (1987) obtained the best result of carrot yield with 80-140kg Ha-1 of N
,where as Manarkovic et al.(,2002) reported the highest yield at the corresponding outer
application rate of 100kg Ha -1 and also Mehedil et al., (2012) was carried out an experiment to
study the effect of inorganic N fertilizer on growth and yield of carrot.

12. 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1 Description of the study area
The study will be conducted in Debre Birhan North shoa zone, Amhara national regional state
from November 2010 to April 2010.Tebesie which is sub town of Debre Birhan is located at 130
km from capital city (A.A) at an elevation ranging between 2800 and 2845m above sea
level(masl)(Hymanot et al.,2015).It is located at 09°35'45" to 09°36'45" north latitude and from
39°29'40" to 39°31'40" last longitude in the north shoa zone of Amara regional state on the way to
Dessie. The twenty seven (27) years data obtained from Ethiopian national meteorological agency
indicates that the study area revives mean annual rainfall of 927.10mm and characterized by
unimodal rainfall pattern with maximum 1293.02mm and minimum 472mm peaks in August and
December respectively. The mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature range from
18.3°c to 21.8°c and from 2.4°c to 8.9°c respectively(Hymanot et al., 2015). Relative humidity is
estimated to be 70.9% and the area is characterized by two season, the wet season from June to
September and dry season from December to February.
3.2 Experimental Material
In this study the planting material will be propagated from seed under uniform condition at the
experimental site. The variety that we will use in this study is Nantes. The other experimental
material that we will use is Nitrogen fertilizer. We will use 50kg, 100kg and 150kg of N per Ha.
Out of this half of N fertilizer will be applied during land preparation and half of nitrogen fertilizer
will be applied after 30 day of first application.
3.3 Treatment and experimental design
The two factor experiment (effect of plant spacing and nitrogen rate) will laid out in randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with three replication. An area of 20.75m×4.6m will divided into
three equal block. Each block will divided in to 12 plots where 12 treatment combination will
allocated at random. Their will 36 total plot and size of each plot will 1.2m×1.5m. The distance
between two block and two plot will 0.5m and 0.25m respectively. The seed will be plant randomly
in a plot with maintaining distance of row to row 30 cm and plant to plant 15cm, 20cm and 25cm
as per plant spacing treatment. The identification of the place where each plot is located on the
design area to ensure which plot receive which treatment is going to be fixed by using random
number. Laterally these all design on the pepper will going to be put on actual field layout by using
Pythagorean theorem. The details of design is as follows: We want to evaluate two factor (effect

13. of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilizer), four levels of nitrogen rate (0kg/ha, 50kg/ha, 100kg/ha,
and 150 kg/ha) and three levels of plant spacing , seed with spacing of 10cm,20cm and 30cm) will
be used and the treatment will be combined. The combined treatment will be replicated three times
and randomized complete block design will be used.
3.4 Agronomic practise and treatment application
3.4.1 Land preparation
First preparing the land for planting varieties with soil and field condition in the selected site. Field
with dense weed must first be cleaned thoroughly before initial land preparation. Soil will be
ploughed and harrowed alternately at last twice to attain favourable texture and structure of the
soil. Raised bed with 1m wide and 20cm height will prepared following the slope of the area to
insure good drainage and ease of other field operations. Generally in Short, The land will be
cleared, ploughed, (disked), levelled, larger clouds will be broken down then remnants, stalk,
weed, and other unwanted material will be removed, then soil will be smoothed or fined and the
land will be laid out.
3.4.2 Planting
In planting, seed will be placed carefully in the shallow furrow in the spacing of 10,20 and 30cm
apart. Then the seed will be immediately covered with thin layer of soil on the top of raised bed.
Then the planted seed will be kept always moist condition during planting to prevent drying.
3.4.3. Irrigation
Carrot are more sensitive to moisture stress during root enlargement and seed germination.
Watering will be gradually reduced to prevent longitudinal splitting of the root when crop
approaches to maturity. water stress during root development case cracking of the root which also
become hard. We will apply the water twice in five day.
3.4.4 Fertilization
The amount of nutrient applied depends on in the initial soil fertility level and soil organic matter
content in the soil. The initial assessment of the nutrient level of the soil through soil analysis will
be helpful in determining the amount of fertilizer to be applied. In general carrot production
requires the rate of 150kg of nitrogen per hectare. Half of nitrogen will be applied in the soil during
land preparation. The fertilizer will be incorporated properly and thoroughly to prevent contact
with planted seed for it may cause injury to seedling. The remaining half of nitrogen will be applied
by side dressing after 30 days of seed sowing. Before dressing the field will be wedded properly.

14. Nitrogen was applied assure. top dressing in two equal instalments. The first top dressing will be
done after 30 days of seed sowing and the remaining instalment will be applied after 30 days of
first dose application. From the total amounts of nitrogen 50% urea will be applied as basal dose
during final land preparation (BARI, 2005).The rest of urea will be applied after 30 days of
sowing.
3.4.5. Harvesting
Carrot will be harvested after 90 days from seed sowing when the leave becomes a pale yellow
and its base tip appears on the surface. It is harvested by manual by digging and pulling up ward
3.5 Field data collection
After it becomes mature the desire data will be taken from the two rows of each plot randomly
through measuring plant height, number of leaf per plant, root diameter, root length, root weight
and root yield per hectare. The root weight and root length will be subjected to beam balance
measurement.

15. 3.5.1 Growth parameters
Plant height (cm)
The height of plant will be measured from the soil surface to the tip of the main shoot by using
plastic ruler at three growth stages( four, eight weeks after emergence and at physiological
maturity).
Leaf number
The number of leaves from the supplied plants will be counted and the average leaf number will
be recorded.
3.5.2. Yield parameter
Diameter of root (cm)
From supplied plants, the average diameters of root will be measured at the thickest portion of the
root at the harvest with help of the slide caliper.
Root length (cm)
Root length will be measured at the time of harvesting by using plastic ruler.
Root fresh weight (g)
It will be measured immidtly after harvest by using sensitive balance.
3.6 Data analysis
Data on plant height, number of leaves per plant,
length of root, diameter of root and yield
contributing characters were recorded from five
selected plants. All this relevant data collected from the experimental plots will be subjected to
analysis of variances (ANOVA), which will be computed using SAS computer software program
and significant treatment means will be compared using the DMRT test at P< 0.05 probability
level.

17. 4. WORK PLAN
Table 1 Research project work plan; from November to May in 2010
No. Activity Nov Dec Jan Feb
1
Proposal title
selection
★
2 Proposal ★
Development
3 Proposal final
submission to
department
★
4 Defence Of ★
Proposal
5
field
preparation ★
and planting
6 Data collection ★

18. 5. LOGISTICS
5.2 Personal cost
No Item Unit Quantity Unit price Total price
1 Labor cost person/day 5 85 425
For land
preparation
2 Labor cost person/day 5 85 425
for planting
3 Labor cost person/day 5 85 425
for watering
4 Labor cost person/day 5 85 425
for weeding
5 Labor cost person/day 5 85 425
7 Data entry, ★
Processing
Analysis And
paper write up
8 Final Submission ★
of report research
report
9 Presentation of ★
research report

19. for harvesting
Total 25 425 2125
5.2 Equipment and supplies
Table 3 Equipment and supply
No Item Unit Unit price Total price
1 Seed Kg 3kg 75
2 Fertilizer Kg 9.72kg 60
Total
135
5.3 Stationary
Table 4 Stationary cost
No Item Quantity Unit price Total price
1 Paper 75 0.50 37.50
2 Pen 6 5 30
3 Scientific 1 140 140
Calculator

20. 4 CD.R 1 7 7
5 Field notebook 1 10 10
6 Print 150 150
Total 374.50
5.4 Logistic summary
Table 5 Summary of the logistics
No Item Total price
1 Personal cost 2125
2 Equipment and supply 135
3 Stationary cost 374.50
Total
2634.5

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